Chapter12 - Working with String

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“Describes how strings are a first-class type in the CLR and how to use them effectively in C#. A large portion of the chapter covers the string-formatting capabilities of various types in the .NET Framework and how to make your defined types behave similarly by implementing IFormattable. Additionally, I introduce you to the globalization capabilities of the framework and how to create custom CultureInfo for cultures and regions that the .NET Framework doesn’t already know about.”

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Chapter 12. Working With String Hoang Anh Viet VietHA@it-hut.edu.vn HaNoi University of Technology 1
Objectives “Describes how strings are a first-class type in the CLR and how to use them effectively in C#. A large portion of the chapter covers the string-formatting capabilities of various types in the .NET Framework and how to make your defined types behave similarly by implementing IFormattable. Additionally, I introduce you to the globalization capabilities of the framework and how to create custom CultureInfo for cultures and regions that the .NET doesn’t Framework already know about.” Microsoft Microsoft 2
Roadmap 12 .1 String Overview 12.2 String Literals 12.3 Format Specifiers and Globalization 12.4 Working String from Outsite Sources 12 5 StringBuilder 12.6 Searching Strings with Regular Expression. . Microsoft Microsoft 3
12.1 String Overview In C#, String is a built-in type.  In the built-in type collection , String is a reference type  and but most of the built-in types are value types. Microsoft Microsoft 4
String Basics A string is an object of type String whose value is text.  The text is stored as a readonly collection of Char  objects. Each of which represents one Unicode character  encoded in UTF-16. There is no null-terminating character at the end of a  C# string (unlike C and C++). therefore a C# string can contain any number of embedded null characters ('\0'). The length of a string represents the number of  characters regardless of whether the characters are formed from Unicode surrogate pairs or not. Microsoft Microsoft 5
Alias and String Class Alias  • In C#, the string keyword is an alias for String -> string and String are equivalent.  String Class • The String class provides many methods for Creating strings Manipulating strings Comparing strings. • It overloads some operators to simplify common string operations. Microsoft Microsoft 6
Declaring and Initializing Strings We can declare and initialize strings in various ways, as  shown in the following example: // Declare without initializing. string message1; // Initialize to null. string message2 = null; // Initialize as an empty string. // Use the Empty constant instead of the literal "". string message3 = System.String.Empty; //Initialize with a regular string literal. string oldPath = "c:\\Program Files\\Microsoft Visual Studio 8.0"; Microsoft Microsoft 7
Declaring and Initializing Strings // Use System.String if we prefer. System.String greeting = "Hello World!"; // In local variables (i.e. within a method body) // you can use implicit typing. var temp = "I'm still a strongly-typed System.String!"; // Use a const string to prevent 'message4' from / / being used to store another string value. const string message4 = "You can't get rid of me!"; // Use the String constructor only when creating // a string from a char*, char[], or sbyte*. See // System.String documentation for details. char[] letters = { 'A', 'B', 'C' }; string alphabet = new string(letters); 8
Immutability of String Objects String objects are immutable: they cannot be changed after  they have been created. All of the String methods and C# operators that appear to  modify a string actually return the results in a new string object. For example:  string s1 = "A string is more "; string s2 = "than the sum of its chars."; // Concatenate s1 and s2. This actually creates a new // string object and stores it in s1, releasing the // reference to the original object. s1 += s2; System.Console.WriteLine(s1); // Output: A string is more than the sum of its chars. Microsoft Microsoft 9
Immutability of String Objects Note:  • When create a reference to a string, and then "modify" the original string, the reference will continue to point to the original object instead of the new object that was created when the string was modified.  For example: string s1 = "Hello "; string s2 = s1; s1 += "World"; System.Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: Hello Microsoft Microsoft 10
Remark When we declare a string in your C# code, the compiler  creates a System.String object for us. And then it places into an internal table in the module  called the intern pool. The compiler first checks to see if we’ve declared the  same string elsewhere, and if we have, then the code simply references the one already interned. Microsoft Microsoft 11
Roadmap 12 .1 String Overview 12.2 String Literals 12.3 Format Specifiers and Globalization 12.4 Working String from Outsite Sources 12 5 StringBuilder 12.6 Searching Strings with Regular Expression. . Microsoft Microsoft 12
12.2 String Literals Use regular string literals when we must embed escape  characters provided by C#. For example:  string columns = "Column 1\tColumn 2\tColumn 3"; //Output: Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 string rows = "Row 1\r\nRow 2\r\nRow 3"; /* Output: Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 */ string title = "\"The \u00C6olean Harp\", by Samuel Taylor Coleridge"; //Output: "The olean Harp", by Samuel Taylor Coleridge Microsoft Microsoft 13
Regular and Verbatim String Literals Use verbatim strings for convenience and better  readability when the string text contains backslash characters, for example in file paths. Verbatim strings use the delaration preceded with the @  character For example:  Microsoft Microsoft 14
Example string filePath = @"C:\Users\scoleridge\Documents\"; //Output: C:\Users\scoleridge\Documents\ string text = @"My pensive SARA ! thy soft cheek reclined Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is To sit beside our Cot,..."; /* Output: My pensive SARA ! thy soft cheek reclined Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is To sit beside our Cot,... */ string quote = @"Her name was ""Sara."""; //Output: Her name was "Sara." 15
String Escape Sequences Escape Character name Unicode sequence encoding \' Single quote 0x0027 \" Double quote 0x0022 \\ Backslash 0x005C \0 Null 0x0000 \a Alert 0x0007 \b Backspace 0x0008 \f Form feed 0x000C \n New line 0x000A \r Carriage return 0x000D \U \Unnnnnnnn Unicode escape sequence for surrogate pairs. \u Unicode escape sequence \u0041 = "A" \v Vertical tab 0x000B Microsoft Microsoft 16
Roadmap 12 .1 String Overview 12.2 String Literals 12.3 Format Specifiers and Globalization 12.4 Working String from Outsite Sources 12 5 StringBuilder 12.6 Searching Strings with Regular Expression. . Microsoft Microsoft 17
12.3 Format Specifiers and Globalization Format the data to display to users in a specific way.  • Dealing with these sorts of issues • Handling formatting of values,so on. For example:  • Display a floating-point value representing some tangible metric in exponential form or • Display in fixed-point form. Microsoft Microsoft 18
Format Strings A format string is a string whose contents can be  determined dynamically at runtime. We create a format string by using  • Using the static Format method • Embedding placeholders in braces that will be replaced by other values at runtime. The built-in numeric objects use the standard numeric  format strings or the custom numeric format strings defined by the .NET Framework. Microsoft Microsoft 19
Format Strings The standard format strings are typically of the form Axx.  • A is the desired format requested • And xx is an optional precision specifier.  Examples of format specifiers for numbers are • "C" for currency • "D" for decimal • "E" for scientific notation • "F" for fixed-point notation • And "X" for hexadecimal notation • "G" for general. This is the default format specifier, and is also the format that we get when we call Object.ToString. • Suports one of the custom format strings. Microsoft Microsoft 20