Các dạng cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng anh

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Nội dung Text: Các dạng cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng anh

1. The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name ⇒ The singer My Tam or My Tam singer 2. S + not only + V +.......+ but also + V + ....... S + either + V +...... or + ....... S + V + .... +whether + S + V + ....+ or........ 3. Generally/Individually/Particularly/Basically, S + V + O 4. Passive sentences: S (⇒ in living things ) + be + V3/Ed .......+ by ......( S as a person can be used in passive voice. But when looking at the S as things, please use V in passive ) 5. S + V + ......+ Without + Noun / Ving 6. (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly) Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty. Adj ⇒ Verb + ing or Verb + ed Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beatyfully,... 7. Exactly +Wh/H – words + S + .....+ is/was not known (unknown). Wh/H – words: When, what,.../How.... Short Adj. – est Most + long Adj. + N (s/es) + Singular Verb (V-S/es) + ........ 8. One of the First, second...+ Adj Short Adj. – est Most + long Adj. + N (s/es) S + is/was + One of the First, second...+ Adj 9. FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv. Clause, Main clause Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O. Opposition (Contradary cause): Although/Though/Even though + S + V + O, S + V + O. Contrast While + S + V + O, S + V + O. Condition if + S + V + O, S + V + O. Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O. Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O. Adverb Clause Marker with ever: Whenever/wherever/However/ + S + V + O, S + V + O. Compared: S + V + O. S + V + O or + S + V + O, but + S + V + O (without “but”: wrong) 10. REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES V_ING When/Although/....+ V3/ED S + V + O..........( Reduced Adv. Clause) + ADJ EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity. When orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity. Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operartional. Although damaged, the machine was still operartional. Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech. Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech. 1
11. Two/ three/ .....+ plural N ⇒ One + V + O, the other / the others + V + O (≠ from one to another / from one another) 12. Quantity words + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of....) EX : I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful. I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful. 13. APPOSITIVES An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases aother noun phrase. S, Noun phrase, + V + O +...... EX : The National Road, one of the first highways in North America, conected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley. (appositive following a nown – The National Road) EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive before the subject - Buffalo Bill). S, Noun phrase, + be + no longer + ...../S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer Noun phrase=A/An/The.....+ Adv + Adj. + Noun Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty. Adv of manner Adj. + ly Adv-ly: beautifully...... 14. INVERSIONS 14.1. Not only/ No longer/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/ Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb...... EX: Not once was he on time. 14.2.Only in (on, at, by,..) + noun phrase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V... EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit. 14.3.Only if/Only because/Only untill/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V... EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final 14.4. So + Adj. or Participle(VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V...... EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum. So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections. 14.5. Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S EX: Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands. (The channel Islands lies off the coast....) • Hardly had + S + V3/ed + O when S + V2/ed + O........ • No sooner had + S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O........ 15. CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O I. A simple sentence consist of one clause EX: People need vitamins II. A compound sentence consist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as (and, but, or,....) EX: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice. III. A complex sentence consist of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a subordinate (dependent) clause. Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses. 2
EX: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause) 2/ I didn’t realize that she was here. ( Noun clause) 3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher. (Adj. clause) 16. ADJ. CLAUSE: 16.1.Noun (people) who + V +....+ main Verb......(Who Subject) 16.2.Noun (people) whom S + V +....+ main Verb......(Whom Object) 16.3.Noun (people) whose + Noun S + V +.... (Whose Possessive) 16.4.Noun (things) which + V + main Verb......(Which Subject) 16.5.Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb......(Which Object) 16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb......(Which Object of Preposition) EX: That is the top. I will write on it. That is a topic on which i will write (write on) -Noun (Place) + where + S + V + ....+ main Verb...(Where adv of place) EX: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters. -Noun (Time) + when + S + V + .....(When adv of time) EX: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed. * When “which/ that/ whom” are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted. EX: The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (Which omitted) * Noun (people) who + V + to/in... + main V ... Noun to/in.. whom + V + main Verb.... * In which ≈ where (it depends on the verb & preposition). 17. REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 17.1.Present participles (V-ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs (active meaning) * NOUN, WHICH/.....+ V + O, MAIN VERB + O NOUN, VING + O, MAIN VERB + O EX: Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state. 17.2.Past participle (V3/ed) are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs (passive meaning) EX: William an Mary College, Which was founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the United States. William an Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the United States. *NOUN, WHICH/.... + BE + V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O NOUN , V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O 17.3. Noun (people) who + V +... + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun (people) who + be V3/ed +... + main V ... NOUN+ V3/ed + O + MAIN VERB + O 17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun (things) which + be V + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O 17.5. S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) ⇒ V-ing /V3/ed + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as thing ⇒ V3/ed S as person ⇒ V-ing) 3
18. CLAUSE WITH “IT” 18.1.IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVE EX: It is important to be punctual for appointments. 18.2.IT TAKE/TOOK + SOMEONE + TIME PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE EX: It take him a long time to learn a language. 18.3. IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause) EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state. 18.4. IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S. PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE EX: It was Jack who did most of the work It was she who came to class with this news 18.5. IT BE THE FIRST/SECOND.... S + HAVE/HAS + V3/ED + O. 18.6. IT BE SAID/BELIEVED....TO V(BE) + O or S + BE + SAID/BELIEVED.... TO V(BE) + O 19. NEARLY/ALMOST + ADV-LY 20. NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT 20.1. SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... + SINGULAR VERB + O 20.2. OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... (What, where,....., How....) 20.3. WITH “THAT”: OBJECT Say, know, understand, think, S+ + That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE) believe, hear, feel, rumor * (THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + .....+ MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE) 21. PARRALLEL STRUCTURES: ADJ and ADJ ADV but ADV NOUN or NOUN VERB as well as VERB VS/ES V2/ED Have/has/had+V3/ED Be + Ving VS/ES V2/ED V3/ED VING Will/ Can + V1 V + to + V1 V1 V1 22. PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V3/ED .......By +.....+ O 23. CAUSTIVE VERBS: 23.1. S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO – INFINITVE + ....... 23.2. S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT) 23.3. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + ADJ..... 23.4. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1..... 24. NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids 25. OF THE MANY/NUMBER (TWO/...) + NOUNS/ES = ONE OF (ONLY ONE) + NOUNS/ES 26. OUT (PREPOSITION) OUTER (ADJ) : OUTER SPACE 4
IN INNER 27. S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO – INF S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO – INF (V1) 28. WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N + V ...., S + V + O 29. S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE...+ TO + TIME/PLACE S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN + TO + ANOTHER • PREVENT/PROTECT .......FROM........ • PREFER + N/VING ........TO N/VING 30. NO/NOT 30.1. NO : OBJECT - S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN - THERE + BE + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN 30.2. NO : SUBJECT SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + VS/ES + O NO + PLURAL NOUN + VPLURAL + O 30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O. - S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN - THERE + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN * NOT HAVING + NOUN ≠ HAVING + NO +NOUN 31. BY MEANS: BY BUS/....... or ON FOOT. THAT IS + NOUN ≠ IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O. 32. S + BE + SAID/THOUGHT/KNOWN/BELIEVED/RUMORED + THAT + CLAUSE TO BE.... 33. FOR + NOUN + OF NOUN AND NOUN (COMPARED), S + V + O. 34. LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O. S + V + O + LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE. S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE. * S + FEEL LIKE + VING ........... 35. S + APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER). S + THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER): as morden citizens 36. S + V + O + IN THAT + S + V + O (IN THAT POINT) 37. HUNDREDS/THOUNDSANDS/MILLIONS/BILLIONS/... + OF + PLURAL NOUN 38. NOUN + AS YOU/WE KNOWN + S + V + O EX: English as we know it is not hard to study. 39. MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE 40. A/AN + .......+ ADJ. – ADJ. – ADJ...... + SINGULAR NOUN. EX: A four – month – old baby 5
41. ALLOW: 41.1. S + ALLOWS/ALLOWED + VING + .......EX: The teacher allows speaking loudy in class. 41.2. S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V1....EX: He is not allowed to smoke here 42. INFINITIVES 42.1. S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb) EX: She forgot to read the directions. She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat. 42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V ......... (infinitive as subject of a verb) EX: To read the directions is important. 42.3. To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose) EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessions. 42.4. It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.) EX: It is important to read the dicrections. 42.5. S + be + the first..........+ person + to be + V3/ed......... EX: John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth. 42.6. S + be + the first ......+ person + to be + V3/ed............ EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting. GERUNDS PREPOSITION (in, on, at, about, with, without,...) + Ving 43. 43.1. VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES (Simple present) + O. (Gerund as subject of a verb) EX: Playing chess is enjoyable. 43.2. S + V + (Preposition) +VING + NOUN PHRASE. (Gerund as Object of a Verb) EX: He enjoy playing chess. 43.3. S + V + N + PREPOSITION + VING +NOUN. (Gerund as Object of a Preposition) EX: He passes the time by playing chess. 43.4. S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/....+VING +..... EX: We objected to her cutting class last week. 43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAME’S +VING +..... EX: We objected to Alice’s cutting class last week. 43.6.VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O. 43.7. Not + VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O. Singular S (PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS) 6
Gerunds: VING I. Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject, subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition. EX: 1) Writting essays in English requires practice. (Subject) 2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Collecting stamp is my hobby. (subject of a complement) 3) I like skiing (Object) 4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition) II. Formation: (Sự hình thành của Gerunds) Preposition Noun and preposition Gerund Adjectives and Preposition Verbs and Preposition Idoms and Preposition Verbs 1. Gerund sau giới từ : Giới từ + VING EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house. By listening, he quickly picked up the language. 2. Gerunds sau các danh từ nhất định kết hợp với giới từ sau: - Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Posibility of ( Khả năng)/ excute for (xin lỗi)/ reason for(lý do)/ intention of (xu hướng)/method for (of) (phương thức) - EX: She há no excuse for behaving in that matter. 3. Gerunds sau các tính từ nhất định + giới từ sau: Be + Adj + Prep + VING (Gerund) - Accustomed to(quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan tâm)/ fond of (thích)/tire of(chán)/ tire from(mệt)/ good at (giỏi về)/bad at(dở về)/successful in(thành công)/capable of(có thể)/Busy with(bận rộn)/excited about(hồi hộp)/ against/be or get + used to/..... - EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday. 4. Gerund sau các động từ nhất định + Giới từ sau: - Approved of: Chấp thuận - think of = think about : Nghĩ về - Give up: Từ bỏ - depend on = count on = rely on: lệ thuộc vào - Be better off: tốt hơn - succeed in: thành công - Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn - insist on: nài nỉ, đòi - Worry about: Lo lắng về - keep on = go on = carry on: tiếp tục 5. Gerund sau các thành ngữ cố định: - Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong - take to: quan tâm - It’s no use: mất công, không có lợi - can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không thể không - It’s worth: xứng đáng - can’t stand = can’t bear: không chịu được - It’s no worth: Không xứng đáng - can’t resist: Không thể chống lại - There is no + VING - what a nuisance...!: Phiền quá 7
- Be busy: bận - It’s much use: rất có lợi EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon. 6. Gerund sau các động từ nhất định - Admit: thừa nhận - delay: hoãn lại - practise: thực tập - Miss: bỏ lỡ - regret: lấy làm tiếc - resent: bực tức - Risk: Liều lĩnh - appreciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức - finish: hoàn hành - Deny: phủ nhận - postpone: trì hoãn - quit=stop: ngưng - Avoid: tránh xa - enjoy = fancy: thích - consider: xem xét=involve: liên quan - Mind: phản đối, khó chịu - like/love - recall: nhớ lại, nhắc nhở - Resume: giành lại - try: cố gắng - dislike: Không thích - Detest=hate: ghét, ghê tởm - forgive: tha thứ - mention: đề cập - Pardon: tha lỗi - tolerate: khoan hồng, tha thứ - understand: hiểu - Recomend: giới thiệu, dặn dò - prevent from: ngăn ngừa - Defer: chìu theo - Imagine: tưởng tượng - Discuss:thảo luận - recollect: thu gom lại EX: He practises speaking English everyday. 7. Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoặc Infinitive sau các động từ nhất định) sau: - Begin=star: bắt đầu - like/love: thích, yêu thương - continue: tiếp tục - Can’t stand=bear: không thể chịu đựng - prefer: thích hơn - Dread: lo sợ - intend: dự tính - Hate: ghét - *Stop: ngừng -*remember: nhớ -*forget: quên - Allow: cho phép - Agree: đồng ý - advise: Khuyên bảo - Dislike: không thích - Attemp: nổ lực=*try: cố gắng, thử - Leave: rời đi - Mean: có nghĩa là - Permit: cho phép - plan: dự trù - Regret: tiếc - study: học -Propose:đề nghị - neglect: sao lãng *: Tất cả các động từ ở phần 7 được dùng 2 cách (Gerund & Infinitive) mà ý nghĩa không thay đổi, ngoại trừ 4 động từ có dấu * EX1: He started studying after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh ấy bắt đầu học. EX2: She stopped studying English ≠She stopped to study English (Cô ấy không học tiếng anh nữa ≠ Cô ấy ngừng làm một điều gì đó để học tiếng anh) EX3: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left (tôi đã khóa cửa rồi bây giờ tôi nhớ rõ việc này ≠ Tôi nhớ về việc khóa cửa trước khi đi để khóa) EX4: I tried helping her but she failed ≠ I tried to help her ( tôi đã thử giúp bà ấy ≠ tôi đã cố giúp bà ấy) 8
III. Function of Gerunds ( Chức năng của Gerunds) 1. Gerunds as Subjects: Gerunds như là chủ từ VING + V + O or VING + O + V + O EX: Worrying is not going to help OR Worrying about it is not going to help you 2. Gerund as Subject of complement : S + V + VING + O or VING + O + V + O EX: My hobby is collecting stamps OR Collecting stamps is my hobby OR seeing is believing Lưu ý: Nếu chia ở thì hiện tại đơn thì động từ luôn chia ở hình thức số ít (be: is/was) 3. Gerund as Object S + V + VING EX: I like swimming 4. Gerund as Object of preposition: S + V + Prep + VING + O. EX: She is fond of working with animals 5. Gerund as a possessive adjective or noun: EX1: Possesive Adj : Your being right doesn’t mean my being wrong (Adj + Gerund) EX2: Possesive noun: My father’ walking improves his health (Noun’s Gerund) 9
DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH (Noun Clause in Conversation) I. STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Câu tường thuật ở dạng xác định: Nghiên cứu kỹ các câu sau đây rồi đưa ra công thức và qui luật chung: EX: 1) Direct speech: She say to me : “I am ill today” Reported speech: She tell me (that) she is ill that day 1 2 3 45 6 2) Direct speech: She said to me : “I am ill today” Reported speech: She told me (that) she was ill that day 1 2 3 4 5 6 • Rules: cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp) theo số thứ tự sau: 1. Đổi say to thành tell hoặc said to thành told 2. Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:) hoặc dấu phẩy (,). 3. Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành chữ that (có thể bỏ được) 4. Đổi đại danh từ và tính từ sở hữu cách trong ngoặc kép thành: Ngôi thứ nhất: I, me, my, mine / We, us, our, ours: Cùng ngôi với chủ từ của động từ giới thiệu Ngôi thứ hai: you, your, yours Cùng ngôi với túc từ của động từ giới thiệu Ngôi thứ 3: She, he, they, it: Không đổi, giữ nguyên. EX: She said to me “I hope you will.....” She told me (that) She hoped I would..... 5. Đổi thì của động từ trong ngoặc kép nếu động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ (said/...) như sau: Hiện tại Quá khứ Simple present (walk) Simple past (walked) Present progressive (is walking) Past progressive (was walking) Present perfect/simple past (has walked/walked) Past perfect (had wwalked) Past progressive (was walking) Past perfect progressive (had been walking) Simple future (will walk) Conditional present (would walk) Conditional present (would walk) Conditional perfect (would have wwalked) Không đổi Past perfect/ Conditional perfect 10
6. Đổi vài từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn sau: Direct Reported Now Then Today That day This morning That morning Tomorrow The following day/the next day/the day after Yesterday The day before / the previous day Ago Before This That These Those Here There Come Go Next week/month/year The next week/month/year Last night /week/month/year The night /week/month/year before The day before yesterday Twos day before The day after tomorrow In two day’s time A year/....ago A year/...before II. QUESTIONS: Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi. Có 2 dạng câu hỏi: 1. YES/NO QUESTIONS: S + say/said + to + O, “Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........?” S + ask/asked/..... + O + if + S + V + ..... Lưu ý: * O = me, you, us, them, him, her * Axiliary verbs ( trợ động từ): am, is, are, were, was, can, might, must, will, do, does, did,.... 2. WH/H QUESTIONS: S + say/said + to + O, “WH/H + Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........?” S + ask/asked/..... + O + WH/H + S + V + ..... EX: I said, “Where are you going now, Mary” I asked Mary where she was going then EX: She usually says to me, “What time is it now?” She usually asks me What time it is then. 11
• Rules: Gồm 8 bước: 1. Đổi say to thành ask/wonder/want to know/inquire 2. Bỏ dấu phẩy (,) 3. Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành If (liệu) /whether (có..không) nếu ở dạng 1 (YES/NO question). Còn ở dạng 2 thì WH/H question giữ nguyên: what/who/where/when/why/how/..... 4. Đổi các đại danh từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu cách giống như ở dạng câu xác định (Xem phần 4/I) 5. Chuyển chủ từ lên trước động từ thành câu xác định 6. Đổi thì của động từ trong ngoặc kép (hạ thì) nếu động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ (Xem phần 5/I) 7. Đổi các từ chỉ nơi chốn hay thời gian (Xem phần 6/I) 8. Đổi dấu chấm hỏi (?) thành dấu chấm (.). • Lưu ý các điểm hết sức cần chú ý: a) Trợ động từ must khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp phải dùng had to, nhưng must not vẫn là must not (nếu mang tính cấm đoán). Need not (needn’t) đổi thành did not have to. EX: The teacher said: “You must do the exercises carefully” The teacher said that we had to do the exercises carefully. EX: The girls said, “You needn’t come with us if you do not want to” The girls said that =asked me I did not have to come with them if I did not want to. b) Thì quá khứ trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp không thay đổi nếu nghĩa của nó rõ ràng. EX: Tom said to me, “My mother died of canser in 1985” Tom told me his mother died of canser in 1985. c) Thì hiện tại không thay đổi nếu nghĩa của nó là chân lý, điều hiển nhiên. EX: He said, “The Earth revoles around the sun” He said that the Earth revoles around the sun. d) Khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì hiện tại đơn/hiện tại tiếp diễn/hiện tại oàn thành/ tương lai hoàn thành Không hạ thì và cũng không thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn, chỉ đổi các đại từ nhân xưng. EX: The door says/ is saying/has said/will say, “You have to stay here” The door says/ is saying/has said/will say that I have to stay here. 12
III. COMMANDS: DẠNG MỆNH LỆNH THỨC. GỒM HAI LOẠI 1. Positive commands: mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng xác định S + say/said to + O, “V1 + O +...., please” S + ask/asked... + O + to V1 + O +.......... EX: She said to Bill, “Please wait for me here” She asked Bill to wait for her there. 2. Negative commands : Mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng phủ định S + say/said to O, “Don’t/Never + V1 + O +......, (please)” S + ask/asked... + O + not to/never to +V1 + O EX: She said to me, “Don’t touch anything in this room now, please” She ordered me not to touch anything in that room then. EX: The officer always says to his men, “Never turn your backs to your enemies today” The officer always commands his men never to turn their backs to their enemies that day • Rules: 1. Đổi say to thành ask/advise(khuyên)/order(ra lệnh)=command/ beg(van xin)/ warn(cảnh báo) / request(đề nghị)=suggest. 2. Bỏ dấu phẩy (,). 3. Bỏ dấu ngoặc kép (“”) 4. Nếu câu trong ở dạng mệnh lện xác định thì đổi thành to+V1 , bỏ please (nếu có). Nếu câu trong ngoặc kép ở dạng mệnh lệnh phủ định thì đổi thành Not to/never to +V1, bỏ please (nếu có). 5. Đổi các đại danh từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu cách (xem phần 4/I) 6. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn nếu có ( Xem phần 6/I) Lưu ý: Hai dạng câu mệnh lệnh thức khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp không hạ thì, luôn giữ nguyên V1 (nguyên mẫu), chỉ thêm to hoặc not to/never to +V1. GET IT IN YOUR MIND! 13
SENTENCE STRUCTURES FOR LEVEL B together with 1. Singular S, along with + Noun phrase, singular Verb + O...... accompanied by as well as Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Singular S Singular V Non-count noun + singular verb + O........ 2. Non of the + Plural count noun + Plural verb + O........ Ex: Non of the counterfeit money has been found. Non-count N singular verb Non of the students have finished the exam yet. Singular N & Non-count noun + singular verb + O........ 3. No + Plural noun + Plural verb + O........ Ex: No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. 4. a. Neither nor + Noun + + Plural noun + Plural verb + O........ Either or Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. b. Neither nor + Noun + + Singular noun + Singular verb + O........ Either or Ex: Neither Jack or Bill is going to the beach today. 5. V-ing + Singular verb+ O........( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects) Ex: Writing many letter makes her happy. 6. a/. A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many) Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic. b/.The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb ........ Ex: The number of days in a week is seven 7. a/. S (person do the action) + need + to-infinitive + O........ Ex: His friend needs to learn English well V-ing b/. S ( an inanimate object as S: Vật vô tri, vô giác) + need + + ...... tobe + V 3/ED Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass need tobe cut 14
c/. S + Be + in need of + N...........(be in need of = need) Ex: He is in need of money 8. a/. Who + VS/ES + O ? Ai làm gì mình? Ex: Who loves her? b/. Who + auxiliary verb + S + V + O ? Mình làm gì ai? Ex: Who do you love? 9. When auxiliary Where + be +S+V+O? How do/does/did Why Ex: Where do you live? 10. a/. S + V + question word (When....) + S + V + ........ (Embedded questions) Ex: We have not find out where the meeting will take place. b/. Auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V +......? Ex: Do you know where the meeting will take place? as if 11. a/. S + VS/ES (present) + as though + S + V2/ED (past) ......(.....như thể là.......) Ex: He acts as though he were rich. as if b/. S + V3/ED (past) + as though + S + had + V3/ED (past perfect) Ex: He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didn’t see a ghost) 12. S + V2/ED + O, S + would + V1 ............... Ex: When he was young, he would swim once a day. 13. S + used to +V1 + O......(thường thường: chỉ một thói quan trong quá khứ) Ex: When he was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit) 14. a/. S + be + used to +Ving+ O......(quen quen với, BE chia ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ là tùy ý) Ex: Mary is used to reading books everyday. b/. S + get + used to +Ving+ O......(dần dần làm quen với, từ từ quen với....) Ex: Mary gets used to swimming everyday. Note: Be used to = Be accustomed to but Get used to = become accustomed to Would rather .....than.......: thích ...... hơn 12. a/. S + would rather + V1 + N + than + Noun. Ex: Peter would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. b/. S + would rather + V1 + O + Adverb of time + than + Adverb of time (present). Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today. c/. S + would rather + have + V3/ED ...+ than +..... (past). Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today. 15
Would rather that: thích ...... hơn 13. a/. S1 + rather that + S2 + Verb in simple form ( Present subjunctive) Ex: She would rather that he take this train. (take giữ nguyên mẫu) b/. S1 + rather that + S2 + V2/ED +.....( Present contrary to fact) Ex: John would rather that it were Spring now. (It is not Spring now) c/. S1 + rather that + S2 + had +V3/ED +.....( Past contrary to fact) Ex: John would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday. ( Jack did not go to class yesterday). Note: Negative form: Would rather not + V1 - Would rather not have + V3/ED - Would rather that .....+ not + Vnguyên mẫu - Prefer .....to...........: thích......hơn........ 14. a/. S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun Ex: He prefers football to tenis. b/. S + prefer + Ving + O + to + (Ving) + O Ex: He prefers playing football to watching film. 15. S + would like + to V1 + O. (would like: thích) Ex: I would like to visit Japan. Had better Should 16. S + ought to + V1 + O ..........(............nên......: some choice) Be supposed to Ex: You should study tonight. 17. a/. S + must + V1 + O....... (........ phải......: no choice) Ex: You must study tonight. b/. S + must + be + N....... (........ chắc có lẽ ......: not sure) Ex: He must be a doctor. c/. S + must have + V3/D + O....... (........ chắc có lẽ đã......:a logic conclusion in the past) Ex: It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night). 18. S + have to + V1 + O .......(......phải..... = must). Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today. (complete obligation). 19. S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun Ex: My house is the same height as his. 20. S + V + different from + Noun Ex: Their teacher is different from ours. 21. a/. S + V + Adj/Adv + enough + (for someone to + V1.......) Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket. 16
b/. S + V + enough + Noun Ex: Do you have enough sugar for the cake?. 22. a/. Because + S + V + O, S + V + O (or Because there +be + S......) Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late. b/. Because of + N/noun phrase, S + V + O.... Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam. 23. a/ . S + V + ....+ so that/in order that + S + V.....( ....để....) Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test. b/. S + V + .... + to/in order to + V1 +..... Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test. 24. a/. S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + V.....( .....quá..... đến nỗi.......) Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. Note: i/. S + V + so + many/few +plural count noun + that + S + V....... Ex: He had so many children that they formed his own baseball team. ii/. S + V + so + much/little +non-count noun + that + S + V....... Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. b/. S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V......(...quá.. đến nỗi....) Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors = S + V + so + Adj + a/an + singular count noun + that + S + V...... Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors c/. S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun/non- count noun + that + S + V...... Ex: This is such difficult homework that he never finish it. CAUSATIVE VERBS: Nhờ, bảo, bắt ai làm gì cho mình. 25. a/.S + have + someone + V1 (verb in simple form) + O. (Active) Ex: Mary had John wash the car. b/. S + get + someone + V1 + O. (Active) Ex: Mary got John to wash the car. c/. S + have/get + something + V3/ED (verb in past participle) + (by someone). (passive) Ex: Mary had the car washed by John. 26. S + make + someone + V1 + O.........( bắt ai làm gì) Ex: The robber made the seller give him the money 27. S + let + O + V1.......(.....cho phép.......) Ex: The teacher let the student leave class early 28. S + be + scared of + Ving + O. Ex: She is scared of living on her own in such a big city. 29. S + reminds + someone + of + Noun /Ving...... Ex: That picture reminds me of the time when we loved each other. 17
1. It takes/took somebody + time + to infinitive ........ (Ai đó mất bao lâu để làm gì....) 2. S + be + such + (a/an) + noun or S + be + so +adj + (a/an) + noun . .....như thế..... 3. S + need not + have + V3/ED + O......Lẽ ra không cần phải..... 4. Time clause: a/. Since + S + V2/ED + O ....., S + have/has + V3/ED + O....... Khác với It + be + time + since + S + V2/ED.......( Since đôi khi có thể bỏ đi) b/. As soon as + S + have/has + V3/ED + O, S + will + V1 + O........ 5. Superlative ......+ S + have/has + ever + V3/ED..........nhất........đã từng......... 6. Noun Clause (........that): S + say/believe/know/rumour......(that) + S* + V........ - It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V...Người ta nói/tin/đồn/báo cáo rằng.... Hoặc S* + be + said/.....+ tobe + ....... - 7. S + had better + V1 + .......= It would be advisable for Sb. + to do Sth. 8. S + find that + S + V.....nhận thấy rằng...... 9. S + find + Sb. + to-infinitive.......Nhận thấy ai đó...... 10. S + happen + to-infinitive..........tình cờ............. 11. It happens/ed that S + V......... 12. Not until + S + had + V3/ED + O + did + S + V1 + ........(Luôn đảo ngữ ở vế sau) 13. It was not until + time + that + S + V2/ED ..........mãi cho đến.........thì.... Or S + did not + V1 + O + until + time (time clause). 14. The only/first/last + Noun + to + V1 + O + be + Noun........ The only/first/last + Noun + who/which + V (usually V2/ED) + be + Noun........ 15. S + spend/waste + time + Ving + O.......... 16. S + apologize to + Someone + for + keeping + someone + waiting. Xin lỗi vì để ai đợi 17. Leave + Sth. + Ving..................... 18. It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/careless + of + someone + to do + Sth...... Ai thật khờ/e thẹn/bất cẩn làm gì............ 19. S + be tire of + someone + Ving......Không thích ai làm gì 20. S + be + busy + Ving....... 21. S + find/found it + adj +V1 /Ving......nhận thấy thật......để...... 22. S + see + someone/living things + V1/Ving....... 23. S + see + Sth. + V3/ED (by....) 24. S + shake hands with someone........bắt tay với ai..... 25. S + make friends with someone....kết bạn với ai.... 26. Let + someone + V1 + Sth. or Let + Sth./yourself.....+ be + V3/ED...... 18
MAKE: LÀM, SẢN XUẤT, CHẾ TẠO RA 1. Make cake : Làm bánh 2. Make noise : gây ồn 3. Make a promise = promise : hứa hẹn 4. Make trouble : gây phiền toái 5. Make difference : khác với 6. Make progress = progress : tiến bộ 7. Make money = earn momey : kiếm tiền 8. Make a speech : soạn bài đọc, diễn văn 9. Make a mistake : phạm lỗi 10. Make decision = reach decision : đưa đến quyết định ♣ make up one’s mind : quyết định DO: LÀM, THỰC HIỆN 1. Do one’s best = try one’s best : cố gắng hết sức 2. Do homework/housework : làm bài tập về nhà/ công việc nhà 3. Do exercise : tập thể dục 4. Do + Someone a favour = help someone :giúp ai 5. Do a job/work : làm việc 6. Do shopping = go shopping : mua sắm 7. Do business : kinh doanh EXPRESSIONS 1. Write a good hand : Viết chữ đẹp 2. Take pot-luck : có gì ăn nấy 3. Take (a) pride in : tự hào về 4. Take cold : cảm lạnh 5. Show zeal for : tỏ ra sốt sắng với, tỏ ra nhiệt tình với 6. Say not so : chớ có nói thế 7. save one’s breath : làm thinh 8. Ask me another : không biết, đưng hỏi tôi nữa 9. Bear/keep in mind : Ghi nhớ, mang trong tâm trí 10. Come to life : Cải tử hoàng sinh 11. Come true : trở thành sự thật 12. Do good : làm việc thiện, làm phúc 13. Do one’s needs : đi vệ sinh 14. Refuse for good : khả năng từ chối I very much hope you learn all by your heart! 19
GIỚI TỪ WITH 1. Agree with : đồng ý với 2. Begin with : bắt đầu 3. Communicate with : liên lạc với 4. Compare to/with : so sánh với 5. Compete with/against : cạnh tranh, đua đòi với 6. Comfier with :làm lúng túng, bối rối, mơ hồ 7. Comply with : tuân theo, chiều theo 8. Contrast with/to :làm tương phản với 9. Cope with :đối phó, đương đầu 10. Correspon with :tương ứng với, phi hợp với, giao thiệp = thư từ 11. Finish with :hoàn tất 12. Help with/in : giúp đỡ 13. Disgust with = hate : căm ghét 14. Interfere with/on : gây trở ngại, quấy rầy 15. Interface in : xen vào, can thiệp vào 16. Mix with : dính dáng, giao thiệp, hợp tác 17. Be occupied with : choáng, chiếm chổ 18. Part with : chia lìa, từ biệt 19. Please with : hài lòng với 20. Quarrel with Sb. / about Sth. : cải nhau với ai/ về cái gì 21. Reason with : viện lý lẽ 22. Satisfied with : hài lòng với, làm mãn nguyện 23. Threaten with : đe dọa, làm cho ai sợ VERBAL PHRASE 1. Take down : tháo xuống, ghi chép, sỉ nhục, giảm, hạ 2. Take in : mời vào, đưa vào, tiếp đón, gồm có 3. Come to : đến, lên tới, hồi tỉnh lại, tình ngộ 4. Break up : vỡ từng mảnh, giải tán, chia ly, sụt lở 5. Beak down :đập vỡ, kiệt sức, vỡ nợ, bị phá sản 6. Break in : đánh bể, tập 7. Break off : giới hạn, hủy bỏ, thủ tiêu, rời ra 8. Make out : đặt, xác minh, giải thích, nhận ra 9. Make up : Gồm có, chứa đựng, bao hàm 10. Put on weight : lên cân, mập ra, béo ra 11. Turn down : gấp, gập xuống, bẽ, lụi, bác bỏ 20

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