Bình đẳng giới trong lãnh đạo chính trị ở Việt Nam - Nhìn từ góc độ cấu trúc

Nghidn ciiu<br /> Gia d i n h va Gi6i<br /> sg 3 -2012<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Binh dang gloii trong lanh dao chinh tri of Viel Nam -<br /> Nhin tir goc do cau Hiic<br /> <br /> Le Thj Thuc<br /> Vi6n Xa hSi hpc. Hoc vien Ctiinh Iri - Hanh chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Mmh<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tom t a t Bai viet xem xet nhttng yeu to' mang tfnh cau triic co<br /> tac dong den binh ddng gi6i trong lanh dao chinh tri 6 Viet Nam,<br /> bao gom: trinh do phat trien kmh te - xa hoi, lao dong va viec<br /> lam, giao due va dao tao cua dd't nU5c. Cac van de nay deu bao<br /> chtta nhiing yeu to'rao can, ben canh thuan ldi, doi vdi sU tien bo<br /> cua phu nfl trong lanh dao chinh tri. Ve mat ly thuyet, vi&c phan<br /> tich cac yeu to' nay co the giup hinh dung dupe nhflng tac dong<br /> t5i nguon ttng vien ntt co kha nang dam nhan cac vi trf lanh dao<br /> chinh tri trong bo may lanh dao cua da't nu6c. Song theo tac gia,<br /> cac van de ve cau true can dUdc lUu tam giai quyet dong thcJi v6i<br /> su quan tam de'n nhflng van de thugc ve the che, chinh sach va<br /> van hoa.<br /> <br /> Tuf khoa: Binh dang gi6i trong chinh tri; Phu nfl va chinh tri;<br /> Sp tham gia lanh dao chinh tri cua phu mi.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dat van de<br /> Viet Nam dang c* trong giai doan chuye'n d6i lir ca che quan l^ tdp trung<br /> sang ccf che' thi trucfng djnh hucfng xa hpi chii nghTa, tucmg tu nhu 6 Trung<br /> QuP'c va mpt s6n\idc Trung va DPng Au. Qua trinh chuydn ddi vai U-6 gidi<br /> a Vipt Nam cung cd nhilu diem tucmg ddng vdi nhiing gi da va dang diln<br /> ra CS cac xa hdi dd, bao gdm ca nhirng bien ddi trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri.<br /> 28 Nghl&n ciiXi Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 3, tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> <br /> nhu dupc chi ra trong mpt sd nghifin ciiu thdi gian gdn ddy (Baaker. 1994;<br /> F.dwards, 2008; Inglchart and Norris, 2003; Rueschemeyer, 1998; Stefano<br /> and Pinnclli. 2004; Su. 2006). Tuy vdy, thdng lin phan dnh nhihig diiu<br /> kicn CO ban d3n de'n su thay ddi v6 su tham gia chinh trudng ctia phu nQ<br /> Viet Nam cho de'n nay vdn cdn rd't thi^u. Ro rdng Id khdng thd giai thich<br /> dupc ve thuc trang ciia Viet Nam nfi'u chi cdn cii vao nhihig bdng chiing<br /> riit ra lii cdc nghifin ciiu trong nhOng xa hdi khdc, mdc dii nhung bdng<br /> chiing dd cd thd cd nhidu didm tudng tu, thdm chi rd't gidng vdi nhirng gi<br /> difin ra trong \a hdi Vifit Nam.<br /> <br /> 1. Khung ly thuyet tiep can<br /> Mpt trong nhutig khung ly thuyfi't phd bifi'n hien nay khi nghifin ciiu chu<br /> dd phu nu trong lanh dao chi'nh trj Id each nhin nhdn vd cdc rdo can theo<br /> ba nhdm yfi'u td: cdu true, thd chfi', vd vdn hda (xem thfim Ingleharl and<br /> Norris 2003). Bdi vifi't ndy tdp trung vdo nhdm ydu td ddu tifin khi xem xet<br /> vdn dd su tham gia lanh dao chinh tri cua phu nO Viet Nam. Trong bai vidt.<br /> nhdm ydu td cdu triic dupc nhin nhdn vdi tu each Id cac thdnh td tao nfin<br /> ngudn cung ve nhdn su (nu) cho cdc vj trf lanh dao. Cdc lac gia trudc ddy<br /> da su dung nhidu tfin gpi khac nhau cho nhdm ydu td tac dpng ndy, mdc<br /> du trong thuc te la tuang dd'i thd'ng nhdt vd ndi dung chuydn tai. Qidng<br /> han, theo cdc tdc gia Ingleharl va Norris (2003), nhom ye'u id nay bao gdm<br /> trinh dp phdt trien kinh td- xa hpi (dja vj kinh lfi'- xa hpi ctia phu nir), trinh<br /> dp hpc vd'n CLia phu nil, vd ty le phu nii trong cdc nghd nghifip chuyen mdn<br /> vd quan ly. Shvedova (2005) lai gpi nhdm ydu td nay Id 'cdc trd ngai kinh<br /> td - xa hpi', bao gdm hiPn tupng 'nir hda' su nghdo ddi va thdt nghifip,<br /> ganh ndng kep cua phu nir trong vific thuc hifin cac bdn phdn gia dinh va<br /> cdng viec chuyfin mdn, vd hifin tuong mil chu ciing vdi kha ndng tidp cdn<br /> han chd cua phu nfl ldi cac co hdi gido due vd nghd nghifip.<br /> Nhiing ngudi theo quan difi'm giai thi'ch su tham gia ehinh trudng cua<br /> phu nii bang cdc ydu td mang tinh cdu true cho rdng hfi thd'ng xa hdi, bao<br /> gdm cdc ydu id vd nghd nghifip, giao due, dja vi kinh tc - xa hdi eua nam<br /> gidi vd phu nir, va trinh dp phal trifi'n kinh id- xa hpi, ed vai iro rd't quan<br /> trpng quyfi't djnh sd' lupng dng vifin cho cdc vi trf lanh dao eua cac cd quan<br /> ddn cir. Putnam (1976) gpi ^ rdng nhdm tru trdi chinh trj dupc lao ra mdt<br /> each khdng ddng ddu tCr nhimg ngudi ed hpe vd'n cao va thupc mdt sd<br /> nganh nghd nhd't djnh. Theo Malland (1998) sti phal tridn cua mpt dd't<br /> nude la didm khdi ddu ddn dfi'n mpi ydu td khidn lam tdng cdc ngudn luc<br /> chinh Iri eiia phu nO va Idm giam bdt nhChig rdo can trong hoal dpng chinh<br /> trj eua hp. Tdc gia ndy cho rdng khi trinh dp phdt tridn ciia mpt dd't nudc<br />  Le Thi Thuc 29<br /> <br /> tdng Ifin, nd se lu dpng keo theo sir tidn bp ciia phu nii vd didu kifin sdng,<br /> vd hanh vi sinh san, va ve nhihig thanh qua ma hp dat dupc trong gido due<br /> vd trong luc lupng lao dpng, cung nhu nhiing tifi'n bd vi cdc thdi dp va gid<br /> tri truydn thd'ng dd'i vdi vai tro ciia ngudi phu nil. Matland tin tudng manh<br /> me rdng trinh dd phdt trifi'n tang Ifin se Idm gia ldng sd lupng phu nir cd<br /> kinh nghiem vd kha ndng ndm giii cac vi iri lanh dao chinh thiic trong bd<br /> may chinh quydn. Tac gia Reynolds (1999) da do ludng va so sdnh trinh<br /> dp phdt trifi'n kinh td - xa hdi ciia cdc nudc trfin thd gidi thdng qua vific sir<br /> dung chi bao phal trifi'n cd tinh dfi'n yfi'u id gidi cua Lien hpp qud'c, vd chi<br /> ra rdng ed mdt md'i lien he manh me giiia trinh dp phdt tridn kinh td- xa<br /> hdi va ty lfi phu nii irong cdc nghi vifin qud'c gia.<br /> <br /> Nhidu nhd nghifin ciiu da kdl ludn rdng ly lfi phu nii trong cdc loai nghd<br /> nghifip chuyfin mdn, hanh chi'nh va quan ly la mpt ydu td' cd tde ddng<br /> manh me dfi'n sd lupng phu nO tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj. NhCitig kdt ludn<br /> nhu vdy thudng dupc nil ra tir cac nghifin ciiu so sdnh b cac ndn ddn chu<br /> phat tridn, nhu thd hifin trong cac nghifin ciixi cua Rule (1987; 1988),<br /> Nolris (1985: 1987). va Darey, Welsh va Clark (1994). Cdc lac gia nay cho<br /> rdng su tham gia ddng dao ciia phu nii trong cae linh vuc nhu ludt vd<br /> truydn thdng 6 cac xa hdi phdt tridn dd thudng mang de'n cho hp su linh<br /> hoat, cdc ngudn luc lai chi'nh, kinh nghiem, va mang ludi quan hfi xa hpi<br /> - nhutig ydu td cd the giiip hp khd nhieu trong viec tiep can cae vj tri lanh<br /> dao trong bd may chinh quydn.<br /> <br /> 2. Nhiimg nen tang mang tinh cau true co tac dong den binh dang gidi<br /> trong lanh dao chinh tri d Viet Nam<br /> 2.1. Trinh dp phat trien kinh te - xa hpi<br /> Trong hem hai thdp ky qua, Vifit Nam da trai qua nhiing bifi'n ddi manh<br /> me ttr kieu vdn hdnh theo co che tap trung quan lifiu sang ca chd thj irudng<br /> djnh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa. Kd tir khi bdl ddu cdng cupc Ddi mdi do<br /> Dang Cpng san Vifit Nam khdi xudng vao ndm 1986, ddt nudc da cd<br /> nhiing lidn bp vupt bdc vd nhidu mdt, ca kinh te ldn xa hdi. So sanh vdi<br /> c h u ^ ngheo qud'c tfi', ty lfi ngheo ddi ciia Viet Nam da giam tur 58% ddn<br /> sd vao nam 1993 xud'ng con khoang 37,4% vdo ndm 1998 va 14% vao<br /> nam 2008 - mpl Urong nhflng miic giam ngheo nhanh nhdt trong khu vuc<br /> chdu A (Ngdn hdng Thd gidi et al. 2011; UNCn', 2002). Nhihig eai each<br /> manh me trong san xual ndng nghifip vdo cudi nhflng ndm 1980 da khidn<br /> Viet Nam tfir mdt nudc dang phai dd'i mdt vdi linh trang thifi'u thirc ph^m<br /> khiing khifi'p trd thdnh mpl trong nhflng nudc ddn ddu Ihd gidi vd xud't kh^u<br /> gao, ed phfi va mpl sd ndng san khac. Theo ddnh gid cua Ngdn hang Thd<br /> 30 Nghien curu Gia dinh vd Gidi. Quyen 22, so 3, tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> <br /> gidi (2011). Viet Nam Id mpt trong nhflng nfin kinh id da thd hifin suphdt<br /> trifi'n ngoan muc trong khoang han mpt thdp ky gdn ddy. Tdng trudng thuc<br /> vd tdng san phdm qud'c npi (GDP) trung binh dat khoang 7.5%/ndm trong<br /> khoang thdi gian iCr 2000 ddn 2007. Thu nhdp binh qudn d^u ngudi thue td<br /> dd tdng tir 260 USD vao ndm 1995 Ifin 835 USD vao ndm 2007 va hem<br /> 1000 USD vdo ndm 2009. Vdi tdc dp tdng trudng ndy, Viet Nam da gia<br /> nhdp nhdm cac nudc cd thu nhdp irung binh vdo ndm 2010, vdi vific vupt<br /> qua mflc thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngudi 1.000 USD/ndm, mdc dCi vin con<br /> kha nhidu vd'n dd ddt ra vd vific duy tri mpt each bdn vQtig su phal tridn do.<br /> Trong bang xfi'p hang Chi sd phat tridn con ngudi ciia UNDP (HDI), Vifit<br /> Nam da nd luc cd dupe vi trf tucmg dd'i cao .so vdi vj tri xep hang vd thu<br /> nhdp cLia minh. Ndm 2005, Vifit Nam xdp thii 105 trong tdng .sd 177 nudc<br /> trong bang xdp hang. Didu ndy thd hifin mdt su tidn bp ddng kd so vdi vj<br /> tri thii 109 eua ddl nudc trong bang xdp hang eiia ndm 2004 (UNDP,<br /> 2006a, 2007/2008).<br /> Chi bdo phal tridn cd linh ddn yeu id gidi ciia Vifit Nam eung thd hifin<br /> nhutig tifi'n bd ldn trong bang xdp hang eua thd gidi. Cae ehi bao quoc gia<br /> vd tudi thp binh qudn, ty lfi ttr vong ciia cac ba me, vd giao due eo ban, va<br /> vi cham sdc sflc khde ban ddu ddu ndi Ifin rdng khoang each gidi da duoc<br /> thu hep mpt each dang ke. Thfim vao dd, d Vifit Nam h^u nhu khdng cd<br /> phdn biet dd'i xii gidi d trd scf sinh, nhu the hifin trong cac ehi bao vd siic<br /> khde tre em. Nhutig didu ndy da khifi'n Viet Nam cd dupc vj tri kha cao<br /> trong bang xfi'p hang vd cdc khia canh lifin quan ddn gidi, nfi'u so sanh vcd<br /> cac nude lang gidng vd vdi cac nudc ed ciing mii'c GDP binh qudn ddu<br /> ngudi (NCFAW, 2000; UNDP, 2007/2008; United Nations Viemam,<br /> 2002). Ndm 2011, xfi'p hang vfi Chi bdo phdt tridn cd tfnh ddn yfi'u gidi<br /> (GDI) cua Vifit Nam la 48, trong khi xfi'p hang vd ehi bdo phat tridn con<br /> ngudi (HDI) id 128 trong 182 nudc cua bang xfi'p hang (UNDP 2011),<br /> 2006a, 2007/2008), Trong nhdm cac nudc khu vuc Ddng A - TTiai Binh<br /> Duong, Vifit Nam cd vj trf khd cao vd cac chi bao binh ddng gidi, ddt u-ong<br /> su so sanh vdi nhung thdnh tuu kinh td ciia dd't nudc. Ndm 2005. GDP binh<br /> qudn ddu ngudi ciia Vifit Nam la thd'p hem Indonesia vd dn Dd (3.071 USD,<br /> so vdi 3.843 ciia Indonesia vd 3.452 eiia d'n Dp), nhung thfl hang ciia Vifit<br /> Nam veGDI lai cao hem ca hai nudc nay (Vict Nam xfi'p thii 91, so vdi thii<br /> 94 eua Indonesia va thii 113 cua d'n D6).<br /> <br /> Tuy nhifin, vd'n dd phal trifi'n bdn vung vdn la mdt thdch ihflc Idn dd'i vdi<br /> Viet Nam. Cdng cude Ddi mdi da mang lai nhung thdnh tuu vd ciing to<br /> ldn, nhung cDng ddng thdi lam tdng khoang each gifla cae nhdm ngudi<br /> trong mpt sd lmh vuc, trong.dd cd ITnh vuc binh ddng gidi. Nhidu ldc gia.<br /> vi du nhu Taylor (2004), da ban ludn vd su gia tdng va thd hifin ngdy cdng<br /> ro mpt .sd loai bd't binh ddng xa hpi d Viet Nam, vd Chinh phii Viet Nam<br /> eung nhdn thd'y nhung bd't binh ddng dd Id thach ihfle quan trpng. Theo bao<br /> cao kdt qua Didu tra Miie sd'ng hp gia dinh (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2010), da<br /> cd nhung bdng chiing rd rfil vd su gia tdng khoang cdeh thu nhdp giua<br /> ngudi giau vd ngudi ngheo, giira khu vuc ndng thdn vd dd thi. vd giua midn<br /> niii va ddng bdng. Mdt sd' bdo cao khdc eung bay id quan ngai ve su suy<br /> giam ty le tie'p cdn ede djch vu chdm sdc y lfi', ty lfi tu vong cao cua cac ba<br /> me d mpt sd khu vue, hodc vd ty lfi suy dinh dudng cao d ca nam va nu<br /> gidi va tae ddng eua vd'n dd chi phf y td ciing nhu vific khdng dii bao hidm<br /> y tdcho ngudi ngheo (ADD. 2005; Lifin Hop Qude, 2011). Ngodi ra, mpt<br /> sd' vd'n dd khac eung gia tang trong thdi gian gdn ddy, ehdng han nhu hifin<br /> tuang sinh con thfl ba d mpt sd cdp vp chdng dd cd hai con gdi. vdi khdng<br /> ft trudng hap su dung ky thudt sieu dm xac dinh gidi linh thai nhi dd loai<br /> bd thai nhi gai. Vice ndy dang de dpa nhimg thanh iuu md ca dd't nudc da<br /> rd't nd lire dd dat dupe trong vdng vdi thdp ky qua trong linh vuc kidm sodt<br /> quy md va cdu true ddn sd'.<br /> <br /> 2.2. Lao dpng va viec lam<br /> Theo ddnh gia cua Ngan hang Thd gidi (2011)(UNDR 2006b), ty le<br /> tham gia vao luc lupng lao dpng cua nfl gidi hifin nay tai Viet Nam thudc<br /> vao hdng eao nhd't trong khu vuc Tuy nhifin, dieu dang ehu y a ddy Id su<br /> khae bifit rd ret vd mdt gidi tinh trong thj trudng lao dpng - dieu cd tac<br /> ddng manh me ddn dia vj kinh td - xa hdi cila phu nfl va nam gidi va dfi'n<br /> ty le gidi ti'nh trong luc lupng ngudi cd dii ndng luc tham gia lanh dao<br /> chinh tri. Su khac biet vd mat gidi tinh nay the hien kha ro d ty le nam/ nfl<br /> tham gia trong khu vuc lao dpng hudng luang va trong cdc loai nghe<br /> nghifip ma hp thudng lam. Tfnh ehung d Vifit Nam vao ndm 2009, cd<br /> 27,5% tdng sd phu nu cd vifie lam ldm vific trong khu vuc dupc tra luong,<br /> trong khi ty le nay d nam gidi la 38,9% (Ngdn hang The gidi et al., 2011)<br /> (Worid Bank, 2006). Phu nfl khdng hifin difin nhidu d cac linh vuc quan ly<br /> va khoa hpc, eung nhu trong khu vuc chinh thu'c vd trong cdc ca quan nha<br /> nude (ADB. 2002), nhung lai chifi'm sd ddng d cae loai cdng vifie ddi hdi<br /> ky ndng thdp vd luong khdng cao, nhd't Id trong khu vuc kinh td khdng<br /> chinh Ihflc (Kabeer, Tran Van Anh and Vu Manh Loi, 2005; Ngdn hang<br /> The gidi el al., 2011). Vdo nam 2009, chi ed 26,3% tdng sd phu nu ed hoal<br /> dpng kinh id la lam vifie trong khu vuc nha nudc (Pierre, 2011) (ADB,<br /> 2002). Ty le can bp lanh dao nu trong cac Bd va cd quan nha nudc da giam<br /> tfl 12% trong nhiem ky 2002-2007 xudng cdn 4,6% trong nhifim ky 2007-<br /> 2011 (VielNamNet/VTC, 2009). Mdt cupc khao sal do Bd Lao dpng -<br /> 32 Nghidn cUu Gta dinh vA Gidl. Quyd'n 22, so 3, tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> <br /> Tliuong binh vd Xa hpi lidn hdnh (MOLISA, 1998) eho thd'y rdng ty le lao<br /> ddng nfl tha'p nhd't Id d ede doanh nghifip nhd nude (39,7%). Irong khi ty<br /> le ndy d cac doanh nghifip tu nhdn Id 55,6% vd d cdc doanh nghifip cd vdn<br /> ddu tu nudc ngodi Id 48.8%. Ddy Id didu ddng chii S trong bd'i canh ehinh<br /> phii da ban hdnh ehfnh sdeh khuyfi'n khfch cdc doanh nghifip nhd nudc sir<br /> dung thfim nhidu lao ddng nfl hdn nfla (ILO, 1998).<br /> Mpt didu ddng chii ^ nfla Id vd vj tri lanh dao, quan {•$ ciia nam gidi vk<br /> phy nfl trong cac id chflc. Vi trf trong Dang cdng san ed ^ nghTa quan trpng<br /> ddi vdi vifie dat dupc cac vi tri lanh dao ndi chung ciia phu nu. nhung trong<br /> nhifim ky 2011-2015, chi cd mdt nfl uy vifin Bd Chinh trj, hai nfl uy vifin<br /> trong Ban Bi thu gdm 10 thdnh vifin. vd 14 nfl trong sd 175 iiy vifin trung<br /> ucmg Dang (Ngdn hdng Thd gidi, et a l . 2011). Hien lai, phu nfl chi ndm<br /> gifl mdt vj tri bd irudng. 10% thfl trucmg vd tuang duang, 4,7% Chti tich<br /> Hpi ddng nhdn ddn cd'p tinh, 1,6% Chii ljch Uy ban nhdn ddn c^p tinh (P<br /> Thanh, 2011). Ty lfi nudai bidu Qude hpi mac du Id kha cao, nhung cung<br /> dang ed ehidu hudng giam lifin tifi'p trong ba nhifim ky gdn ddy, tfl 27,3%<br /> nhifim ky 2002-2007 xud'ng 25,8% nhifim ky 2007-2011. vd 24,4% nhifim<br /> ky 2011- 2016 (www.na.gov.vn). Thdm ehf ea trong eae ITtih vue nghd<br /> nghifip ma phu nfl chifi'm da sd, nhu ngdnh dfil va may mde hay trong linh<br /> vue giang day bdc tidu hpc, nam gidi cung chifi'm hdu hdt cdc vi tri lanh<br /> dao quan ly trong tflng co quan, td chiie. Nhu chi ra trong bao cao cua<br /> Ngdn hang The gidi (2006), mac du phu nfl chifi'm 71% luc lupng giao vifin<br /> cae bdc hpe, nhung vi trf hifiu trudng cdc trudng lai thudng do nam gidi<br /> ndm gifl.<br /> <br /> Thfim vao dd, vific giam bien ehd trong khu vuc nha nudc trong qua<br /> fl-inh Ddi mdi thdi ky cud'i nhimg ndm 1980 vd ddu nhung ndm 1990 da<br /> khifi'n phu nfl bj md't vific nhidu hem nam gidi (Rama, 2001). Trong giai<br /> doan 1990-1992. cd khoang 550.000 phu nfl bj md't vific do qud U-inh linh<br /> gi^n bifin ehd^eiia cdc doanh nghiep nhd nudc, trong khi con sd nay d nam<br /> gidi Id khoang 300.000 ngudi (NCFAW. 2000). Dfl lieu thu dupe tfl cupc<br /> Didu tra Mflc sd'ng ddn eu ehu k^ 1992-1993 eho thd'y rdng chi ed r^t it<br /> phu nfl bj ddo thai tfl ede doanh nghifip nhd nudc cd thfi lim dupc vific lam<br /> cd tra luong khac. Da sd hp phai chuydn sang lam cdc edng viec khdng<br /> dupc tra luang (Rodgers, 1999). Trong giai doan gifla thdi ky 1992-1993<br /> va 1997-1998, tfnh trung binh luong cua phu nfltang 4%, tfl 19% Ifin 23%,<br /> nhung irung binh luong nam gidi tdng dupc 9%, tfl 32% Ifin 4 1 % (Desai,<br /> 2001). Khoang cdch gidi vd lidn luang cd xu hudng giam tfl ndm 1990 ddn<br /> khoang-gifla nhflng ndm 2000, nhung dang cd xu hudng chiing lai Irong<br /> nhflng ndm gdn ddy (Pierre. 2011).<br />  LeThi Thuc 33<br /> <br /> Vd su phdn tach gidi trong khu vue kinh td, cdc kdt qua tfl cupc Didu<br /> tra mflc sd'ng ddn eu chu k^ 2 (1997/1998) va Didu tra mflc .sdng hd gia<br /> dinh (Tdng cue Thd'ng kfi, 2010) cho thd'y rdng ddy la mdt khuynh hudng<br /> phd bifi'n trong loan qud'c. Phu nfl chifi'm da sd trong cdc linh vuc khdch<br /> san, nha hang, du Ijeh, y tfi', ngdn hdng, kd todn, gido due, bdn hdng, chd<br /> bifi'n thuc ph^m, dfit may. Trong khi dd, nam gidi chifi'm da sd trong cdc'<br /> linh vuc nhu khoa hpc ky thudt, cdng nghifip ndng, ndng luong, dien tfl,<br /> xdy dung, quan ly. didu hanh.v.v. (Bales, 2000; Desai, 2001; Ngdn hang<br /> Thd gidi et al. 2011). Mdt sd nghifin cihi vd gidi vd phdt tridn d Vifit Nam<br /> cung khdng djnh su khae biet ngay edng gia ldng gifla nam va nu trong<br /> tham gia cdc ITnh vue quan trpng eua dd't nude d cd'p qud'c gia (Bui Thi<br /> Lan, 1998; Tran Thi Van Anh and Le Ngoc Hung, 1997). Khuynh hudng<br /> nay khdng cd thay ddi Idn trong nhflng ndm tidp theo. Theo nhdn dinh ciia<br /> bdo eao Ddnh gid gidi lai Viet Nam eiia Ngdn hang Thd gidi (2011:48)<br /> (GSO el al., 2005), trong qud trinh chuydn ddi co ed'u kinh te', phu nu Viet<br /> Nam ra khdi khu vue ndng nghiep chdm hon nam gidi, vdi ty le giam tfl<br /> 51,5% vao nam 2007 xud'ng cdn 50% vao nam 2009, trong khi ly lfi nay<br /> d nam gidi la 47,2% va 45,2%, theo thfl tu tuang ung.<br /> Su khde bifit vd thdi gian lao dpng gifla nam vd nu eung phan anh mdt<br /> thiet thdi dang kd cua phu nfl Viet Nam. Nhu binh ludn trong bao eao ciia<br /> Ngan hang Thd^gldi va mpt sd eo quan khac (2006), phu nfl vd nam gidi<br /> Viet Nam ngay nay cd ddng gdp tuong duang nhau trong viec tao thu<br /> nhdp, nhimg lai khdng cd su chia se ngang nhau trong thuc hipn cae cdng<br /> vifie nha. Theo kfi't qua Didu tra mflc sd'ng hp gia dinh 2008, phu nfl tham<br /> gia lam cdng vific gia dinh nhidu hon nam gidi 0,7 gid mdi ngay (2,2 gid<br /> so vdi l,5gid)(NgdnhangThdgidielal., 2011:58). Theo mpl danh gia vd<br /> binh ddng gidi d Viet Nam ndm 2004, phu nfl thudng phai lam vific trung<br /> binh 13 tieng mdt ngdy, trong khi nam gidi chi lam 9 tifi'ng (Chfnh phii,<br /> 2005). Trong nhieu trudng hpp, d ea ndng thdn vd thdnh thj, phu nfl thudng<br /> phai gdnh gdip ddi trach nhifim bdi vi hp khdng chi phai kifi'm sd'ng, ma cdn<br /> phai thuc hien ddy dii cac bdn phdn truydn thd'ng trong vai trd ngudi me<br /> va ngudi vp (Dallon et al., 2002). Theo thd'ng ke, trong hon mdt nfla eae<br /> gia dinh Vifit Nam, phu nii dupe mong dpi la ngudi duy nhd't chju trach<br /> nhiem cham sdc ire em, chdm sdc ngudi gid, ngudi tan lat, hodc ngudi dm<br /> (VASS, 2006). Bao eao cua Ngdn hang Thd gidi va mpt sd co quan khac<br /> (2006) eho thd'y phu nfl va nam gidi Viet Nam ngdy nay cd ddng gdp<br /> tuong duong nhau trong viec lao thu nhdp, nhung lai khdng cd su chia se<br /> ngang nhau trong thuc hifin cac cdng vific nhd. Phu nfl ludn phai chju ganh<br /> ndng edng vific ldn hem nam gidi lai bd'i k>' thdi didm nao trong cupc ddi<br /> 34 Nghien cflu Gia dinh vA Gidl. Quydn 22, so 3, tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> <br /> ciia hp (Desai. 2001). Didu ndy dfln dfi'n hfi qua Id phu nfl ed rit it thdi gian<br /> ddnh cho ede hoat dpng xa hpi vd tifi'p tuc hpc Ifin eao, do dd hp rd't hifi'm<br /> khi cd ca hdi tham gi:i vdo qud trinh ra quyfi't djnh tai edng ddng.<br /> I Ion nira. trong hdu hfi't cdc ITnh vue cua xa hdi Vifit Nam, su phdn bifit<br /> dd'i xir gidi vSn cdn tdn tai. Bdo cdo eiia Ngdn hdng Thd gidi vd mpt sdeo<br /> quan khde (2006) md ta mdt thue td Id cac bdo chf thudng ddng tai cdc tin<br /> quang cdo viee Idm vdi su phdn biet dd'i xir nam nir ro rfit, bao gdm nhflng<br /> edng vific khdc nhau diinh cho cdc flng vifin nam vd nfl (thudng Id khdng<br /> nhan nfl). hodc tham chi chi vdi cflng mdt vj trf cdng viec, phu nfl bj yfiu<br /> cdu phai ddp ting nhiing yeu cdu ngat nghdo hon so vdi nam gidi vd chdt<br /> luong bang ed'p (World Bank et al., 2006). Theo phdn tich eua Kabeer vd<br /> epng su (2005). eae mdu tin quang cdo vific Idm ddng trfin bdo Lao ddng<br /> trong thdi gian 3 thang ciia ndm 2000 chfla tdi 26,7% cdc vj trf ehi ddnh<br /> cho nam gidi. Phdn Idn ede edng vifie ndy thupc ITnh vuc eo khf, edng nghe<br /> thdng tin vd ky thudt, tu dpng hda, vd cdng nghifip xu 1^ xang ddu. Cd<br /> khoang 13% cdc vj tri cdng vific chi danh eho nfl gidi, bao gdm vifie giang<br /> day, djch thudt, kd toan. tifi'p thj. va lao ddng phd thdng. Nhung quang eao<br /> mang djnh kifi'n gidi nhu vdy se Idm nan Idng ea nam gidi va phu nfl trong<br /> vifie tim kie'm ca hdi nghd nghiep khac vdi djnh kidn gidi phd bidn. Hodc<br /> cd m^u quang cdo tuyfin bd thdng rdng ca nam va nfl ddu cd thd npp don<br /> xin vifie, nhung flng vifin nfl phai cd bang "Kha" hodc "Gidi", trong khi<br /> nam gidi thi cd thd dupc chdp nhdn chi vdi bdng 'Trung binh". Theo each<br /> nhu vdy, thai dp phdn bifit gidi ciia cdc nha tuyfi'n dung da khep iai rdt<br /> nhidu CO hpi eua phu nfl trong vific tim kifi'm mdi cdng vific dupe tra luong.<br /> <br /> Cae chinh sdch bao hp phu nfl trong edng vific cflng khidn hp gdp nhidu<br /> khd khan han trong tifi'p cdn cae co hdi viec lam mpt each binh ddng, mdc<br /> dii ehiing dupe tao ra dd bao vfi phu nfl. Tfl khi dd't nude chuydn sang thdi<br /> ky kinh tdthj trudng, cdc chinh saeh ddnh eho phu nfl nhu nghi sinh eon,<br /> nghi chdm con d'm, v.v da trd thdnh gdnh ndng dd'i vdi cae doanh nghifip<br /> ngoai nhd nudc. Do vdy, ede doanh nghifip nay thudng nd U-anh viec thdu<br /> nap phu nu vao luc lupng lao dpng eiia minh.<br /> Ndi ngdn gon. ndu so sdnh vdi ihflc id la khdng cd mpl ngudi phu nfl<br /> ndo Idm vific trong bd may chinh quydn thdi ky trudc nam 1945 (United<br /> Nations Vietnam, 2002), thi sir tham gia lam viec trong khu vuc cdng ciia<br /> phu nfl trong nfla thd ky tidp theo da thd hifin mpt su lidn bd vuol bde. Tuy<br /> nhifin, su phdn tach gidi trong lue lupng lao ddng hifin nay vdi nhung dinh<br /> kifi'n gidi manh me da lam md't di nhidu tidn bd ehinh Irj eiia phu nfl. Didu<br /> ndy dupc ddt trong bd'i eanh thue id Id hdu hdt cae nha lanh dao chi'nh trj<br />  LeThi Thuc 35<br /> <br /> cua Viet Nam da bdt ddu su nghifip lanh dao cua minh tfl edng vific trong<br /> bp may ehinh quyen, va su hifin difin ban chd ciia phu nfl trong luc lupng<br /> lao ddng khu vuc cdng rd rang la mpl bd't lpi Idn dd'i vdi hp. Mpt tac dpng<br /> tifiu cue nfla dd'i vdi su tidn bd cua phu nfl trong lanh dao chinh trj cung<br /> bdt ngudn tfl vific cd qua ft phu nfl trong cdc loai ngdnh nghd ma tfl dd hdu<br /> he't cac nhd lanh dao chinh tri cua dd't nudc da xud't hien va trudng thanh,<br /> chang han nhu eae nganh khoa hpc va edng nghfi, edng nghifip nang. ndng<br /> lupng. hdnh ehinh, quan ly, vd luc lupng vu trang.<br /> <br /> 2.3. Giao due va dao tao<br /> Trong qua khfl, vific ed dupc bdng cdp Id each duy nhd't dd dupc cdng<br /> nhdn vd dupe ihdng tifi'n trong bp mdy chfnh quydn phong kidn d Viet<br /> Nam. Tuy nhifin, ehi ed nam gidi la ed thd nghT dfi'n tham vpng ndy, do quy<br /> dinh cam phu nfl tham gia he thd'ng gido due ehfnh thflc ciia chd dp phong<br /> kien. Nhu dd cap trong bdo cao ciia Lien hop qud'e lai Viet Nam (2002),<br /> irudng dai hpc ddu lien cua Vifit Nam, Qud'c Tfl Giam, duac thdnh ldp vao<br /> ndm 1070 dudi thdi nha Ly, danh dd dao tao cae hoang tfl, con trai cua cac<br /> gia dinh quan lai. vd nhiing hpc sinh nam xud't sdc trong ddn chung. Vific<br /> tham gia cdc trudng va ldp hpc lai cae dia phucmg eiing ehi ban chd trong<br /> ddi tuong nam gidi. Trong sud't thdi ky phong kie'n d Vifit Nam. ehi cd<br /> nhflng Idp bpc ddc biet ddnh cho hpc sinh nfl la cdc Idp dupc td chflc rieng<br /> cho ede edng chiia, con gai cac quan lai, va con gai ciia cae gia dinh rd't<br /> giau cd (United Nations Viemam, 2002).<br /> <br /> O cac tang ldp xa hpi thd'p ban, con gai cua cdc gia dinh giau cd cung<br /> dupe hpe mpt sd ldp nao dd, nhung hp vdn khdng thd vupt ra khdi ranh<br /> gidi dja vj thd'p kem ciia minh bdi sir thd'ng tri cua tu tudng Nho gido ve<br /> phu ntt: "Phu nhdn nan hod". Tae gia Andaya (2006) dua ra nhdn xet rdng<br /> quan didm nhu vdy tdn lai mpt each dai ding trong td't ca eae xa hpi vung<br /> Ddng Nam A. He qua la, phu nfl khdng hd cd mat trong bp mdy chinh<br /> quydn phong kie'n.<br /> He thd'ng giao due Phap thay the he thdng giao due phong kidn, cho du<br /> vd nguyen tdc la ed nhdn hpe sinh nfl, nhung vdn khdng thd thay ddi dang<br /> kd tnnh dp hpe va'n ciia phu nfl trong thue tfi'. Den tdn ddu thdky XX, quan<br /> nifim phd bidn vd gido due dd'i vdi phu nfl vdn la giu hp trong vdng bua<br /> vdy cua su mu ehfl va khdng hidu bifi't, nhdm tranh cho hp khdi bj 'hu<br /> hdng' (Marr, 1981). Cho den tdn ndm 1918, trong xa hdi Viet Nam ehi cd<br /> rd't it phu nfl cd the dpc ltru lodt chu qudc ngfl. chfl Hdn, hodc chfl Phap<br /> (Marr, 1981; McHale, 1995). Vao ndm 1938-1939, ndm ma chd dp thue<br /> ddn ddu tu nhidu nhd't eho giao due, chi cd 17% nfl trong tdng sd 567.000<br /> 36 Nghidn cOru Gia dinh vA G)di. Quy^n 22, sd' 3. tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> <br /> hpe sinh hoc trong cac trudng. Dfi'n nam 1945, ehi ed vdi sinh vifin nil<br /> trong 1.000 sinh vifin dai hpc eiia ca nude (Eisen. 1984; United Nations<br /> Vietnam, 2002).<br /> Tfl khi dd't nude gidnh dude ddc lap vdo nam 1945, chinh phu nude Vifit<br /> Nam Ddn chu Cdng hda da cd nhflng n6 lire rd't ldn trong eai thifin trinh<br /> dd hpc vdn cho nhdn ddn, ddc bifit Id cho phu nfl. Trong nhiing ndm dSu<br /> sau Cdch mang Thdng Tam mfl chfl dupc coi Id mdt trong ba thfl gide nguy<br /> hidm nhd't lue dd cua dd't nudc (hai thfl gide edn lai Id gide ddl vd giac<br /> ngoai xdm). Phu nu dupe khuydn khich tham gia cdc Idp hpc xda mu chu<br /> vd tham gia cdc ldp cd trinh d6 cao hon (Tran Thi Van Anh. 2000). Kdt<br /> qua Id. sir tidp cdn cua phu nfl tdi cac hoat ddng gido due vd ddo tao da<br /> tdng Ifin mdt each ddng kd, ndu so sdnh vdi ede Ihdi k>' trude. Ddn ndm<br /> 1981, phu nfl da chidm ty le 50% trong todn bp hpe sinh thude cdc bde ddo<br /> tao ca ban vd 5 1 % hpc sinh sinh vifin ede trudng day nghd. Tai eae trudng<br /> ky thudt chuyfin nghifip vd cdc trudng dai hpe, sinh vifin nfl chidm khoang<br /> 38- 40%, ifly tflng chuyen nganh (Eisen, 1984).<br /> <br /> Ngay nay, Vifit Nam dang tidp tuc thd hien td't trong vifie thue hifin muc<br /> tifiu eiia ehinh phu vd xda bd khoang each gidi trong gido due phd thdng.<br /> Da cd nhflng thanh tuu to ldn trong vific mang dfi'n co hdi hpc hanh eho ea<br /> nam va nfl. Nfiu so sanh vdi cdc nudc dang phat tridn khdc, Viet Nam da<br /> dat dupe trinh dp hpc vd'n rat eao eho ca hai gidi nain vd nfl. Trong sd cac<br /> nudc Ddng Nam A, ty lfi nfl so vdi nam trong sd sinh vifin dai hpc 6 Vifit<br /> Nam la khd gdn vdi ty lfi ndy d cdc nudc nhu Thai Lan. Indonesia,<br /> Malaysia, va Philippines, ldn ban ty lfi ndy cua Han Qud'c va eae nudc<br /> Nam A (UNDP, 2003). Gdn ddy d Viet Nam, ty lfi bifi't chfl d ngudi ldn ehi<br /> edn su khac bifit khdng ddng kd giua nam vd nfl, 96% so vdi 91% (GSO,<br /> 2004). Sd lifiu vd tinh hinh nhdp hpc cho tha'y khdng cd nhidu khdc bifit<br /> gifla nam vd nfl. Chdng ban, vao ndm 2006 cd khoang 9 1 % cdc em gai vd<br /> 92% cac em trai nhdp hpc d bdc tidu hpe va trung hpe ea sd (UNDP, 2006).<br /> Ty lfi nhap hpe bdc trung hpe phd thdng cua ede em gai Id tuong duong<br /> vdi ty le dd eua eae em trai vdo ndm 2003- 2004. khoang 45% so vdi 46%<br /> (GSO et al.. 2005). Vifit Nam eung da vuol qua miic tifiu 30% sd bdng sau<br /> dai hpe thupe vd nfl (MPI and NCFAW, 2006).<br /> <br /> Mdc dfl da dat dupc nhung thdnh tuu nhu vdy. nhimg vdn cd nhflng bd't<br /> binh ddng gidi dang kd trong gido due, nhd't la d nhflng bde hpc cao. Vdo<br /> ndm 1999, tinh chung cho td't ca cac nhdm ddn cu, ty lfi nfl chidm 70%<br /> trong todn bp eae trudng hop bd hpe (NCFAW, 2000: 29). Hifin tupng nay<br /> la nghifim trpng hem d khu vue ndng thdn, d nhdm ngudi nghdo, d cac<br />  LeThi Thuc 37<br /> <br /> nhdm ddn tpc thidu sd', vd d cdc bde hpc cao hon trong trudng (GSO et al.,<br /> 2005; United Nations Vietnam. 2002). Hifin nay, trong nhdm tudi 15-17,<br /> chi ed 53% nu dupe di hpe trong khi ty lfi ndy d nam gidi Id 68% (Ngdn<br /> hang Thdgidiet ah, 2011).<br /> Cdc ehinh saeh eai cdch da ldm gia tdng khoang cdch gidi trong gido<br /> due. bdi nhiing ehinh sdeh nay da Idm tdng ehi phi eho ede gia dinh. vdi<br /> vific dp dung nguyen tdc ddng hpe phi. Cdc em gai thudng bj md't co hdi<br /> tidp tuc hpe ndu cha me khdng du tidn dd ndp hpc phf cho td't ea eon cdi<br /> eua minh, bdi trie't ly phu quydn, uu tifin con trai dang tdn tai phd bidn<br /> U-ong xa hpi. Them vdo dd, ehi phi co hdi cua vific cdt bdt lao ddng tre em<br /> trong hoat dpng kinh tdgia dinh eung khie'n cdc gia dinh ngheo cat giam<br /> ddu tu cho giao due, nhd't la ddu tu eho cac em gai (ADB, 2002).<br /> He qua cua tinh trang dd Id cdng Ifin bdc hpc cao, ly le nfl cang giam.<br /> Theo thd'ng ke cua Bd Lao ddng - Thucmg binh vd Xa hpi (2010), vdo ndm<br /> 2007, chi ed 30,5% bdng thac sy vd 17,1% bang tifi'n sy dupc trao cho phu<br /> nfl. Tinh chung, phu nfl chidm 61% nhirng ngudi cd trinh dp cao ddng,<br /> 34% nhflng ngudi cd trinh dd dai hpe, 30% nhung ngudi cd trinh dd thac<br /> sy, 21% nhflng ngudi ed trinh dp tifi'n sy va 4% nhung ngucri cd trinh dp<br /> tifi'n sy khoa hpc cua ca nude.<br /> Nhu vdy, vific tm tifin khdc nhau dd'i vdi cdc em trai va cae em gai trong<br /> gido due va dao tao phan anh nhimg mong dpi xa hdi khac nhau dd'i vdi<br /> nam va nu gidi, va do dd, nd ed vai trd dinh dang sir phdn tach gidi trong<br /> cac loai nghd nghiep sau nay. (^c nha nghifin ciiu va cdc td chflc khdc nhau,<br /> chdng han nhu Desai (2001), Ngdn hang Phat tridn Chdu A (ADB, 2002),<br /> va Uy ban qud'c gia Vi su tifi'n bd ciia phu nfl (NCTAW, 2000) da bay td lo<br /> ngai vd vific eae khuynh hudng uu tifin khac nhau ndy cd thd khifi'n dinh<br /> kidn gidi trd nen sdu sde hon. Hon nua, khuynh hudng ndy cd ve trd nen<br /> trdm trpng ban kd tfl khi Ddi mdi (ADB. 2002; MOET 2000). Dfl lieu tfl<br /> eupc Dieu tra mflc sd'ng ddn eu Vifit Nam chu k^- 2 (VLSS 98) dupc tridn<br /> khai ndm 1997-1998 (Desaim, 2001), eho thdy rdng eae em gai thudng tdp<br /> trung trong cac nganh nhu su pham, khoa hpc xa hpi, va ngdn ngfl, trong<br /> khi eae em trai thudng tdp trung trong cac ngdnh khoa hpc ky thudt vd khoa<br /> hpc ung dung. Xu hudng phdn bd ngdnh nghe nhu vdy vin tidp didn trong<br /> thdi gian gdn day (Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi. 2010).<br /> <br /> Rd rang la su phdn tdch gidi trong giao due da ddy phu nfl ra khoi cac<br /> vj tri cdn bdng cdp cao hdn, eung nhu tao tidm ndng diy hp ra khdi viec<br /> tham gia ddy dii vdo cac ITnh vue va nganh nghe ma tfl dd cac nhd lanh<br /> dao thudng xud't hien. Nhflng thanh tuu ma dd't nudc dat dupe Irong vifie<br /> 38 Nghl&n cflu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quy^n 22, so 3, tr. 27-41<br /> <br /> mung lai eho ddng dao ddn ehiing ndn tang gido due ca ban, bidt dpc vd<br /> bifi't vifii. Id cdn each xa ,s() vdi mue tifiu trao quydn chfnh trj cho phu nu.<br /> Phu nfl cdn ft tifip can dfldc tdi gido due d nhflng bdc hpc cao, vd viee ft<br /> hiCn dien eiia hp trong mdt sd' ITnh vue ddo tao nha't djnh da tao nen nhflng<br /> rdo c;in dang kd vd mdt ed'u true dd'i vdi su tham gia lanh dao chinh trj cua<br /> phu nfl Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Vd mdt l^ thuyfi't, cd thd ndi rdng nhdm cdc ydu td nfin tang mang tinh<br /> cdu true cua vd'n dd binh ding gidi d Viet Nam da gdp phdn giai thich<br /> tuong dd'i td't vd cdc nguyfin nhdn d3n dfi'n tinh trang bd't binh dang gidi ndi<br /> chung, bd't binh ddng gidi trong lanh dao chinh tri ndi rifing. Vific phdn<br /> tfch cdc yfi'u td ndy ed thd giflp hinh dung dupc cac ludng yfi'u td lae ddng<br /> tdi ngudn ung vifin nfl cd kha ndng dam nhdn cdc vj tri lanh dao chinh trj<br /> trong bd may lanh dao cua dd't nudc. Tuy nhifin, didu edn Iuu y la nfi'u chi<br /> dua vdo nhdm yeu id mang linh ed'u true nay thi se ehua the dua ra dupc<br /> eai nhin todn dipn vd nguyen nhdn eiia tinh trang bdt binh ddng gidi trong<br /> ddi sd'ng chi'nh tri. Ngudi nghifin eun cdn cd cai nhin bao quat hon vd ca<br /> ba nhdm yfi'u id (cdu true, thd chdvd vdn hda) Irong khung ly thuydt tidp<br /> cdn, vd ke't hop ba nhdm ydu td dd mdt each hop 1^ dd cd Ihd giai thfch<br /> thda dang vin di nay trong bd'i canh xa hdi Vifit Nam hifin dai.<br /> Vd mdt thuc tifin, phdn tieh eho thd'y cdc vin di cua su phat tridn kinh<br /> td xa hpi, trong lao ddng va viee Idm, va trong giao due vd ddo tao cua ddt<br /> nude ddu bao chfla nhung yfi'u td rdo can, bfin canh thudn loi dd'i vdi su tidn<br /> bp cua phu nfl trong lanh dao chinhfl-j.Mue tifiu cd trfin 30% phu nfl uong<br /> sd dai bidu cua Qud'c hdi vdn dang Id rfi't thaeh thflc dd'i vdi ca he thdng<br /> chinh tri. Di thue hien dupe mue tieu ndy, edn nhanh chdng thuc ddy viee<br /> giai quyfi't va thao gd ddng bd cac rdo can, cflng vdi vific phat huy nhung<br /> thudn loi sdn ed nhdm thiie ddy tfnh tfch cue vd gidi trong hdnh vi ung xii<br /> ciia edng ddn. Cdc vd'n dd vd ed'u true cdn dupe luu tdm giai quyfi't ddng<br /> thdi vdi su quan tdm dfi'n nhung vd'n dd thupe vd thd chfi', ehinh sach, va<br /> quan trpng hon nua la vd van hda - yfi'u td ddng vai trd quan trpng trong<br /> didu khidn hdnh vi bdu cfl va ung cu eua cae cdng ddn Vifit Nam.H<br /> <br /> <br /> Tai lieu tham khao<br /> ADB. 2002. "Women in Vietnam" Manila. Philippines: Asian Development Bank.<br /> ADB. 2005. "Vietnam: Gender Situation Analysis" Asian Development Bank.<br /> Andaya, B,W. 2006, The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern<br />  LeThi Thuc 39<br /> <br /> Southeast Asia. Honolulu University of Hawaii Press,<br /> Baaker. 1.1994. Strategic Silence: Gender and Economic Policy. 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