Ca múa nhạc cổ Champa với Nhật Bản thời kỳ Nara

^<br /> CA MUA NHAC CO CHAMPA<br /> V6l NHAT BAN THCfl KY NARA<br /> <br /> Ll/dNG NINH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> H oc gia Nhat Ban Aomi-no Mabito<br /> Genkai qua khao ctiu cac tai li§u<br /> CO, da ke lai ve cuoc "Hdnh trinh cua<br /> - Yen Shin Kei, ngiidi gdc Hoa, thiy day<br /> ngdn ngii, Hieu triidng Dai hoc Nara;<br /> - Genbo, nha Phat hoc, sau trd thanh<br /> Kanshin den phitOng Bong" (1) nhe) do ma<br /> sojo {Dg,o sl Bd La Mdn);<br /> den nay, co the hieu biet them ve anh<br /> hiidng cua ca mua nhac cd Champa den v6i - Bodai-Senna vdn la ngvfdi Ba La Mdn<br /> Nhat Ban thdi Nara. Nam An, sau trd thanh Baramon Sojo iiic<br /> Dao si Bk La Mon.<br /> Dieu dang chii y triidc tien la ghi ch6p<br /> cua Genkai khong nhSm muc dich noi ve - Buttetsu (Fet Trie't) - nhac sU Ldm Ap-<br /> am nhac, cang khong phai chuyen ve nhac Champa;<br /> Lam Ap, ma noi ve thdi Nara, cho nen<br /> - Rikyo - nha Phat hoc Nh^t;<br /> nhiing gi viet ve nhac va ngiidi Lam Ap la<br /> rat khach quan. - Rimitsu I, thay thudc Ba TU;<br /> 1. Ve xay diing nen tang vSn hda cua - Hodng Phu va Dong Tdo, ngifdi Hoa,<br /> thdi Nara-Nhat Ban, ta dUdc biet: nSm 607, chic deu la nhac cdng.<br /> Thai tii Shotoku cxi phai bo dIu tien sang<br /> Mifdi (10) vi "dat nin mong" nay cdn<br /> Trung Qudc hoc tap va tiep theo la 10 phai<br /> diing sau hay cd le thap hdn miidi bdn (14)<br /> bo khac trong sud't thdi ky Nara (710-794).<br /> Nhd sdng lap thdi dai Nara. Danh sach 14<br /> Day ciing la thdi ky Nhat Ban md cufa ddn<br /> nhd nay, thay cd mot so' ngifdi khac difdc ke<br /> vSn hda niidc ngoai vao, nen khdng chi cd<br /> them, thifdng la cao hdn, nhifng lai cd may<br /> ngifdi di hoc ma cdn cd khdng it hoc gia tii<br /> ngoai den, nhii Kanshin va ciing vdi ngUdi da nSm trong danh sach 10 vi "dat<br /> Kanshin - nha sif Trung Qudc - cdn cd 10 nin mdng". Tuy ddi cho cd ve ldn xdn,<br /> ngiidi niia diidc coi la "Nhiing ngiidi dat nhUng cd le, sii s i p xep cua Genkai la cd<br /> nin mong cho thdi ky Nara". dung y xep thii tu cao tha'p, nhat la danh<br /> sach cac Nhd sdng lap, ivi 1 de'n 14, nen<br /> - Kibino Mabiki, nha chinh tri-tvf tiidng khdng phai ngSu nhien ma thii 11, ke<br /> Nhat, Phd hieu trUdng Dai hoc Nara; "dong hang" 2 ngifdi (Bodaisena va<br /> - Dosen, ngvidi gdc Hoa, Triidng mon Buttetsu), thii 13 ciing the (Gun Horiki va<br /> phdi Vinaya; T'ien T'ing). Ciing khdng phai ngSu nhien<br /> <br /> *GS. Vi$n Khoa hoc xa hoi Vi^t Nam<br />  Rghien cijru Lich sit. s6 9.201Q<br /> <br /> ma Genkai dung hai tii khac nhau de goi den dau, la dieu cdn cd the thao luan. Ong<br /> hai danh sach - Nhiing vi "Bat nen mong Cling cdn mot sd' sai l l n khac, vl nhU ndi Nii<br /> (Fondateurs)" va "Nhiing nhd Sdng lap Hoang Koken tham chiia Yamashinadera<br /> (Createurs)". Tuy nhien, diing dau danh nSm 767, nhifng nii hoang nay chi d ngdi<br /> sach 14 nhd nay vSn la Kanshin (Kien den (749-758) va Buttetsu da qua ddi n&m<br /> Chdn) ngudi Trung Qud'c, dUdc nhan manh 760, khdng the chi huy nhac le theo lenh<br /> la "ngifdi xuat sic nhat, tai gidi nhat, thdng cua ba difdc. Ngiidi dich ra tieng Phap, hoc<br /> gia J.Takakusu ddi cho ciing dai khai, de<br /> tue Phat phap va cd tai chiia benh". Ngay<br /> gay hieu nham (2).<br /> tii dau, dng da yeu cau lap mot dan le<br /> {simamandala) de lam le va ndi chiia benh. Kanshin sinh nSm 688 d Difdng Chau,<br /> Ong lai cd uy tin, cd kha nSng tap hdp, td Trung Hoa, den Nhat nSm 754, qua ddi<br /> chiic cac danh si ciing vdi minh giiip vua nSm 763, tho 76 tud'i. Kanshin cd mat va<br /> xay diing thdi Nara, dSc biet thdi Hoang de hoat dong van hda d Nara trong nhiing<br /> Shomu (724-748); tiep den la 3 dng Dai sii nam 754-763, viec thu thap tai lieu de viet<br /> Nhat d kinh dd nha Dudng, 3 hoc gia Nhat, "Hdnh trinh cua Kanshin den phiicfng<br /> 4 hda thUdng Trung Qud'c, tat ca deu thdng Bong" do Mabito-no Genkai hoan thanh<br /> tue viidt trdi hdn ngifdi, di tim chon cai hay vao nam 779, chi sau 16 nam, ttfc gin<br /> ve xay diing nUdc; thii 11 la hai vi dUdng thdi, tham chi la difdng thdi, neu dat<br /> Bodaisena (Bodhisena) ngifdi Nam An Do trong khoang each nhiing 1300 nam, cho<br /> va Buttetsu (Phgt triet), ngUdi Ldm Ap tdi ngay nay. Hdn mot thien nien ky, ma<br /> (Champa); thii 12 la Nyoho, ngUdi Ho qudc tat ca deu da hi lang quen, l l n ldn, md<br /> (cd the la ngiidi Tokhara hay ngUdi nhat, thi nhiing gi ma Genkai ghi lai la vd<br /> Sogdiana sinh sd'ng d viing Trung A); thii cung quy gia. Trong nhiing be bdn nhan<br /> 13 ciing la hai ngiidi. Gun Hariki tii nUdc vat, sii kien nhii the, v i n danh ca mot<br /> Con Lon (Ma Lai) va Tien T'ing. Cdn ndi ro chiidng de ke mot each trang trong nhiing<br /> Tien T'ing la ngiidi Cham d Ldm Ap di ngUdi Cham tii Ldm Ap va nhac Lam Ap la<br /> Cling Kanshin den Nara, ngUdi cd biet danh khach quan va cd thiic; nhiing ten gpi cua<br /> la "Tai nghe tinh tifdng", doan la nhac si. dng, VI du nhae Ldm Ap hay Ldm Ap bdt<br /> Ke thii 14 la Rohen, cd tud'i thd ly ky, sau nhgc la cd thiic, nhiing s i p xe'p danh gia...<br /> trd thanh chan tu, uyen tham Phat hoc, v i n phai coi la day du nhat, can ban diing<br /> giao ly Avatamsaka cua Bg,i thiia. din, dang tin, phai tin.<br /> <br /> Nhu the, xep thii 11, cd hai ngUdi ma Theo Genkai, Buttetsu dUdc giao chi huy<br /> ten tudi va que quan cd ve nhU hi l l n lon. dan nhac Hoang gia Nhat. Buttetsu vdn la<br /> Chang han Bodhi que xii Kapilavastu d mot ngudi Ba La Mdn, ngUdi Champa, ba'y<br /> Nam An, diing ra phai la Bic An Do. Cdn gid goi la Lam Ap, cd tai nang am nhac,<br /> Buttetsu d Lam Ap ma Lam Ap d Bic An nghe thuat, nhifng cung cd mot cudc sd'ng<br /> Do, cd hieu la Bodhisatva (Bo Tdt, Phgt tram luan. Ong da sang Java, Sumatra,<br /> trie't), Cling triing danh hieu mot ngiidi niia, gap Bodhisena, cung nhau tim phUdng tien<br /> Bodhi, b Nam An Do (theo sach Fuso sang Trung Qud'c, nhUng bi bao, thuyen<br /> ryakki, eon cd nhieu tinh tiet ly ky niia...). dim, suyt chet dudi, may sdng sdt, gap<br /> Thii tii tren dudi d day h i n la do hoc gia Kanshin rdi nghe Kanshin thuyet, ciing cd<br /> Genkai dinh, diing sai the nao, cd gia tri y mud'n sang Nhat. Ca hai ngudi,<br /> Ca mua nhac cd Champa..<br /> <br /> Bodhisena va Buttetsu rii nhau tim - Dhaivata (Dha) La<br /> phUdng tien sang Nhat sdm, den Nhat vao - Nisada (Ni) Be<br /> khoang nam 736.<br /> Vi Mda:<br /> 2. O Nhat, trong khoang hdn 20 nam<br /> (736-760), ong tham gia giang day Sanskrit - Vii dieu 1 (Bosatsu): nay khdng cdn.<br /> va giao ly Gandavyuha phai Dai Thiia d cac - Vii dieu 2: diia theo truyen thuyet<br /> chua Daianji, Kikgji rdi Ryosenji. Tuy Pedu (Rig Veda vd Arthavaveda) nay ddi<br /> nhien, sii nghiep chinh cua dng la dm nhae. khi v i n cdn trong nhac miia cung dinh:<br /> Ong lap ddi nhac, giang day nhac ly cho ngiidi khoac ao tring, cd mao, gia lam ngiia<br /> hoc trd, day cho ho ta'u nhiing ban nhac cd' nhay miia, hi trUdc hinh r i n (ve tren gd),<br /> Champa va nhiing ban nhac mdi do dng nhac ddn dap manh me. Vii dieu 4: Miia ddi<br /> sang tac, dac biet la ban Banshu-gaku (Vgn nam nii the hien dieu Tandava cua vua<br /> miia thu) ra't hay. miia Nataraja Siva edng vdi v0, Parvati, WVL<br /> dieu thien than xoin xuyt va tinh te.<br /> Ong lai lap ddi miia, luyen cho ho 8 vii<br /> dieu: Vii dieu 5: Cd le nguyen tac cua Bdn<br /> Minh BUc (Ldm Ap) cai bien, gdm 12 ngifdi<br /> 1. Bosatsu (bodhisatva),<br /> miia, sau cd giam bdt sd ngiidi, nhac em ai,<br /> 2. Bato (Pedu) - nhan vat than thoai trang trong di vdi dan ddng ca, goi la hdp<br /> difdc cac an si ban cho ngiia t r i n g de trii ca Lam Ap, miia diing quay trdn, goi la<br /> r i n dgc: paidva ahihan; waku, tiic vdng trdn, tiic mandala. Ddng ca<br /> hat 7 hdi, vdng cud'i ra't hiing trang. Tac gia<br /> 3. Kariobinga (Kalavinka hay thien<br /> ke them, nhQng dieu nay ra't xa xUa, chi<br /> Dieu hay Garuda);<br /> nghe ndi lai, chifa ro chinh xae den dau.<br /> 4. Amma (hay Amba-nQ than Durga);<br /> Vli dieu tii 1 de'n 5 gd'c An Do, dildc cai<br /> 5. Hanh khiic chien t h i n g cua Bairo (tUc bien ap dung d Champa triidc khi dUa vao<br /> Bhairava-hinh. thiic kinh khung cua Siva); Nhat; dieu 6 va 7 la nhac va miia cd' Trung<br /> 6. Koonju (Hd lUdng txiu - thii rifdu cua Qud'c, dildc Buttetsu hoan thien ap dung d<br /> ngudi Hd); Nhat, cdn dieu thii 8 la sang tao tai cho cua<br /> Buttetsu.<br /> 7. Hanh cung cua vua Ranryo (tiic<br /> Sagara Nagaraja); Nam 767, Nii Hoang Koken de'n thSm<br /> chiia Yamashinadera, gan Nara da yeu cau<br /> 8. Banshugaku (tiic Van miia thu).<br /> trinh dien cac vu dieu Champa do Buttetsu<br /> Ve nhac, cd le dng da b i t dau dUa vao dan diing, chi huy.<br /> day thang dm An Bg (Grama) - va Ba TU\<br /> Nhac Champa thifdng difdc goi la nhgc<br /> - Sadja (tit: Sa) - Da Ldm Ap, tiing hi coi la nhac An Do. Cac<br /> sach vie't ve nhac ly va sach ghi theo ten<br /> -Rsabha(R) - Re<br /> goi Nhat Ban, nam 931 cd chep trong sd 10<br /> - Gandhara (Ga) - Mi nhac pham cung dinh difdc ra soat lai gin<br /> - Madhyma (Ma) - Fa day (1874) va trong 5 nhac pham cd' dUdc<br /> ke cdn lUu hanh trong cung dinh de'n nam<br /> - Pancama (Pa) (ma thii 5) - Sa<br /> 1899, cd 2 vii dieu va nhac p h i m Lam Ap<br />  Rghign curu Lich sit. sd 9.2010<br /> <br /> cdn dudc lUu giii la Kalavinka va Pedu ma va hoc Sanskrit d Nhat Ban, nay tuy khdng<br /> ddi khi v i n diidc trinh dien. (Nhiing chi tie't cdn, nhQng da'u vet khdng phai md, v i n<br /> nay, cd sau nam 779, h i n la do ngiidi ddi dQdc nhac tdi trong cac sach ngdn ngQ, ngQ<br /> sau cua Genkai, cd the ca ngiidi dich la hoc phap thdi sau.<br /> gia J.Takakusu bd' sung).<br /> Cung vdi Buttetsu, sdng d Nara, cdn cd<br /> Ong qua ddi nam 760, tho 57 tud'i, liic ngQdi Cham Lam Ap ten la Tien-T'ing. Ong<br /> cdn tre va cdn sung siic. Ngifdi Nhat nay hinh nhQ cung la mot nhac cdng, gidi<br /> thiidng tiec dng. Di hai difdc hda thieu, nhac, thQdng xuyen sat canh cdng tac vdi<br /> chdn trong riing Ubokuya, tren ddi Tomi Buttetsu. Xem nhQ the, cd the tha'y ngQdi<br /> (DUdng Sdn), ddi di$n chiia Ryosenji. Mot Cham Lam Ap - Champa da ddng gdp mot<br /> bao thap dUdc xay diing de tudng nhd dng. phan quan trqng trong sQ hinh thanh nen<br /> Mot tin dd khic mot ta'm bia, nay khdng ro van hda truyen thdng - Vdn hoa Nara cua<br /> lac dau ma't, nhUng ldi thd cdn dUdc ghi lai Nhat Ban va ciing da dQdc ngQdi Nhat<br /> trong tuyen thd cua hoang tik Takamiya, thQa nhan.<br /> nhan de Manyoshu:<br /> 3. Nam 1925, Paul Demieville cho ra<br /> Baramon no m i t cdng trinh nghien cQu "Nhae Chdm d<br /> Nhgt Bdn (3), cdn chQa dQdc chii y cho den<br /> Tsurishi ota wo<br /> nay, cd le bdi nd ra't chuyen bi^t va ciing vi<br /> Hamu Karasu the, khdng de hieu, nay xem lai, tha'y nd cd<br /> Manabuta harete the bd sung it nhieu cho nhQng ghi chdp<br /> cua Kanshin, do Aomino Mabito Genkai<br /> Hataboko ni ori da khao cQu, sQu tam, ma Paul Demieville<br /> ("Hay trdng kia, con qua dang nhat hat cdn cd them mot sd tim tdi mdi va dat ra<br /> Ilia tren canh ddng do ngiidi Ba La Mdn cay mot sdva'n de mdi ly thii, cd the thao luan.<br /> ca'y: ngiidi ta tha'y no, m i t mong dim nifdc<br /> a. Viec td ehUe trinh dien vd cdc dodn<br /> mit, dang nim nghi, gd'i tren can cd").<br /> Nhgc<br /> Tut nhiing ban nhac, nhac phim, vii dieu<br /> Cac tai lieu cho biet, vao cudi the ky VH,<br /> dUdc trinh dien deu dan trong cung dinh,<br /> do anh hQdng sinh hoat van hda cua nha<br /> din da theo nam thing, cd difdc cai bien it<br /> DQdng Trung Hoa, trieu dinh Nhat Ban<br /> nhieu, nhUng v i n dUdc giQ lai anh hQdng,<br /> dQdi thdi Hoang de Junnin da quye't dinh<br /> dudng net trong cac vu dieu phd bie'n thdi<br /> lap ra Cue Am nhae, tap hdp: bdn ca si, bdn<br /> sau, nhQ Dengaku (vu dieu ndng trang),<br /> Vli sQ, bdn nhac cdng sao, mQdi hai nhac<br /> Saibara (vu dieu cua ngQdi xa ich),<br /> cdng nhac DQdng Trung Hoa, bd'n nhac<br /> sarugaku (vu dieu vui nhdn) No (kich tam<br /> cdng Cao Ly (Komagaku) bdn nhac cdng<br /> ly), Kyogen (nhac vui)... cdn thinh hanh<br /> Bdch Te (Kudaragaku), bdn nhac cdng Siia<br /> sud't thdi Kamakura va Tokugawa.<br /> (Shiraji), hai nhac cdng Dora (4) va hai<br /> Ngoai am nhac va miia, Buttetsu cdn nhac sQ Ldm Ap. Qua day, ta bie't, cung vdi<br /> dQdc coi la nhan vat cd tham quyen ve sQ thinh hanh cua ca, miia, nhac Trung<br /> Sanskrit. Ong triic tie'p giang day va bien Hoa thdi DUdng, ca nhac cua Ban dao Trieu<br /> soan sach. Siddham la mot pho mlu tii, tQ Tien, ba'y gid cdn chia lam ba tieu qudc,<br /> dien da gdp phan khdng nhd vao vi^c day Tdn La, Bdch Te, Cao Ly (5) cung kha phat<br /> Ca miia nhac cd Champa...<br /> <br /> trie'n va Nhac Champa, dQdc goi la nhgc cung vdi mdt ong But (Bodhisatva) (9),<br /> Ldm Ap (Rinyu) cQng cd vi tri kha cao. dQng yen dd cho de'n khi cac nhac cdng lam<br /> le dang cung xong, trd lai san, cung thiic<br /> To chUc bieu diin trong le hdi, de phuc<br /> hanh vu dieu roi mdi lui ve chd nghi.<br /> vu Hoang de, Hoang gia va Trieu dinh ciing<br /> dQdc ke tl mi: Tie'p de'n Nhac cd (lam nen) cho sii trinh<br /> diln cua cac tien nii (Devi), mQdi hai hung<br /> Mot san bieu dien dQdc thie't ke, dai 40<br /> thdn (Yaksa) di vao, nang tren tay vat<br /> bd (khoang 14m) rong (cd le ciing the?). Ben<br /> cung, la hoa, qua, rdi tQng ddi, mat ddi<br /> cac gdc san, cd diing ba leu, rdng 50 bd<br /> mat, cung trinh dien vQ dieu (10).<br /> (khoang 16m), leu (nha) thQ nha't, d phia<br /> Ddng danh cho doi nhgc Koma, cdn goi la Theo tai lieu Ryumei-sho, vu dieu<br /> nhac Kudaragaku hay nhac Bdch Te'(Nam Bodhisatva va Bairo la do mot ngQdi Ba La<br /> Trieu Tien), nha thQ hai la nhac Ldm Ap, Mdn, TrQdng Sangha (Baramon Sojo) gd'c<br /> nha thQ ba danh cho cac dai phu; cdn d ngQdi Nam An (Bodhi da ndi tren), dQa vao<br /> phia Tay, nha thQ nha't danh cho ddi Tdn Nhat Ban, Cdn Bussei (hay Buttetsu), vd'n<br /> nhgc, nha thQ hai la Co nhgc (6), nha thQ ngQdi nQdc Lam Ap thudc mien Bac An Do<br /> ba danh cho cac hoang than, qud'c thich, cac da truyen day vu dieu Bodhisattva, Bato va<br /> dai phu dQdng chQc (Hdnh sU dgi phu). Le nhae Lam Ap. Sach Honcho kosoden (Bdn<br /> Cli hanh ngdy thU 12, tudn trdng thU ba, trieu Cao tdng truyen) lai gin vu dieu<br /> ndm thii ba jokwan, ngdy 25 thdng Tii ndm Bato, Bodhisatva, ca Kalavinka va Bairo<br /> 861 Cong lich, Koku (eanh) thQ tQ, gid vdi sii truyen thu cua Buttetsu.<br /> Totsu, 7 sang, cho md cifa Ddng, Tay, chinh<br /> b. Dien tien trong ddi song dm nhgc<br /> GiQa (vao san dien, ciing tQc la san dien<br /> thd) cho cac ddi nhac: Nhac Koma vao cifa Cdng trinh nghien cQu cua Aomi-no<br /> Ddng, Tan nhac vao c^a Tay. Ranjo (nhgc Mabito Genkai hoan thanh nam 779, 16<br /> CO, thddng lam nen cho miia Lam a'p) dQdc nam sau thdi gian cd mat va boat ddng cua<br /> ta'u len theo Tan nhac (giai dieu tuy y de nhdm Kanshin, phan anh gan nguyen ven<br /> chuin bi, rdi de'n nhac Koma; Cac nhac ddi sd'ng van hda cua trieu Nara, nhQng<br /> cdng di vao leu (7): nhac Koma. vao leu thQ hinh nhQ P. Demieville khdng dQdc biet, vi<br /> nha't, phia Ddng; Tan nhac vao leu thQ nd dQdc dang nam 1928, tQc 3 nam sau<br /> nha't phia Tay; rdi de'n cac nhac cdng Lam nghien cQu ciia dng (1925), nen khdng the<br /> Ap va Co nhac vao ctfa giQa phi'a Nam de di du va dung blng Genkai. Cd the ndi la ve<br /> de'n cac leu: nhac Lam Ap leu thQ hai phia nhac Lam Ap va sinh hoat van hda d thdi<br /> Ddng, Cd' nhac vao leu thQ hai phia Tay. ky Nara thi nhQng ghi ch6p ciia Genkai da<br /> Luc koku (canh) hai, gid Uma (11 gid), cac ndi tren, la rat dang tin. NhQng tQ sau<br /> nhac cdng Lam Ap thudc tQ vien cua chung Genkai, tham chi sau nhieu the ky, P.<br /> ta. Cling vdi linh dieu va nhQng cai khac Demieville cung cho tha'y cd sQ dien tien<br /> (8), hai tay nang cao cac vat cung, iQdt qua mdi, sQ bie'n dd'i theo thdi gian va hoan<br /> san mua, tQ Dong sang Tay rdi di vao dien canh.<br /> phia trong, ndi cd tQdng thd de dang dd<br /> Hoat ddng am nhac xem ra da giam ca<br /> cung theo thQ tii. Roi mot ngudi dan ong va<br /> ve so' iQdng va td chQc. Tai lieu Ruiju<br /> mot con voi trang (hinh tUOng) den dQng<br /> sandal kyaku cho biet sd'nhac cdng co 154<br /> trQdc dien thd. Voi nay ke't hdp vdi san vu.<br /> ngudi vao the ky VIH, den giQa the ky IX,<br />  Hghi&i curu Lich siir. sd 9.2010<br /> <br /> giam cdn 107, sau tie'p tuc giam nQa; cung Bairo hung trang (sii chie'n t h i n g cua chien<br /> khdng cdn la bd'n leu va bd'n ddi, ma chia binh) hay Kalavinka ron rang cua Thien<br /> lam hai ddi, ta, hQu, vdi sic phuc khac Dieu, nha't la Banshugaku (Van miia thu)<br /> nhau; ddi ta mac mau dd va m l u riic rd, giQ em diu, tuy khing dinh d i u a'n va vai trd<br /> he nhac Trung Hoa, cdn ddi hQu mac mau cua Buttetsu, nhUng lai mang dam tinh<br /> diu hdn, giQ he nhac Cao Ly... than Nhat, da Nhat hda, v i n ha'p d i n du<br /> hieu bie't xua't sQ md hd.<br /> Tuy nhien, nhac nQdc ngoai phai nhat<br /> dan, nhQdng cho chinh cho nhac DQdng. Trai qua thdi gian dai, luc tang, luc<br /> Mot tai lieu khac cung cho bie't vao nhQng giam, cac tai lieu deu ghi nhan sQ truyen<br /> ngay le ldn, cac ddi vii nhac mdi tap hdp ve thu nhac ly. An Do hay Ba Tu, cung vdi<br /> Trung tam de chuan hi phuc vu, cdn binh tam vu dieu deu do v. Dai sQ den tQ Lam<br /> thQdng, ho sd'ng, tap dQdt trong mot ngdi Ap, khdng ro ten, nhQng nam 749, theo<br /> chua. NhQ ddi vu nhac Lam Ap khdng phai Gyogy, mdt hda thQdng Nhat cung thdi, ghi<br /> d Todaiji (Ddng Dgi tii), nhQ nhieu ngQdi lai, dng dQdc tdn vinh tQdc Daibosatsu (Dgi<br /> lam tQdng, ma d Daianji (Dgi An tii), cung Bo Tdt), lai dQdc goi theo mot danh hieu chi<br /> trong kinh thanh Nara. ro la ngiidi Chdm la Buttetsu hay Bussei<br /> Thdi Nara, Phat giao dQdc tdn sung, van (Phdt triet) (hien si nha Phat). DUdng<br /> hoc, nghe thuat phat trien, nhQng de'n nam nhien, dng khdng the la Phat, nhQng cd le,<br /> 848, theo P. Demieville da cd mot sii suy ten goi nay b i t ngudn tQ cho dng la ngQdi<br /> giam ro ret, mot sd nen nhac hau nhQ Phdt thdnh, hay Phdt The thdnh, each<br /> khdng cdn tha'y nhie den nQa, nhQng phien am Viet cua ten kinh do Vijaya.<br /> khdng cho bie't nguyen nhan. Chic la do Tam vQ dieu (va nhac nen) hoan toan<br /> ba'y gid,.d Nhat Ban, va'n de dat ra la can trung hdp nhau qua ldi ke cua Kanshin vdi<br /> giam bdt viec xay diing chua chien, can tQ lieu "Ldm Ap bdt nhae" v i n thinh hanh,<br /> chuyen dd de'n vi tri thuan ldi hdn, gan dQdc iQu truyen de'n the ky VHI va ghi lai<br /> song, gan bien hdn. Viec xay diing d Nara trong Rinyu haehi gaku (Ldm Ap bdt nhgc)<br /> phai dinh lai, chuyen sang xay diing d va tQng phin, it nhieu van cdn dQdc trinh<br /> Nagaoka, sau 10 nam, lai chuyen den dien, ghi chep lai den nam 931 va sau nQa.<br /> Heian-Kyoto (794), nen Demieville mdi ndi Dd la cac vu dieu Bato, Bairo, Kalavinka,<br /> giQa thdi Heian, thdi vua Nimmyo (833- Bodhisatava, Konju, Somakusha, Kenki-<br /> 850), nhac cd ngudn gdc nUdc ngoai deu suy kondasu, Ronko-kondatsu. Va rieng, dac<br /> giam, din rdi vao lang quen. Thdi sau biet la Banshugaku (Vgn miia thu), cd sQc<br /> Nara, goi la thdi Jogan- Kuakushiki, dieu sd'ng cao hdn, lau dai hdn. Dieu nay da<br /> chinh luat cu, lam cho phu hdp thiic te dQdc Kanshin ke lai nhQ tren. Tuy nhien,<br /> Nhat Ban; NhQng ten goi nhQ nhac Cao Ly, ta't ca da lui xa vao qua khQ, 13 the ky, sii<br /> Tan La, Bach Te, Lam Ap ra't it dQdc nhie kien da md nhat, khdng may ai cdn hinh<br /> de'n, ma hinh nhQ da bi Hoa hda, hoac dQdi dung nd da dien ra sdi nd'i nhQ the', phong<br /> danh nghia nhac Trung Hoa cai bien. Tuy phu nhQ the, hdn mot thien nien ky trudc.<br /> nhien do tinh doc dao, gdc Nam A, nhac<br /> Lam Ap du khdng cdn dQdc goi ten chinh c. Nguon gdc nhgc Ldm Ap<br /> thQc, nhQng vu dieu va ten goi tQng dieu P. Demieville diia vao mot sd' cdng trinh<br /> thQc cu the v i n dQdc duy tri. Vii dieu Bato, nghien cQu, dac biet ve van hda, cua cac<br /> Ca mua nhac cd Champa...<br /> <br /> hoc gia Nhat Ban de tim hieu ve nen Nhac the, cd the khdng phai la Lam Ap, khong cd<br /> Cham d Nhat, nhQ Ryumei-sho, nam 1133, nhac Lam Ap ma la nhgc Phii Nam. Cung<br /> cua tac gia Oga Motomasa, Kyokun-sho cua nhu goi nha van hda hoc gia Cham<br /> Koma Chikazane, nam 1233, Fuso Ryakki, Buttetsu la Phgt triet. DQdng nhien,<br /> the ky XH, Genkoshakusho cua Shiren, Buttetsu khdng the la Phat, nhQng d day<br /> nam 1322, Gakharoku cua Abe Suenao dQdc hieu l l n la ngQdi Cham hay ngQdi xQ/<br /> (1612-1708) va Dai Nihon shi (Dai Nhdt kinh thanh Phdt The, chuyen am cua<br /> Bdn svt), nam 1802... bd sung mot sd' hieu Vijaya, theo each goi cua ngQdi Viet. Dd la<br /> bie't vao viec td chQc trinh dien vu nhac, each ly giai cua P. Demieville. Dieu chu<br /> dac biet la cac ddng nhac nQdc ngoai d Nhat ye'u, theo dng, cac each goi deu xua't phat tQ<br /> Ban, rieng Nhgc Ldm Ap thi chi xae nhan nguon Trung Hoa, nhQng lai "Khong co mgt<br /> ma khdng cd gi mdi dang ke so vdi cong tdi lieu ndo chiing to ngiidi Trung Hoa eo<br /> trinh cua Aomi-no Mabito Genkai, do J. hieu biet ve mgt nin nhae ggi Id nhgc Ldm<br /> Takakusu dich va gidi thieu. DQdng nhQ P. Ap" (p. 221), ma dd chinh la nhgc Phu.<br /> Demieville khdng bie't cdng trinh nay (?) Nam. Ly do dng dQa ra la ThQ tich cd<br /> nen da cd sQ han che dang ke, nhQng dng Trung Hoa khdng ndi tdi viec tie'p sue vdi<br /> vin tim dQdc cai rieng, cai mdi cua minh va vu, nhac Lam Ap - Champa; ho khdng he<br /> chic han dd la chu dich, nhQ ten bai vie't bie't dieu nay, nhQng vdi Nhgc Phii Nam<br /> cua dng, cho nen, h i n la ddng gdp chu ye'u thi bie't kha ro va tQ rat sdm. Ong dan ra<br /> cua tac gia la ludn vi nguon gdc Nhgc Ldm mot sd' doan ma thQ tich cd Trung Hoa ndi<br /> Ap. Cac sach khao cQu cua Nhat ddi khi cd ve nhac nQdc ngoai:<br /> sQ nham lln, sai sdt, khi ghi chep. Ddi khi, - Theo Thong Bien va Ciiu Bitdng thii,<br /> vi da lau, hdn hai the ky, nhieu chd md hd, nhae - mda Phii Nam the hien:<br /> nham ngQdi nay vdi ngQdi khac. Ching<br /> han, sach Zoku Nihongi ke nam 736, mot "Hai vu cdng mac y phuc Trieu ha (mau<br /> ngQdi Ba-La-Mdn ten la Bodhi, di sQ de'n hdng rang Ddng) di giay ben bing day<br /> nha DQdng, lai d i n theo ba ngQdi nha thQng va da do. Thdi Tuy, bd nhac cu An<br /> DQdng va mot ngQdi Ba TQ, dQdc de'n cQ ngu Do difdc dung de ta'u nhac Phu Nam, gdm<br /> tgi Dgi An tU, lai dUdc tham gia chii tri dai cd trdng kie, tou-t'an vd Mao-yuan, sao,<br /> le "md mdt" tai Bong Bgi tit... d day, Bodhi dich, ken pi-li, chum choe ddng va cdng<br /> cd trung lln vdi Bodhisena, Bodhisatva, tUdc "Cdn Nhae An Bg lai the hien theo each<br /> hieu cua Buttetsu, mot tUdc Bo Tdt ma lai la rieng:<br /> Baramon (Bd-La-M6n), cQ ngu ngdi chua Cac nhac cdng doi mu chdp blng ni den,<br /> trQdc danh cho nhac cdng Lam Ap (Bgi An choang ao dai bing lua tring, quin ngin<br /> tu) ma lai chu tri le d chua chinh {Bong Bgi bo bing ga'm mau tim, ao khoac ngoai mau<br /> tttp. Sach Fuso ryakki lai ke ring Bodhi dd. Sd' vu cdng la mQdi hai (12)., te't tdc va<br /> ngudi xQ Kapilavastu b Nam An Do, nhQng ddi mot mu kasaya, gid'ng nhQ y phuc cua<br /> Kapilavastu la que Phat, b Bic An. Lai ke cac nha sQ ngay nay, di giay ben thQng va<br /> Bussei (hay Bussetsu, hay la Buttetsu), sdi gai mau xanh la. Am nhac nen dung<br /> ngQdi xQ Lam Ap d Bic An Do. cdng ddng thau, trdng, mao nguyen va<br /> tutan, ken ong say, dich hengti, sao<br /> P. Demieville cho ring ngUdi Nhat da kongheou, ddn lii dau hinh phQdng, dan<br /> nham khi coi Lam Ap d Bac An Do, nhQ pipa ndm ddy, chum ch5e ddng va cdng.<br /> 10 Rghien curu Ljch sJr, sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> (rd'ng tu-tan va mac-yuan khdng cdn dQdc ro ret. Chinh tren san diin cd Nhat Ban,<br /> dung nQa. hang chuc vai Devi, dung ra la Apsara,<br /> Ong cung ndi, qua ban dich Niide Phii Laksmi, Yaksa, nhQng hinh anh Garuda,<br /> Nagaraja... cung da ndi len dieu dd.<br /> Nam tQ cac sach cd Trung Hoa ciia P.<br /> Thdi Nara (710-749) dung la thdi phat<br /> PeUiot (BEFEO, 1903) da dQdc biet: "Thang<br /> trien cua Lam Ap, rdi chuyen thanh vQdng<br /> 12 (nam 553), vua Phit Nam Pham Chien<br /> trieu Viraraja khoang nam 750, dai de<br /> sai sQ cdng nhgc nhdn cung cac phQdng<br /> cung luc vdi sii ke't thuc cua thdi Nara. Ten<br /> vat" (Tam Qudc Chi 47, Ngo Thii 2 (11).<br /> Champa phai de'n nam 658 mdi cd, mdi<br /> Ong mud'n "gd md'i khd khan nay" (ve<br /> dQdc goi ve sau, ten Vijaya lai cdn lau lim<br /> nguon nhgc Phii Nam, chQ khdng phai<br /> mdi cd (nam 1000), nen khdng the suy dien<br /> Lam Ap) bing sQ kien (nam 605), tQdng<br /> qua xa, gin Buttetsu vdi Phdt triet, Phdt<br /> Trung Hoa la LQU PhQdng "danh Lam Ap<br /> thdnh. NgQdi Cham gidi nghe di bien, da<br /> tha'y mot so' nhgc nhdn Phii Nam ben b i t<br /> dinh cQ d Hai Nam tQ thdi dd da (13) nen<br /> dem ve" (p. 221) LQu PhQdng la tQdng nha<br /> ne'u mot sd' ngQdi Cham de'n Nhat Ban thdi<br /> Tuy, nhUng ngd r i n g khi dan sii kien LQu<br /> dd, cung khong phai la dieu khdng the cd.<br /> PhUdng, dng lai khdng doc Tiiy thti (sit nha<br /> NhQng ngQdi nay ne'u cd tai, dQdc trong<br /> Tuy - 589-618), khdng cd trong ban dich dung, dUdc goi la ngiidi Ldm Ap, nhgc Ldm<br /> cua P. Pelliot, ma chi suy dien nhim doan Ap la dQdc goi ddng ten chinh thUc, phd<br /> chep cua Ngo thii ndi tren. Sii thiic thi Tiiy bie'n cua ngiidi diidng thdi. Chi cd dieu, tai<br /> thii vie't khac: "LQU PhQdng tQdng nha Tuy sao lai gin Lam Ap vdi Bic An Do? Cd le<br /> dQdc lenh di danh Ldm Ap "bdt tii hdng day la van de van hda (Sanskrit), nhac An<br /> vgn ngiidi". Do ma ho mang de'n Nhat nen xQ sd cua ho<br /> Cung vi khdng tim doc Tiiy thii (mac du coi la ra't gan vdi An Do, tQdng nhQ the va<br /> dng kha gidi chQ Han va chQ Nhat) nen mdi ho cung nhan nhQ the. Cac tai lieu dUdng<br /> khong thay chinh Tiiy thii cd mot doan noi thdi cung xae n h i n , dai li Phat giao ma ta'u<br /> ve nhgc Ldm Ap: "nhac cd dan cam, dich, nhac An Do thi dUdc coi la trang trong,<br /> dan ty ba nam day, gan gid'ng vdi Trung thieng lieng, hap din.<br /> Qudc" (12). Ddi vdi ngQdi Ddng A, tQ vua de'n quan,<br /> nghe thuat An Do uyen chuyen, bien thai<br /> Khdng tha'y Champa cd nen nhac rieng<br /> nhanh, manh, ma tinh te, reo r i t , da dem<br /> ro rang la khong dung. Tiiy thii ndi tren da<br /> lai niem hao hQng mdi, lam cho ho ham<br /> xae nhan, ma thiic te', nghe thuat dieu khic<br /> chudng. An Do thi xa, nen ngQdi trung gian<br /> tren mi cifa va dai thd cung da cho tha'y<br /> la nhQng Trung tdm "An Do hoa". Phu<br /> hien nhien:<br /> Nain trQdc Lam Ap vai the ky, di trudc,<br /> Cac phu dieu Mi Sdn E l the hien hai ddi nhQng cung cd the ca ngQdi Ldm Ap-<br /> mua nam, nQ, hoat canh dai thd Tra Kieu Champa den sau, cung ddng gop bd sung,<br /> ta canh sQ chuan hi trinh dien mua cua 11 ma cd khi cdn nhieu hdn. Ke ra dieu nay<br /> vu nQ, cung vdi nhac cdng elm nhac cu, khdng phai cd y che trach P. Demieville,<br /> cdn phu dieu Chanh Ld gidi thieu 4 vu nQ, ma vi le d dau the ky XX, binh dien nghien<br /> 3 nhac cdng nam, vdi hai trd'ng, 1 chum cQu ve cac viicfng quoc cd Phii Nam va<br /> ch5e, 1 ken,^ kieu trang phuc, nhac cu la Champa cdn ra't ddn gian va chQa cd gi ve<br /> chinh kieu An Do hay hoc An Do mot each van hda nghe thuat ca.<br />  Ca mua nhac cd Champa.. 11<br /> <br /> Tuy nhien,^ k h d n g p h a i la P h u N a m va Hoa da dQdc dng cai bien, a p d u n g t r e n da't<br /> C h a m p a hoc A n Do rdi m a n g nguyen xi van N h a t , nhUng vu dieu thQ 8, "Vgn miia thu",<br /> nghe An Do de'n N h a t Ban, ma no da trd cong t r i n h hay nha't, cd sQc sd'ng lau ben<br /> t h a n h cua no, da cai bien, sang tao tai chd, nha't, lai la cdng t r i n h s a n g t a o tai cho vdi<br /> thich hdp vdi h o a n canh mdi. Cung cd the ta'm long thie't t h a g i n bd vdi k i n h t h a n h<br /> P h u N a m sdm hdn hai the ky, cdn d a m net Nara ciia Dai sQ Phdt triet • Buttetsu ngQdi<br /> An Do, cdn L a m Ap thi chinh K a n s h i n cung L a m Ap - C h a m p a (14).<br /> da noi ro, c h i n g han, vu dieu thQ n a m -<br /> NhQ the, k h o n g p h a i chi cd mot vQdng<br /> H a n h k h u c chie'n t h i n g cua Bairo, tQc la<br /> qud'c, m a ro r a n g la ca P h u N a m va L a m<br /> cua Bairava, mot hoa t h a n ciia Siva, dieu<br /> mua cd n e n la mot to'p ca L a m Ap dQng Ap deu cd ddng gop va da cung giQ vi t r i<br /> vdng trdn kieu waku h a y "Mandala", vd'n la vQng c h i c t r o n g v a n n g h e Ddng A vd'n ra't<br /> gd'c An Do da dUdc cai bien. C u n g theo p h o n g phu, do dd cung k h d n g t h e k h d n g<br /> Kanshin, cac dieu thQc tQ 1 de'n 5 deu cd coi nd cd vi tri xQng d a n g ve t r i n h do p h a t<br /> gd'c An Do da dQdc cai bien, phd' bie'n d t r i e n xa hdi va n h a nQdc t r o n g k h u n g c a n h<br /> Champa, cdn dieu thQc 6 va 7 cd nen T r u n g Ddng A thdi ba'y gid.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754), (5). Khoang the ky VII, tren ban dao Trig'u<br /> par Aomi no Mabito Genkai (779 AD), Traduit par Tien, mien Bac la ndi sinh song cua "ndm bg tdc<br /> J.Takakusu, Tokyo, BEFEO 1928. Goguryeo" (Cao Cau Ly hay Cao Ly), sau Wp<br /> (2). J. Takakusu da dich chiic danh tat ca cac nudc, goi la Balhae (Bgt Hdi), con d miin Nam la<br /> nha tu hanh la Pretre fvon nghia \k Cha xit, linh ba bo lgc Han, lap nudc, ggi ten la Silla (Tdn La)<br /> muc Thien Chua gidd) hay len chiic \k Eveque Baekje (Bdch Te) vd Dae Gaya (Theo Lich si Hdn<br /> (Gidm muc), ap dung v6i ca Phat giao, mk c6 Quoc, Hu Namjin va Yu Insun chu bien, DHQG<br /> tnidng hdp dUdc goi ro tii "bonze" (sU), con lai Ik Seoul 2005.<br /> Baramon sojo, phien am Nhat Baramon (Bk La (6). Co nhgc: Triidc kia goi la Trung nhgc-<br /> Mon), sojo CO le la goi theo each Trung Hoa, sU chugaku. P.Demieville gidi thich Id nhac trung<br /> qudn rsach Nam Te thu) chi dao si Ba La Mon ma binh (Moyenne), tile la ci giQa, khong Tdn cung<br /> ngUcii Phap/Anh quen goi la Brahman, ngU&i ding khong cd; tOt nga va npi dung la, Co nhgc \k nh^c<br /> ca'p Ba-La-M6n hay d?io si Ba La Mon. Noi chung Trung Hoa trudc Dudng, sii dvng ba bg 6'ng thdi,<br /> nen goi triic tiS'p NgUdi I hay Bgo si Bd La Mdn. cCing vdi ba bg go, \k trong ldn (uxiko), cong (shoko)<br /> va trong nho - tamburin {kakko) von goc Trung A,<br /> (3). Paul Demieville: La Musique Chame au<br /> Japon, PEFEO, 1925. dUdc coi la CO tnidc ca Tiiy, Dudng; Tan nhac la tif<br /> nha Diidng, chdi vdi trong Kakko.<br /> (4). Dora, con goi la Turfan (CaoXuong), tiic la<br /> (7). Cue Am nhgc da cho di;(ng leu (gakuyd) lam<br /> Tokharestan ciia ngUcfi Tokhara Trung A.<br /> ndi tap ket de cac ngh$ si chu^n bi trinh dien va<br /> 12 Rghien curu Lich siir. s6 9.2010<br /> <br /> nghi ngdi 6 canh san kha'u (san dien); leu b i n g vai, (12). Ludng Ninh. Vuang qudc Champa, Nxb.<br /> ngoai mau tim, trong mau do tham; {Cue Am Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, lan 3, 2009, tr. 331.<br /> nhgc) lap cuoi the' ky VIII, dUdc khoi phuc nam<br /> (13). Benedict Paul K. A Cham Colony on the<br /> 1870, Thdi Minh Tri, goi la Gagaku Kyoku, den<br /> Island of Hainan, Havard JAS, 1941.<br /> nam 1878 lai diidc nang len t h a n h Gagaku-bu<br /> (theo P. Demieville). (14). Ve su c6 mat va nhQng ddng gop cua<br /> Nhac Lam Ap va nhac su Buttetsu thi hoan toan<br /> (8). Vli dieu Kalavinka hay Kariobinga - va difu<br /> CO the tin c h i c vao nhQng ghi ch6p cua A.M.<br /> Than Dieu ciing vdi dao cu (hinh voi, chim, ngiia...).<br /> Genkai, nhiing sQ doan dinh md ho cua P.<br /> (9). Theo Todai-jiYoroku, vu dieu bodhisattva Demieville ciing c6 nguon goc cua nd. J.Takakusu<br /> CO hai nam diing hai goc san, mot ngiidi dong gia dich (da dan, BE XXVIII, p. 7): diing thii 6 trong<br /> voi trang, (bang hoa trang), mot ngUdi dong ong danh sach cac Vi dgt nin mong \k Buttetsu {Fet-<br /> But, trong vii dieu. triet), tie'p t h d 11 dudi day (thii 11 trong sd 14 Nhd<br /> sdng lap). Khong diidc biet ten t h a t cua nhac sU<br /> (10). Kuyo Todai-ji Rushana Daibutsu Kima<br /> nay, bdi m a u tii khac, nen ghi theo ten hifu,<br /> cho biet: Khi trinh diln, Voi t r i n g ciia ong But<br /> nhiing Fet-triet la gi? C h i n g le J.Takakusu lai<br /> Samantabhadra nhiin nhay tren san, roi Ngiia<br /> phien am Han-Viet cua Phgt triet trong ban dich<br /> chua (Tugng chd - Nagaraja) lai diing quay mat ve<br /> tieng Phap? Con P. Demieville xem ra c6 ve boi rdi<br /> phfa bac (d day, Mdng xd vUang {Nagaraja) lai<br /> khi vie't "Cung vdi Gyogi, ngudi da dUdc n h a n tudc<br /> dUdc coi la TUOng chu I chda).<br /> hi?u Daibosatsu (Dai Bd Tat) cdn cd mgt ngUdi tif<br /> Vu difu Kalavinka hay Karyobinga the hien Champa de'n, goi ten la Buttetsu (Phdt triet, ( ^ S )<br /> chim than-linh dieu, budc chdn nhdn nhdy thodn<br /> trie't: ly), hay Phdt triet (& igt) (tri$t: huy), hay<br /> thoat dudi doi cdnh dang rong, long vu (td do tung<br /> Phgt The {B ff) {Bussei) (phien am Han-Viet<br /> bay...).<br /> Vijaya- kinh do Champa) (da d i n , p. 212). Khi goi<br /> (11). Liidng Ninh. VUOng qudc Phii Nam. Nxb. du Buttetsu theo tieng Nhat, phien am Han la<br /> Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, in l i n 3, 2009: Van hoa Phdt Triet sit. Ca 3 trUdng h(?p deu la phien am, tii<br /> Phu Nam, tr. 114: Sdch Tam Qudc chi, 47: (nam tieng Nhat Buttetsu; But hay B u s la Phat, Tes hay<br /> 553) 'Vua Phii Nam Phgm Chien sai sii co'ng ngudi Tet la Triei, su \k sU ciing khong sat diing, ma<br /> dan h a t (nhac nhan) ciing cac phitdng vat". Chic chang an n h a p vdi n h a u gi ca... C6 le ca J.<br /> phai dUdc Ua chuong l i m , sau it nha't mot lan vua Takakusu vk P.Demieville deu khong bie't ten that,<br /> quan xem trinh diin, tha'y thich, mdi co viec "cong" ma ggi ten ciia nhac sU Cham dd theo ten hieu,<br /> nay, dien ra sdm hdn anh hudng cua Lam Ap dieu ngUdi cua the ky VIII, theo dia danh quen, nhd<br /> dang ndi d day, hdn 200 nam. hdndthekyXI?<br />