Cơ hội và thách thức đối với các doanh nghiệp du lịch Việt Nam

NGHIEN COU-TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> • TS. NGUYEN TH| NGUYEN HONG gia, tie'n bd cdng n g h e , t i n h m d qudc t e , t h u a n ldi, k e o t h e o<br /> ciia n g a n h , m d i trQdng v a chi iQdng k h a c h qud'c te' (dac b i e t la<br /> Trtfdng DH Thtfofng mai<br /> tieu vd p h a t trien xa hdi, thi tirrh k h a c h thQdng mai) t a n g . Theo<br /> c a n h t r a n h c u a du lich Viet Nam thd'ng kd cua Tdng cue Du lich,<br /> ^ B H i e t Nam trd t h a n h t h u d c loai td't trong k h u vQc IQdng k h a c h qud'c te de'n vi m u c<br /> ^Lg tharrh vien chinh thQc Ddng Nam A, nhrfng Iai k d m h d n dich cdng vide h a n g n a m d a Ien<br /> W thQ 150 cua Td chQc c a c qud'c gia c d n Iai t r d n m p i tdi gdn 1 tridu IQdt. Nhieu d o a n<br /> ThQdng m a i the gidi (WTO) ddng phQdng d i e n k h a c . Tuy n h i e n , k h a c h d a c h u y e n dia d i e m td<br /> nghia vdi viec bQdc c h a n vao Du lich Viet Nam cd ldi t h e ve chQc du lich, h d i n g h i tQ c a c<br /> mdt s a n chdi Idn, thu h u t nhQng t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i d n , cd thi nQdc T h a i Lan, Malaysia s a n g<br /> ngudn Irfc mdi, tao t h u a n Idi cho trQdng n d i dia rdng. Viet Nam Viet Nam vdi md'i q u a n t a m ve<br /> p h a t trien d a t nQdc n h a n h va d a n g cd cd hdi Iam sd'ng Iai thi m d t thi trQdng mdi.<br /> b e n vQng. Trong dd, chu the cua trQdng du lich qud'c te b a n g h i n h - Tao nidm tin, thu h u t ddu tQ<br /> qua trinh hdi n h a p chinh la cac a n h m d t d i e m dd'n a n toan, h a p nQdc ngoai vao du lich de p h a t<br /> DN - ndi trQc tie'p s a n x u a t r a d d n va t h a n t h i e n . trien h a tang, n a n g cao n a n g iQc<br /> s a n p h a m h a n g h o a , dich vu, Trong xu the hgi nhgp kinh te p h u c vu k h a c h trong v a ngoai<br /> dQdng ddu trQc d i e n vdi h a n g khu vUc vd the gidi ngdnh du lich nQdc, d a c b i e t la k h a c h MICE.<br /> hoa va dich vu nQdc ngoai trong ndi chung vd cdc DN du lich Viet Theo Bd ke h o a c h va Ddu tQ, so<br /> cudc c a n h t r a n h ngay cang gay Nam cd nhUng cd hdi sau: dif a n vd du lich d a chie'm t r d n<br /> gat. Gia n h a p WTO d a md r a - Tang k h a n a n g md rdng thi dQdi p h a n nQa cac dif a n ddu tQ<br /> m d t giai d o a n mdi cho Viet trQdng, md rdng quan h e hdp tac. nQdc ngoai vao Viet Nam. Trong<br /> Nam, giai d o a n p h a t t r i e n trong Cd hdi dau tien va rd nha't la srf dd cd cac drf a n ddu tQ ldn nhQ<br /> bd'i c a n h hdi n h a p s a u va t o a n t a n g trQdng m a n h m e ciia du D a n Kia - Sudi V a n g (Da Lat,<br /> didn vao n d n k i n h te t h e gidi k h a c h qud'c te vao Viet Nam. Cac Lam Ddng) vdl vd'n dau tQ Ien tdi<br /> dang bie'n ddi n h a n h chdng, dQa c a m kd't cho p h e p t h a n h l a p 1,2 ty USD, td h d p k h a c h s a n ,<br /> lai nhQng cd hdi va t h a c h thQc p h a p n h a n thrfc h i e n kinh d o a n h c a n hd tai TP. HCM do H a n Qud'c<br /> ldn cho t a t ca cac linh vQc, dich vu dai Iy IQ h a n h , d a t chd ddu tQ cd so vdn 200 trieu USD,...<br /> trong dd cd du lich. trong k h a c h s a n cd a n h hQdng Viet Nam h i e n tai cdn it k h a c h<br /> Thdi gian qua, Viet Nam d a r a t Idn dd'i vdi cac DN du lich IQ s a n cao cap, quy md Idn de d d n<br /> cd nhQng c a m k e t cu t h e vd h a n h k h a i t h d c k h a c h du lich k h a c h , srf k h d n g ddng bd ve qui<br /> rrhQng nghia vu chung; dd'i xQ td'i qud'c te' inbound. Ngoai viec gia md vat c h a t tQ k h a c h s a n , n h a<br /> hue qud'c, dd'i xQ qud'c gia, m i n h t a n g vd so IQdng k h a c h , thi h a n g , k h u du lich, vui chdi,...<br /> bach va tie'p c a n thi trQdng dd'i trQdng k h a c h cung dQdc md rdng. cung r a t h a n che, day chinh la<br /> vdi ca 4 phQdng thQc cung c a p Vao WTO, do d a c d i e m ciia thi hQdng m d cho srf h d p t a c .<br /> dich vu: qua b i e n gidi, tieu dung trQdng k h a c h du lich k h a c vdi thi - DN du lich V i e t N a m cd cd<br /> d nQdc ngoai, h i e n dien thQdng trQdng h a n g h o a n e n du lich cd<br /> h d i tie'p t h u k i n h n g h i e m v a<br /> mai va h i e n dien the n h a n trong trnh ddc lap cao trong c a n h trarrh<br /> e a c h I a m du lich ciia c a c DN<br /> cdc Iinh vQc du lich. DQa t r e n toan cau, k h d n g bi phu thudc vao<br /> du lich t r d n t h e gidi, n a n g cao<br /> cac chi tidu d a n h gia k h a n a n g thi trQdng My cung nhQ k h d n g bl<br /> sQc e a n h t r a n h v a d a o t h a i DN<br /> c a n h t r a n h ciia n g a n h Du lich do arrh hQdng bdi cac h i e p dinh ve<br /> ye'u k e m . Gia n h a p WTO c h i n h<br /> Hdi ddng Du lich va LQ h a n h thue q u a n va thQdng m a i qud'c te<br /> la m d i trQdng d e c a c DN vQdn<br /> The gidi WTTC (World Travel and nhQ h a n g hod t h d n g thQdng.<br /> I e n trf h o a n t h i e n m i n h , n a n g<br /> Tourism Council) dQa ra: gia dich - Dia vi b i n h d i n g vdl c a c cao h i e u qua v a sQc c a n h t r a n h<br /> vu, cd sd h a tang, ngudn n h a n t h a n h vidn k h a c trong WTO s e nd'u mud'n t d n t a i t r e n<br /> iQc du lich, ngudn n h a n Irfc qud'c t h i trQdng. ^ ^<br /> t a o didu k i d n de giao thQdng<br /> THUONG MAI So 28/2010 1 2 7<br />  NGHllN ctfu-TRAODOI<br /> <br /> ' Ddi m d i t o a n d i e n va d d n g<br /> bd n g a n h du lich, t a o m d i<br /> trQdng t h u a n Idi cho c a c DN du<br /> lich b o a t d d n g . Khi gia n h a p<br /> WTO, C h i n h phii VN d a c a m ke't<br /> x a y dQng t i n h cdng k h a i , m i n h<br /> b a c h t r o n g c a c qui d i n h va<br /> c h i n h s a c h ciia m i n h . Didu n a y<br /> c u n g d a m b a o t a o m d i trQdng<br /> k i n h d o a n h t h u a n Idi va c d n g<br /> b a n g , t a o r a tidn d e p h a t t r i e n<br /> cho cac DN ndi c h u n g v a du lich<br /> ndi rieng.<br /> Ddng thdi vdi nhUng cd hgi<br /> mang lai cho cdc DN du lich Viet<br /> Nam Id nhUng thdch thdc phdi<br /> ddi mat: ngoai dQdc k i n h d o a n h dQa c h i n h m a n h de dQa r a cac<br /> k h a c h qud'c te de'n nQdc t a dQdi chQdng t r i n h khuye'n m a i n h d m<br /> - SQc dp c a n h t r a n h gay gat.<br /> hirrh thQc ddu tQ 100% vd'n h o a c loai bd nhQng dd'i thu c a n h<br /> Dd la Io Idng chung ciia nhieu DN<br /> lien d o a n h vdi ti Id gdp vd'n ldn t r a n h k h d n g m a n h ve t a i chirrh,<br /> IQ h a n h qude te Viet Nam thdi ki<br /> h d n trQdc. h o a c d u n g nhQng t h u d o a n tai<br /> h a u WTO. Dieu dd dQdc Ii giai<br /> Ngudn vd'n Idn, thQdng h i e u c h i n h de giQ Iai gia tri gia tang<br /> b a n g rihidu nguyen n h a n . H a n g<br /> m a n h , cdng n g h e du lich cao, h e n g o a i l a n h t h d Viet Nam<br /> rao bao hd DN trong nQdc se ddn<br /> thd'ng td chQc c h u y e n nghidp, cd (phQdng p h a p c h u y e n gia) giam<br /> thu h e p Iai, srf c a n h t r a n h se trd<br /> m a n g iQdl dai Iy t o a n cdu v a k h a t h i e u t h u e thu n h a p p h a i ddng<br /> n e n gay g i t h d n vdi sQ t h a m gia<br /> n a n g k h a i t h a c thi trQdng cao, t a i Viet Nam.<br /> ciia cac DN nQdc ngoai marrh vd<br /> vd'n, tinh chuyen nghiep cao, cd Iai d a n g n i m giQ IQdng k h a c h tQ Thtf b a , h e thd'ng cd sd iQu<br /> m a n g IQdi rdng k h a p . Trong dd ngudn, n e n cd k h a nang, cac Cty tru chQa d a p Qng dQdc n h u cdu,<br /> hieu qua va k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h nQdc ngoai s e t a o n e n sQc dp n h a t la vao chinh vu. Trong khi<br /> ciia DN IQ h a n h nQdc t a cdn c a n h t r a n h dd'i vdi DN t r o n g cac Cty nQdc ngoai, n h d cd tidm<br /> nhidu h a n che. Trong rrhQng n a m nQdc. Trong khi dd n h i e u DN IQ IQc ldn lai t a o r a nhQng h e n ke't<br /> qua, cac DN IQ h a n h Viet Nam d a h a n h t r o n g nQdc chQa cd sQ n h a m d a n h Qu d a i vd d a t phdng<br /> c h u a n bl ki iQdng cho hdi n h a p cho k h a c h v a d a y c a c Cty ndi<br /> h o a t ddng k i n h d o a n h trong didu<br /> khi m a srf c a n h t r a n h d a n g didn dia d a k h d k h a n ve ngudn<br /> k i e n cdc Cty nQdc ngoai k h d n g<br /> r a quye't liet t r d n nhieu m a t : k h a c h , lai c a n g rdi vao tinh<br /> dQdc p h e p md chi n h a n h h o a c<br /> t h a m gia trong Iinh vQc n a y vdi Thtf n h a t la c a n h t r a n h vd t r a n g khd k h a n h d n . Neu cd sd<br /> 100% vd'n, chi cd the b o a t ddng s a n p h a m . Cac DN nQdc ngoai cd IQu tru d a p Qng du, cac lien ke't<br /> dQdi d a n g lien d o a n h vdi DN Viet n a n g Irfc se chie'm Iinh v a b a n n a y Iai tid'p tuc d a n h cho nhau<br /> Nam theo ti Id vd'n ddng gdp k h a cac chQdng t r i n h du lich lien nhQng rfu dai ve gia, c h a t IQdng<br /> b a n che; cd nghia la cac DN IQ h o a n cho du k h a c h C h a u Au, dich vu.<br /> h a n h trong nQdc d a dQdc bdo hd Chau My va t h a m q u a n Viet Nam - Hien tQdng "chay m a u chat<br /> bdi m d t h a n g rao phi thue quan. chi la m d t d i e m de'n trong tour xam". C u n g vdi vide m a t thi<br /> Tinh t h e n a y d a t h a y ddi, DN IQ di T h a i Lan, C a m p u c h i a , Lao, trQdng, cac DN du lich Viet Nam<br /> h a n h qudc te' trong nQdc d a n g Malaysia. Hdn nQa, cac DN nQdc cung cd k h a n a n g m a t ngudn<br /> p h a i dd'i m a t trQdc thrfc te la vao ngoai se ddu tQ k h a i t h a c ludn ca n h a n IQc c h a t IQdng cao. Cac DN<br /> WTO thi h a n g r a o b a o hd p h a i cac d i e m de'n du lich chQ k h d n g du lich nQdc ngoai se k h d n g ngai<br /> dQdc dd bd. Viet Nam phdi thrfc chi ddn t h u d n Iam n h i e m vu dQa ed nhQng c h i n h s a c h t h u h u t<br /> h i e n c a m ke't t h e o Id t r i n h m d k h a c h du lich vao Viet Nam. n h a n Irfc gidi c h u y e n m d n tQ cac<br /> cQa thi trQdng dich vu IQ h a n h , Thtf h a i , c a c DN nQdc ngoai DN IQ h a n h t r o n g nQdc. Kha<br /> trong dd cho p h e p cae Cty nQdc thQdng t a n d u n g n a n g life t a i n a n g h a n g loat nhQng n h a q u a n<br /> <br /> 2 8 1 THUONG MAI So 28/2010<br />  NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI<br /> <br /> Iy gidi, hQdng ddn vien gidi trong ddng dung, kip thdi va dat dQdc - Phat huy ndi Irfc, tim kie'm<br /> nQdc bi thu hut vd cac Cty nQdc hieu qua kinh te mong ddi. Cac ngoai iQc de phat trien<br /> ngoai do mQc thu nhap cao va DN can xay dQng chie'n IQdc TrQdc tien la cac md'i quan he<br /> cac didu kien lam vide chuyen kinh doanh phu hdp nham hdp tdc trong nQdc, thrfc te cho<br /> nghiep la khd trdnh khdi. nang cao nang Irfc canh tranh; thay viec lien ke't tuye'n diem du<br /> cd chie'n iQdc lien doanh, lien lich cdn mang tinh hinh thQc,<br /> Ngoai nhQng thach thQc<br /> ket dung hQdng; chu trpng hieu qua khdng cao, cung nhQ<br /> rat ldn dd, anh hQdng tQ thi<br /> chie'm Iinh thi trQdng ndi dia, cdng tac dieu hanh, tie'p thi edn<br /> trQdng the' gidi cd the Ian toa<br /> ddng thdi ra sQc tham nhap thi thie'u tinh chuyen nghidp. Cac<br /> nhQng bat dn. Xuat phat diem<br /> trQdng the' gidi, cd mang IQdi DN du lich cdn gap nhidu khd<br /> ciia nQdc ta la dang phat trien d<br /> dai ly rdng khap. khan tQ phia cac nha cung cap<br /> trinh dp thap, Iai dang trong<br /> qua trinh chuyen ddi, nen ne'u - Nang cao chat IQdng san dich vu nhQ: tinh trang tang gia.<br /> xii Iy khdng td't ca tdm vi md va pham du lich. Cac DN du lich Id chuye'n, buy chuye'n khdng<br /> vi md se cd the xay ra nhQng rdi Viet Nam cdn tang cQdng nghien bao trQdc ciia cdc nha cung cap<br /> loan tren thi trQdng. Va ngQdi cQu tam Iy, thi hie'u, tap quan, dich vu van chuyen, hoac thie'u<br /> phai ganh chiu trQc tie'p chinh thdi quen tieu dung cua cac dd'i phdng khdch san, tang gia<br /> la cdc DN, trong dd cd DN du tQdng khdch qud'c te va ndi dia phdng tuy tidn trong mua cao<br /> lich. SQ xam nhap d at va khd de da dang hda san pham du diem gay khd khan cho cac Cty<br /> kiem soat ciia cac DN nQdc lich, tao san pham du lich ddc IQ hanh. Khdng nhQng the, srf<br /> ngoai ddn de'n tinh trang mat dao, hap ddn, du sQc canh tranh phan biet trong chinh sach gia<br /> dn dinh ve mdi trQdng, ca tQ trong khu vQc va trdn the gidi; cua cac nha cung cap dich vu<br /> nhien va xa hdi. Do chay theo Ong dung cdng nghe thdng tin glQa DNNN va tQ nhan, DN Idn<br /> Idi nhuan trQdc m i t va thie'u va truyen thdng trong tuyen va nhd khie'n cac DN vQa va nhd<br /> tinh chuyen nghidp trong kinh truydn quang ba DN va san giam sQc eanh tranh; gia ve<br /> doanh IQ hanh, nhieu DN du pham du lich cua DN; thie't lap tham quan tai cac diem du lich<br /> lich trong nQdc, va ca mdt so DN dai Iy va cac van phdng dai didn chQa ddng nhat, tinh trang deo<br /> nQdc ngoai se khai thac khdng d cac khu trung tam va cac ddu bam khach du lich cdn phd<br /> ben vQng ngudn tai nguyen du md'i giao iQu qud'c te, tao drfng bie'n,... Do vay cdn mdt sQ phd'i<br /> lich trf nhien ciia Viet Nam, Iam hinh anh cua du lich Viet Nam hdp lien nganh, lien ke't giQa cdc<br /> anh hQdng de'n mdi trQdng va tren the gidi. DN IQ hanh va kinh doanh dich<br /> gay tac ddng xau de'n mdi vu du lich vdi nhau, nham dam<br /> - Phat trien ngudn nhan iQc.<br /> trQdng. Ngoai ra, srf hdi nhap bao cho sQ phat trien bdn vQng<br /> Hdi nhap sau va toan didn trong<br /> cung se dem theo srf du nhap cua du lich.<br /> va ngoai WTO se keo theo sQ<br /> nhQng ye'u td ngoai Iai cd the thay ddi rat ldn tQ phia cdu du NhQ vay, hdi n h a p kinh te<br /> Iam xdi mdn ban sdc dan tdc. lich ca qui md va chat iQdng, vi qud'c te' ma d a n h da'u bang<br /> Vdl nhUng cd hgi vd thdch vay, nhan Irfc du lich cung phai viec gia n h a p WTO khdng phai<br /> thdc dd, cdc DN du lich cua Viet thay ddi de thich Qng. Trong la muc tieu cud'i cung ma mdi<br /> Nam cdn cd sii chudn bi tich ciic, tQng DN, cac chii DN cdn phai chi la bQdc khdi ddu cho mdt<br /> Men phdp dng phd phu hdp vd xay drfng va td chQc thrfc hien giai doan t h a t sQ gian nan, vat<br /> hieu qud de tdn dung dUdc cac van ban quy pham phap va. Dam p h a n de vao dQdc<br /> nhUng cd hgi vd vUdt qua dUdc luat, cac cd che, chinh sach va WTO da khd, thric hien cac<br /> thdch thdc. Men thdch thdc quy che quan Iy boat ddng dao cam ke't vdi WTO cdn khd hdn<br /> thdnh ddng lUc cho phdt trien tao, phat trien ngudn nhan life nhidu. Didu quan trpng la<br /> nhanh vd bin vUng. Mudn ldm cua minh; cd che dp dai ngd Chinh phii, cae DN - trong dd<br /> dUdc dieu dd, DN du lich trong nhan tai va quy dinh vd tidn cd DN du lich cdn phai hieu rd<br /> nUdc cdn phdi thUc Men cd hieu iQdng, thQdng phu hdp, tao didu luat chdi, tan dung triet de cac<br /> qud nhdng gidi phdp sau: kien cho ngQdi lao ddng du lich Idi the', n h a n thQc ddy dii mpi<br /> - Nang cao n h a n thQc, hieu cd kha nang va nhu cdu hpc tap van de de sdn sang va chii<br /> bid't rd ve cac thdng le va luat sud't ddi de nang cao trinh dp ddng dd'i phd, giam thieu nguy<br /> phap qud'c te de cd nhQng hanh tay nghe,... cd cd the xay ra •<br /> THOONGMAISo 28/2010 1 2 9<br />