Cửa Nam và cửa Tây của cấm thành Thăng Long thời Lý - Trần - Lê

CQA NAM VA CQA TAY COA CXM THANH<br /> THANG LONG THdl Lf - TR^N - LE<br /> D 6 THI THUY LAN*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> D ung mdt thien nien ky tnidc, vua<br /> Ly Thai Td ddi dd t i Hoa Lu vd Dai<br /> La, khai sinh ra Kinh dd Thang Long cua<br /> Trong so' cac c i a C i m t h i n h , Doan MPn<br /> (cdn goi la Doan Minh, Ngu Mdn, Ngu Lau<br /> Mdn hoac L l u Ngu Mdn) la c i a phia nam,<br /> qud'c gia Dai Viet. Cung t i tridu Ly, dfldc k h i c boa rd ndt tren cae Ban dd<br /> khoang thap nien 30 c i a thd ky XI, trd di Thang Long thdi Hau Le, dUqIc cd' dinh vi<br /> Kinh thanh Thang Long da dUdc hoan tri qua thdi Nguyen, va di tich cdn tdn tai<br /> thi$n vdi p h i c hdp ba vdng thanh, dd la cho den tan ngay nay. Dudi thdi Ly, van bia<br /> Dgi La, "thdnh Thdng Lon^' (tic Hodng thap Sung Thiin Diin Linh c h i a Long Doi<br /> thdnh t i the ky XV vd sau), vk Cdm thdnh. Sdn (Duy Tien, H i Nam), nien dai 1121,<br /> Trong khi vi tri, pham vi c i a Ca^m thanh cho bidt san rdng (Long Tri) tnidc Doan<br /> ngay cang dUdc xac dinh rd hdn (1), cae c i a Mdn da la ndi Ly Nhan Tdng td chic hoi<br /> c i a ca'm thanh v i n chUa dUdc khao c i u va ddn Quang Chieu (3). Den thdi Le Sd,<br /> trinh bay mot each tdng the. Ngoai cae c i a Hoang de Le Thanh Tdng da cho tu s i a<br /> Doan MPn, Viet Thdnh, c i a dUdng thuy Doan Mdn c i n g hai c i a Hoing thanh la<br /> Ngdn Hd, chung ta da biet den mot c i a Dai HUng va Ddng Hoa, vd'n dU(?c xay diing<br /> Huyen Vu b phia bic (2), mot Long Mdn b t i thdi Ly, ma vao n i a sau the ky XV da<br /> phia ddng, thd cdn c i a Nam va c i a Tay? Do trd nen dd nat (4). Khao cd hoc Doan Mdn<br /> vay, d nghien c i u nay, c h i n g tdi se trinh nam 1999 cho tha'y rd viec nha Le Sd da bo<br /> bay nhflng tim hieu c i a minh vd hai c i a b i n toan b9 cac vet tich thdi Ly - T r i n da<br /> Nam va Tay cua Ca'm thanh Thang Long; hi hoang phe, ma xay diing mpt Doan Mon<br /> ddng thdi dat chung trong bdi canh chung hoan toan mdi (5). Dac bipt hdn nfla, cac<br /> cua lich s i chinh tri, van boa, xa hoi Dai sach lich s i dia ly dfldi thdi Nguyen deu<br /> Vi$t vao hai giai doan: the'ky XI-XIV vk thi' n h i n manh ring, cho ddn d i u the ky XIX,<br /> ky XV-XVI. Dd cung cd the coi la no liic Doan Mdn v i n cdn hipn hflu va dd la di tich<br /> khai quat mot p h i n quy hoach cua Cim cd dinh tfl trieu Ly (6), ngay ca khi vua Gia<br /> thanh ndi rieng, Hoang thanh Thang Long Long cho pha bo mot so' c i a c i a Hoang<br /> ndi chung, dfldi cac thdi Ly - T r i n - Le. thanh va ca'm thanh de xay diing lai (7).<br /> 1. C i a Nam: Doan Mon, Tam Mon, Phia nam ngoai Doan Mdn la Tam Mdn<br /> Trieu N g u y e n v a Chu Tu-dfc (cung goi la Tam PhUdng, l l u Tam<br /> Doan Mon vd Tam Mon PhUdng). Tam Mdn cd ba c i a , mot c i a<br /> <br /> <br /> ' Khoa Lich s i - Trfldng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dai hoc Qudc gia H i Noi<br /> e i a Ram va c i a Tay cia Cam thanh., 35<br /> <br /> chinh va hai c i a phu hai ben, tdn tai den thdi XVI, c i a Chu Tudc mdt l i n nfla x u i t hien<br /> Nguyin Gia Long thi hi pha de xay Ky dai trong bien nien s i riam 1528, khi cac thdlUc<br /> (Cpt Cd Ha Npi). Sach Long Biin bdch nhi "phi Le" dem quan d i n h t h i n g vao Clin<br /> vinh ciia Bii Lien Khe (Bid Cd Tic), soan thanh, ndi Mac D&ng Dung t i mpt nam<br /> nam Dmh M i i (1847), chdp: "b phia trUde l l u tnidc dd da lam viec "thi nghich" va "tidm<br /> Ngu Mdn (tic Doan Mdn) \k nen cu c i a c i a ngdi" (14). vay, cac c i a Nam Cim thanh<br /> Tam Mdn nha Ly. Ddi Gia Long hoang trieu thdi Ly - T r i n - Le la Trieu Nguyen va Chu<br /> pha cia Ttim Mdn, nam t h i nam (1806) dflng Tudc la nhiing c i a nao? Dd la cac Idp c i a<br /> cpt cd cia thanh" (8). Cd the ndi, neu Doan khac hay t r i n g vdi Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn?<br /> Mon la Idp e i a trong, nghiem cin hdn, thi Ly giai v i n de nay, gidi nghien c i u<br /> Tam Mon cd the coi la gidi ban phia nam c i a thanh Thang Long cho den nay v i n cd<br /> e l m thanh. Thflc chit, ndu mud'n tim c i a nhflng trinh bay khac nhau. Tuy nhien, vd<br /> chinh Nam c i a Cim thanh Thang Long, thi<br /> cd ban cac nha khoa hpc deu thd'ng n h i t<br /> dd phai la Tam Mdn.<br /> mpt nhan t h i c chung la, ngoai Ddng<br /> Trieu Nguyen vd Chu Tudc Trfldng An (DTA) va Tay Trfldng An (TTA),<br /> Trong thfl tich cd Viet Nam va Trung C i m thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le<br /> Qud'c, c i a Nam Cim thanh Thang Long, cd hai Idp c i a chinh la Doan Mdn va Tam<br /> ngoai Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn, cdn cd hai Mdn. Cdn Tridu Nguyen hay Chu Tfldc la<br /> ten khic la "Trieu Nguyen" va "Chu Tfldc". ten c i a Idp c i a n i o thi tuy theo y kidn c i a<br /> Trong chinh s i Dai Vipt, ten c i a Triiu t i n g hpc gia: T i nam 1975, Gilo sfl T r i n<br /> Nguyin x u i t hien d i u tien nam 1355 vdi sfl Qud'c Vfldng va nha nghien cflu Vu T u i n<br /> kien bi s6t danh vao c i a chinh c i n g e i a San da cho r i n g gac Trieu Nguyen c i a<br /> nach hai ben ta hflu (9). Cae s i gia trieu Ca'm thanh Thang Long thdi T r i n , qua ghi<br /> Nguyen c h i r i n g day chinh la "cdng choi chdp trong Nguyin sd, \k b tren 'Dfldng<br /> trfldc dien Thien An" (10), t i c cdng trfldc Minh Mdn" (ma theo cac tac gia tflc la c i a<br /> dipn Kinh Thien thdi Le vd sau. Nam 1631, Doan Mdn) (15); Nam 2004, nha nghien<br /> do chua Trinh Trang td chic tap tran, mpt c i u Bioi Thiet da ddng n h i t Doan Mdn vdi<br /> l i n n i a "cia Trieu Nguyen c i a trieu dinh d Chu Tfldc, hdn thd lai cho r i n g c i a Chu<br /> trong thanh" lai hi hoa hoan, khien vua Le Tfldc c i a C i m thanh nhin ra hd Chu Tfldc<br /> Thin Tdng phai lanh khoi cung dien ma'y bao quanh Qud'c T i Giam (tic hd Gilm)<br /> ngay (11). Khong ehi trong chinh s i Viet (16); Nam 2005, PGS.TS Nguyen T h i a Hy<br /> Nam, sich s i Trung Qud'c (Nguyen sd), cho r i n g c i a Nam c i a thanh Long Phfldng<br /> trong p h i n ndi ve An Nam, cung chdp c i a la e i a Doan Mdn, cung gpi \a Doan Minh,<br /> chinh Nam Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Chu Tfldc, Trieu Nguyen, l l u Ngu Mdn<br /> Trin dfldc treo bien de "Trieu Thien Cac" (phia trong) hoac c i a Tam Mdn (phia ngoai)<br /> (gac Tridu Thien, cd the la viet sai c i a (17). Nhfl vay, theo t i e gia, d i do la hai Idp<br /> "Trieu Nguyen") (12). c i a trong (Doan Mon) va ngoai (Tam Mdn),<br /> Khdng x u i t hien sdm nhU ten Tridu nhflng deu cd the gpi chung la Doan Mon<br /> Nguyen, phai den nam 1485, chinh s i mdi hay "cia chinh phia nam" Cim thanh. Dac<br /> chdp den ten c i a Chu Tudc, g i n hen vdi hai biet, tac gia cho r i n g Tridu Nguyen va Chu<br /> cdng trinh Doan Mdn va Dan Tri cua Cim Tfldc, cing vdi Doan Minh va Ngu Mdn, la<br /> thanh Thang Long thdi Le (13). Sang the ky cac ten khac cua Idp e i a trong.<br /> 36 RghiSn curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010^<br /> <br /> Nhai" trong p h i thanh<br /> Giao Chi thdi Minh<br /> thupc (tic thanh Ddng<br /> Quan) (19). Qua thflc,<br /> tren cac Ban dd Trung<br /> do thd ky XV-XVIII,<br /> Ddng - Tay Trfldng An<br /> khdng chi la mpt "khu<br /> vflc" ben ngoai phia nam<br /> ca'm t h a n h (A.2531,<br /> A.3034, VHt.41 (ehi cd<br /> DTA), ma cdn dfldc ve la<br /> hai c i a ngach b gdc dong<br /> Hinh 1: Trich Trung Do chi do, k^ hifiu A.3034 nam va tay nam ngoai<br /> C i m thanh (diy d i n h i t<br /> Ngfldc lai thdi gian, nam 1990, t i c gia la A.2499 vdi ca 2 cia;<br /> Pham Han cho r i n g Trieu Nguyen chinh la hoac chi cd c i a TTA nhfl A.3034). Qua hai<br /> c i a Tam Mdn, vi qua sfl kien nam 1855, cd c i a ngach nay la ddn chan tfldng thanh<br /> the suy doan Tridu Nguyen cd 3 c i a (mpt Ca'm va tien vao "cia Nam Cung thanh" b<br /> c i a chinh va 2 c i a nach hai ben) (18). 6 chinh gifla, ma theo Yao Takao, chinh la<br /> day, c h i n g tdi n h i t tri vdi y kidn cua Pham "Chu Tfldc Mdn". Phia trong c i a Chu Tfldc<br /> Han bdi hai ly do sau: Thd nhdt, sfl kipn la Doan Mdn, m l thdi Minh la "Cd Lau"<br /> boa hoan nam 1631 cho t h i y d i m l i a chay n i m gifla Co Lau Ddng - Tay Nhai. Nhfl<br /> t i P h i chua Trjnh, cac phd' phfldng, rdi lan vay, t i e gia da gian tiep k h i n g dinh Chu<br /> ddn e i a Tridu Nguyen c i a "trieu dinh" vua Tfldc khdng phai la Doan Mdn, ma la Idp<br /> Le. Do dd, Trieu Nguyen phai la Idp c i a c i a ben ngoai c i a Doan Mdn. Nghien c i u<br /> ngoai c i n g cua "thanh ndi"; Vii thd hai, cua Yao Takao, tuy khdng dd cap den Tam<br /> ban Trung dd chi do, ky hipu A.3034 (Hinh Mdn, nhflng thiet lap cho chung ta nhan<br /> 1), ghi r i t ro cIc Idp c i a Nam C i m thanh: dinh: Tam MPn chinh Id cda Chu Tudc.<br /> ngoai c i n g I i Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Nhan dinh nay cang dfldc cung cd' khi cl<br /> Trudng An; trong c i n g la Doan Mdn; va d n i a d i u the ky XIX, Dfldng Ba Cung viet<br /> gifla Doan Mdn va Ddng - Tay Trfldng An, r i n g : "Llu Ngu Mdn: b Vpng Cung, chinh<br /> b i c thanh C i m tach ra, tao thanh mpt cai gifla cd de hai chfl "Doan Mdn"... Ben<br /> c i a (cd l l u gac) mang ten "Trieu Nguyen". ngoai la l l u Tam Mdn, the che cung tfldng<br /> Va vi tri dd chinh la Tam Mdn, gidi ban tu... Nha vua [vua Le] thUdng sach v i n<br /> phia nam cua C i m thanh. thi Tien sy [thi Dinh] d day... T i thdi Le<br /> Trung Hung trd di l l y cho nay lam dien<br /> Trong nghien c i u nam 2008, hpc gia<br /> thdi trdi d i t , thi tridu chuyen tdi edng<br /> Nhat Ban Yao Takao da tidn them mpt<br /> Kinh Thien, nay la Vong Cung. Cac vi vua<br /> bfldc, phan dinh rd hdn ve cac Idp e i a c i a<br /> ddi trUde di t u i n thu thudng d i n g ngiia b<br /> Nam ca'm thanh. Theo dd, ngoai c i n g la<br /> day. Bin ngodi co ky ddi [Cpt cd Ha Npi],<br /> Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Trfldng An, ma tac<br /> tUdng truyin xUa Id cdng Chu Tudc (cdn<br /> gia cho r i n g tidn than cua chung l i khu<br /> ggi la ldu Tam PhUdng)" (20).<br /> Vflc "Cd Lau Ddng Nhai" Va "Cd Lau Tay<br /> e i a Ram va c i a Tay ciia Cam thanh... 37<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhu vay, Trieu Nguyen hay Chu Tudc chuyen dien Giang Vo ve x i Dien Vu, t i c<br /> la nhiing ten gpi khac c i a Tam Mdn, cua quy gpn khu quan sii phia tay thanh Thang<br /> Idp c i a ngoai c i n g phia nam Cim t h i n h Long vd b i n Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh (28).<br /> Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le (21). Cling vdi do, nam 1490, Le Thanh Tdng md<br /> 2. C i a Tay: "Tay Mon" thdi Le va rpng C i m thanh ra ben ngoai Tnidng d i u<br /> "Dai Trieu" thdi Ly - Tran? vo (29) (tic ciiu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn), va<br /> md rong Hoang thanh ra ben ngoai khu<br /> Cda Tdy cda Cdm thdnh thdi Le<br /> Diin Vu (Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh). Cac Ban<br /> Ddi vdi c i a Tay c i a Cim thanh Thang dd Trung Dd the ky XVII-XVIII phan biet<br /> Long thdi Hau Le, viec nhan biet trd nen d i<br /> ro hai khu vflc nay, vdi "Khan Sdn tfl" dfldc<br /> dang hdn nhd cd cac thd he Ban dd Hdng<br /> lap vao ddi Dfldng D i e (1672-1673) (30), va<br /> Die. Tren ban dd, "Tay Mon" dUdc khic<br /> "Giang Vo dien" vdi "Hoi thi trfldng" (dfldc<br /> hpa rd ndt d gdc tay ble cua Cim thanh,<br /> dat trfldc san dien Giang Vd) (31) d tay<br /> lien kd phia ddng "Khan Sdn tU". Phd Giao<br /> nam trong Hoang thanh "Thflde thd". Hdn<br /> sU Do Van Ninh nam 1983 da tflng gpi day<br /> thd, hai khu vflc nay tfl sau nam 1490 cdn<br /> la "cia Hau" de phan biet vdi "cia Tien" l i<br /> dfldc ngan each thanh trong va ngoai<br /> Doan Mdn (22). Tuy nhien, d i d vi tri<br /> khdng gian Cim, b i n g b i c tudng md rdng<br /> k h u l t sau, nhflng ta khdng the p h i nhan<br /> Phung t h i n h c i a Le T h i n h Tdng. Tren<br /> vai trd quan trpng c i a c i a nay vi nd md ra<br /> Hdng D i e ban dd, h i e tUdng thanh chia<br /> khu quan sfl phia tay C i m thanh Thang<br /> khu phia tay Hoang thanh ra lam hai<br /> Long thdi Le Sd.<br /> phin, p h i n phia ble la ndi "lap vUdn<br /> T i sau chidn t h i n g Ddng Quan nam ThUdng Lam, trong vUdn cd hUdu va cac<br /> 1428 den trfldc nhiing nam 1480-1490, d t h i khic" (32), va p h i n cdn lai phia nam,<br /> ben ngoai phia tay Cim thanh thdi Le Sd each biet vdi khu C i m thanh md rpng b i n g<br /> da tdn tai ddng thdi hai khu thao luyen Idp thanh mdi d i p nam 1490 tren day (33).<br /> quan sfl (23). Thd nhdt, vk ed trfldc, la<br /> Do dd, "Khan Sdn tu" t i cho n i m ben ngoai<br /> 'T)iin Vu x i " t i thdi Minh thupc dfldc chdp<br /> phia tay ble PhUdng thanh, gid da thupc<br /> trong An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng<br /> vao pham vi khdng gian Cim.<br /> cuoi tridu Minh (24), ma tidn than la khu<br /> Xa Dinh - Giang Vd Dudng thdi Ly - T r i n Nhu vay, t i n i a cudi the ky XV trd di,<br /> (25), dUdc md ta la d phia nam trong thanh Kinh dd Thang Long c h i n g kidn sii "suy vi"<br /> Dai La, tUdng dUdng khu vflc Giang Vo - c i a ca hai c i a thanh phia Tay. Neu c i a<br /> Bao/Ngpc Khanh ngay nay; Thd hai, va cd Quang Phuc cua Hoing thanh bien m i t<br /> sau, la khu Giang Vo dfldc lap ra vao tridu khdi ban dd vk thU tich thd ky XV-XVIII,<br /> Le Sd, thupc khu vflc K h i n Sdn - Ngpc Ha, thi Tay Mdn c i a Ci'm thanh chi cdn dUdc<br /> phia tay ble C i m thanh (26). T i m bia md ra khu thUdng uyen c i a h o i n g gia tridu<br /> Triing tu Huy Vdn diin Due Khdnh tU bi, Le. Khu vUe nay ed the thdng vdi p h i n Tay<br /> do Dfldng Ba Cung soan nam Tfl D i e t h i Nam cdn lai cua thanh 'ThUdc thd" b i n g<br /> 17 (1864) dat d chua Huy Van (27), cho bidt mpt cdng phu (Ban dd A.1081, A.1601),<br /> khu vUc Ngpc Ha hien nay la "cho luyen hoac dupe dUa trd lai khdng gian Hoang<br /> tap vo nghe xUa", va chinh la khu quan sii thanh khi b i c tudng nam 1490 khdng con<br /> t h i hai thdi Le Sd. tdn tai (cac ban A.2006, VHt.30-A.2716,<br /> Khu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn n i y tdn tai A.584, VHc.01282), nhflng chic chin trong<br /> khong lau, ddn nam 1481, Le Thanh Tdng mpt khoang thdi gian dai, nd hoan toan<br /> 3S Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> each biet vdi n i a cdn lai c i a Tay Hoing dien t h i n g den c i a Quang/Hoing phuc.<br /> thanh (VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.73) (34). Khdng chi la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, nam<br /> Dieu dd cd nghia, tfl thdi diem nay trd di, 1368, T r i n Du Tdng lai tidp tuc "lam hanh<br /> vai trd va chic nang c i a Tay Mdn da bi suy lang dai sudt t i gic Nguyen Huyen den tan<br /> giam, khdng cdn la c i a chinh c i a Cim c i a Dgi Triiu phia tay dd tipn cho cac quan<br /> thanh nfla. Hay ndi khac di, vdi sU x u i t vio chiu tranh n i n g mUa" (36).<br /> hien c i a b i c tudng nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi<br /> T i nhflng thdng tin tren cd the thiy: thd<br /> cdn la mdt trong cac c i a thupc npi bp Ci'm<br /> nhdt, nhiing l i n xay s i a tai T h i n g Long<br /> thanh, de cac the he Ban dd Hdng D i e t i<br /> thap nien 1360 deu n h i m vao khu vflc an<br /> chd k h i c hpa mpt Tay Mdn heo lanh<br /> chdi thfldng ngoan c i a cac trieu Ly - Trin<br /> (A.2531, VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.1081),<br /> (va ca Le vd sau) d phia tay Kinh thanh, gin<br /> ddn tham chi loai bo hang muc nay ra khdi<br /> hen vdi cac c i a thanh phia nay, trong dd it<br /> hpa hinh (A.73, A.2006, A.2716, A.584,<br /> n h i t la cd c i a Quang Phuc; thd hai, trong<br /> A.1601, VHc.01282).<br /> cung mdt ddt xay dflng (nam 1363), cd hai<br /> Cdca Dai Trieu c i a phia tay: mot I i c i a Quang P h i c l i cia<br /> Cae nghien c i u t i trUdc den nay deu Tay c i a Hoing thanh; cdn hai la e i a Dai<br /> h l u nhu chUa de cap den c i a Tay c i a C i m Tridu, vay day Ik ciia gi?; vk thd ba, ciia Dai<br /> thanh Thang Long trfldc the ky XV. Duy Trieu phia tay nay la ndi quan lai vao chiu,<br /> nha't t i e gia Pham Han cho r i n g c i a vi vay vua T r i n cho xay hanh lang (bin cd<br /> Quang Phuc (hay Hoing Phuc) khdng phai mai che) de cac quan tranh dfldc n i n g mfla.<br /> la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, ma phai la c i a Den day chung tdi dat gia thuyet ring,<br /> Tay cua Ca'm thanh (35). Sd di c i a Tay cda Dgi Triiu chinh Id cita Tdy cda Cdm<br /> Cim thanh thdi Ly - T r i n chUa dUdc nhle thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn (hoac chi<br /> ddn, hoac n h l e den chfla chinh xac, khdng it vdo thdi Trdn), vd la ndi cdc quan vdo<br /> phai VI nd kdm quan trpng (nhfl Tay Mdn chdu mPi ldn vua thiet triiu. C i a Tay Cim<br /> sau nam 1490), ma la vi v i n de tfl lieu. Tuy thanh, hdn the, cung la mpt cda quan trgng<br /> nhien, vai mau thdng tin vun vat tfl trong cua Thdng Long thi' ky XI-XIV, dUdc cdc<br /> chinh s i dfldng nhfl cd the giup ta phan vua Ly, Trdn (chi it la vua Trdn) sd dung<br /> doan dfldc mpt dieu gi dd. di ra vdo Cdm thdnh, de td dd ra vdo kinh<br /> Theo bien nien s i , nam 1363, vua T r i n thdnh (37). Thflc ra, day khdng phai la<br /> Du Tdng cho s i a sang vUdn Hau uyen, sai phat hipn mdi, ma ngay t i nam 1990, Pham<br /> dao mot loat cac hd nhU Lac Thanh, Thanh Han da n h l e den ten "Dai Tridu" vdi tfl each<br /> NgU de nudi tha nhieu loai hai ngU, ca la c i a Tay c i a Cl^m t h i n h thdi Trin. Tuy<br /> hiem t i Hai Ddng, Hoa Chau mang ve. nhien, t i e gia lai cho r i n g ca "Dai Tridu"<br /> Cing vdi viec trang boing vUdn ngii hau thdi T r i n hay "Cia Tay" (Tay Mdn) thdi Lg<br /> cung mpt each xa xi, vua T r i n cho "lam day ddu la vet tfch c i a c i a Quang P h i c thdi Ly,<br /> khach lang d Tay dien t h i n g den c i a vk dfldc xay dflng tfl nam 1010. Hdn the, b<br /> Hodng Phuc", ddng thdi "diing day trUdng thdi diem nha ngoai giao Pham Kim H i n g<br /> lang t i gdc Nguyen Huydn t h i n g den c i a viet sach, tac gia da chfla quan tam den mot<br /> Dgi Triiu phia t a y . V i n d khu vUc phia cdng trinh k h i quan trpng, lien quan den<br /> Tay nay, ngay nam sau (1364), nha T r i n v i n dd c i a Tay Cim thanh thdi Ly - T r i n -<br /> cho xay diing mpt day khach lang b Tay Le: dd la Ddi Ldu vien.<br /> e i a Ram va c i a Tay c i a Cam thanh... 39<br /> <br /> <br /> Dai Lau v i f n d ben ngoai ciia Tay Nghien c i u tiep theo (cung la g i n day<br /> cua H o i n g thanh hay Cam thanh? nha't) de cip den Dai Lau vien la tham<br /> Vipn Dai Lau la ndi quan lai tap trung, luan c i a PGS.TS Yao Takao tai Hpi thao<br /> chd den l i e dfldc vao chiu. d Trung Quoc, Vi$t Nam hpc l i n t h i III (nam 2008). Tidn<br /> Dai Lau vien da c6 t i thdi Dudng, "lau" cd them mpt budc, hoc gia Nhat Ban da dUa ra<br /> nghia \k nUde chay nho giot, de do gid (38), hai nhan dinh cd hen quan: thd nhdt, vien<br /> cung phan anh thdi gian chd ddi tnidc khi Dai Lau la ndi ma cac quan chd ddi md c i a<br /> thiet tridu. 6 Viet Nam, vipn Dai Lau dUdc Hoang thanh, do dd tnidc thdi Le Thanh<br /> xay diing d i u tien d Kinh dd Thang Long Tdng, vipn nay dUdc dat phia ngoai c i a Tay<br /> dudi thdi Le Sd, tridu Le Thai Td (1428-1433), c i a Hoing thanh, t i c c i a Quang Phic; vk<br /> dfldc cae sach Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Khdm thd hai, nkm 1490, Le Thanh Tdng cho md<br /> dinh Viet sd thPng gidm cUdng muc chdp vao rpng Hoang thanh (chi khdng phai C&n<br /> sfl kiSn thang 5 nam 1497, ngay sau khi thinh) vd phia tay, do dd c i a Tay Hoang<br /> Hoang ddLe Thanh Tdng qua ddi (39). thanh bi pha bo, Dai Lau vien dUpe ddi sang<br /> tnidc Dai HUng Mdn, va dieu dd ly giai vi sao<br /> Tuy chinh s i chdp rd nhU vay, nhUng cd<br /> cae Ban dd Hdng Die khdng ve c i a Quang<br /> mot thflc te la, cac nghien c i u t h i n h Thang<br /> P h i c c i a Hoang t h i n h "ThUdc thd" (42).<br /> Long t i trfldc den nay h l u nhfl ehUa quan<br /> tam nhieu den edng trinh n i y (40). Phai Tuy nhien, nhiing nhan dinh nay c i a<br /> den cud'n sach Thdng Long - Hd Ndi - Mpt tac gia lai vIp phai hai nghich Iy: nghich ly<br /> nghin sU kien lich sd, do PGS.TS Vu Van thd nhdt, mk chfnh tac gia da t h i a n h i n ,<br /> Quan ciing tap the tac gia bien soan nam dd la, neu vidn Dai Lau n i m ngoai c i a<br /> 2007, Dai Lau vipn mdi l i n d i u dUdc khao Quang P h i c d g i n bd sdng Td Lich, thi l l m<br /> ciu. Theo cac tac gia, vipn Dai Lau dUdc sao cac quan di bp vao Cung thanh dUde<br /> xay dung dUdi thdi Le Thai To (1428-1433), (tic di t i khoang C i u Gily vao g i n dfldng<br /> Hoang Dieu)? De thao gd vfldng mIc nay,<br /> va dUde cd' dinh vi tri qua eac trieu vua<br /> t i e gia dfla ra gia thuyet la thanh Ddng<br /> Thai Tdng, Nhan Tong; Den thdi tri vi e i a<br /> Quan thdi Minh thupc va Holng thanh<br /> minh (1460-1497), Le Thanh Tdng cho xay<br /> Ddng Kinh trUde nam 1490 la hinh vudng,<br /> them hai day n h i d ngoai c i a Nam Hoang<br /> nhd dd, cac quan tham tridu chi phai di bp<br /> thanh, va ngay sau khi Hoang dd bang ha,<br /> t i e i a Quang P h i c (quang phd H i n g<br /> vi vua mdi Le Hien Tdng cho diing Dai Lau<br /> VUdng) de vio den dipn Kinh Thien (phfa<br /> vien d ngoai c i a Dai HUng tren cd sd cac<br /> ddng dudng Hoang Dipu). Tuy nhien, theo<br /> day nha da ed t i tnidc dd. Ddng thdi, Vu chung tdi, chi can c i vao vipc Binh Dinh<br /> v a n Quan va cac t i e gia cung dUa ra hai VUdng Le Ldi c i t c i 4 tUdng mai phi;ie 4<br /> v i n dd nghien c i u tie'p tuc l i : thd nhd't, c i a Ddng, Tdy, Nam, Bdc ciia t h i n h Ddng<br /> vipn Dai Lau tnidc nam 1497 n i m ngoai Quan (43) thi khdng the k h i n g dinh thanh<br /> c i a Tay Ik c i a Tay nao?; Va thd hai, phai nay, cung nhU Hoang thanh d i u thdi Le<br /> chang dudi trieu Le Thanh Tdng, ddng thdi Sd, la hinh vudng dUpe. Cho den tnidc thdi<br /> vdi Dai Lau vipn d mpt c i a Tay n i o dd, diem xay thanh Ha Npi (1805), cac vdng<br /> phia ngoai c i a Dai Hung cdn cd hai day thanh Thang Long the ky XI-XVIII, t i Dai<br /> nha, tuy mdi xay dflng nhflng cung mang La ("mpt dudng cong tfl do") (44), den<br /> chic nang tfldng tii? (41). Hoang thanh (va tham chi ca C i m thanh)<br /> 40 Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> ddu chUa bao gid thflc sfl vudng ca. Cae tham trieu (?!). NgUdc trd lai thdi Ly -<br /> nghien c i u cua Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Gilo Trin, ta t h i y tham ehi tU gia e i a dai quan<br /> sU T r i n Qud'c VUdng ddu da nhidu l i n tridu Ly la Viet Qudc cdng Ly Thudng Kiet<br /> n h i n manh den sfl thfch iing v l tan dung v i n cdn dat d tren "ngfl sdn" Thai Hoa,<br /> tdi flu - tdi da nhiing dieu kien tfl nhien, sfl thupc "phfldng Thai Hoa" trong khudn khd<br /> boa dipu gifla nhflng kidn t r i e n h i n tao vdi Hoang thanh (48). Cung khu vflc phia Tay<br /> canh sic thien nhien cua dien mao Thang nay, ben canh cac cung dien cua hoang gia<br /> Long thdi Trung dai. Theo dd, cac vdng (cung Thai/Dai Thanh, cung Canh Linh,<br /> thanh Thang Long khdng qua coi trpng cung Thai Hoa), cae cdng trinh kidn t r i e<br /> tinh ky ha, ddi x i n g vk vudng v i n (45) nhfl tdn gilo nhfl c h i a Van Tue, c h i a Chan<br /> nhflng m l u hinh thanh quach cua Trung Giao cung dfldc xay dflng (49). Trong khudn<br /> Qudc hay Nhat Ban. Hdn the, nhan dinh vien Dai ndi, mdt Gidi Trfldng dfldc lip b<br /> cua hpc gia Yao Takao lien quan den vipc c h i a Van Tue ngay t i nam 1010, la ndi ma<br /> xem xdt gidi ban phfa tay c i a Hoing thanh cac tang dd thu gidi; cdn cung Thai Thanh<br /> thdi Ly - T r i n - Le, l i mpt c h i dd thao luan ciing ddng thdi la ndi cae dao sy nhan ky<br /> ldn ma cho den nay v i n chfla di den thd'ng luc (50). Do dd, khdng phai dpi den d i u thdi<br /> nha't hoan toan trong gidi khoa hpc. Tuy Le Sd, khi mpt Khu Quan sfl dflpc thanh<br /> vay, ching tdi n h i t tri vdi quan diem m i lap d day c i n g vdi cac boat dpng hpc tap,<br /> GS.TS Nguyen Quang Ngpc dd x u i t t i nam thao dien c i a quan dpi v i sfl tdn tai cua cac<br /> 1986 (46) va dang dflpc da so' cae nha khu gia binh, dinh thii quan lai (51), m i<br /> nghien c i u chip nhan, dd la Hoang thanh ngay t i thdi Ly - T r i n , khu vflc phia tay<br /> Thang Long, trfldc, sau nam 1490 (va cho "thanh Thang Long" da khdng cdn la ndi<br /> den the ky XVII-XVIII, dac bidt la nam ehi cd hoang gia va trieu dinh. Tfl gidi tang<br /> 1749), ddu bao trpn ca khu vflc phia Tay ni, dao sy den q u i n c h i n g binh din, nhiing<br /> (tic khu T h i p tam trai, rdi Tdng Npi c i a ngfldi cd mdi hen he nao dd vdi tridu dinh<br /> the ky XVIII-XIX). V i nhfl the thi khdng (nhfl flu dai, an hue), hay dfldc giao trach<br /> the cd chuypn Hoang thanh hinh vuong, d i nhiem trdng coi den midu (cfl dan viuig<br /> ehi la n h i t thdi, va cang khdng hdp ly khi T h i Le), hoac hi xung vao viec c i t cd, chan<br /> dat Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Quang Phuc nudi voi ngfla cho quan quan (cac loai toi<br /> e i a b i c t h i n h trai rpng ddng - tay dd. dd lam Lao thanh binh), ma dfldc gpi chung<br /> Ve nghich ly thd hai, cd the t h i y cho la "vfldng dan", cflng sinh song, lam vipc va<br /> den tnidc nam 1467, mpt so' cdng sd c i a phuc dich tai day (52). Sang thd ky XVII-<br /> trieu dinh trung Udng v i n dUdc dat trong XVIII, khi khu vflc nay trd nen hoang phe,<br /> pham vi Hoang thanh, chi it (va tham chi) hi gat b i n ra ben ngoai khdng chi Hoang<br /> la Bp Hinh va Dai Ly TU, la hai cd quan thanh ma cdn ra khoi pham vi Dai La - Dai<br /> tiep dan dong dao (47) NhU vay, ndu Dai Dd (nam 1749), qua trinh binh dan boa<br /> Lau vipn dat d ben ngoai c i a Tay Hoang cang trd nen manh me.<br /> thanh, thi vd hinh chung cac quan phai ddi Cung the ky XVIII, Dai Lau vipn khdng<br /> nhi$m sd, vdng ra ben ngoai thanh d i n g nhflng khdng cdn d ngoai vi Hoang thanh,<br /> dpi de vio chiu; hoac t i n h i rieng di den ma tham chf dfldc dat, khdng phai ben<br /> c i a Tiy, xdp hang bUdc vao trong Hoang ngoai, ma la npi thupc thanh Ca'm. Sach<br /> thanh, ndi cd cac cd quan ma hang ngay Tang thUdng ngdu luc chdp: "Nam Canh<br /> minh v i n lui tdi, rdi qua Cim thanh de vao Hflng At Ty (1785)... Bly gid viec chiu<br /> eihi Ram va c i a Tay cia earn thanh. 41<br /> <br /> trong trieu dfldng bo be tfl lau, nen dien cu Trieu Le Sd, ma dac biet la Le Thanh Tdng,<br /> 6 N i n g Sdn bd l i m diin Kinh Thien, thd c h i trUdng xay dflng d i t nfldc theo md<br /> Hi^u thien Thfldng dd (gidi), Hau thd Dia hinh quan chu tap quyen Nho giao. Anh<br /> k^ (dtft), v i phu phdi d i e Thai td Hoang de hudng c i a van hoa Ddng A Trung Hoa<br /> [Le Thai Td - DTTL]. Nhflng ngay mdng ngay cang tha'm dam; phan t i n g va phan<br /> mpt va r i m , vua ra coi chiu d dien Cdn biet dang d p da trd nen s i u sic; hp thd'ng<br /> Chinh. Viin Ddi Ldu b hai ben dien l y ndi phap luat thanh van dUde kipn toan. Cd the<br /> nhau sup dd, co mpe len them va ngap ddn ndi, thd che chfnh tri, xa hpi Dai Vipt the<br /> d i u gdi, phan ngfla v l y ra bfla bai. Ddn b l y ky XV da budc vao "giai doan md hinh"<br /> gid, sai vien Dd linh dd'c xua't bon ve sy s i a thiic thu c i a che dp phong kii'n nhd nUdc<br /> dpn them son, chfla viin Ddi Ldu... Ddn quan lieu Viet Nam, vdi mpt trieu dinh t i p<br /> ngay, Hoang thfldng [Le Hien Tdng] ngfl quydn dfldc d i y len den dinh cao chuyen<br /> len ngai, hai ban van v5 dan theo t h i tfl... che dfldi thdi Le Thanh Tdng, g i n chat vdi<br /> Ong Phan Huy ich quy b hflu ngfl didn, y chi va quydn liic tdi thUdng ca nhan nha<br /> tuy§n dpc td bieu, tieng vang ra tan c i a vua (54). Trong bdi canh dd, quan niem ve<br /> Doan Mdn. L i thinh,... ban yen b viin Ddi mdt kinh dd phong kien, vdi p h i c hdp Tam<br /> Ldu. Nhiing dng gia h i ca b Kinh dd ddu t r i n g t h i n h quach dUdc phan cip c i n mat,<br /> ndi: " T i nien hieu Chfnh Hoi [1680-1705] da hinh thanh va tiing bfldc di vao thflc tiin.<br /> den nay, trai 80 nam khdng dUdc trong Lien quan mat thidt den ft n h i t hai trong so'<br /> thiy cai l i niy" (53). ba Idp tudng thanh Thang Long the ky XV-<br /> XVI la cac boat dpng tridu nghi theo dien<br /> Ndi tdm lai, chung tdi cho r i n g vipn Dai<br /> che Trung Hoa do nha Le Sd dat ra, g i n Hen<br /> Lau trUdc ddi Le Thanh Tdng khd cd the<br /> vdi hd thd'ng Kinh Thien - Dan Tri - Doan<br /> n i m ngoai c i a Quang Phuc c i a Hoing<br /> Mdn. Tuy nhien, thiic te t i chinh s i cho<br /> thanh, ma nhidu kha nang nd dUdc dflng<br /> thiy, cai ten Dan Tri chua xui't hipn cho den<br /> bin ngodi cita Tdy cua Cdm thdnh Thdng<br /> nam 1437 (55), Doan Mdn khdng dUdc gpi<br /> Long td ddi Thudn Thiin (1428-1433), ke<br /> chinh xac nhU the trfldc nam 1472, va dac<br /> thda chdc ndng cua cda Dgi Triiu thdi Ly -<br /> biet r i t cd the vao d i u thdi Le Sd, dipn Kinh<br /> Trdn. V i n de dat ra l i , vi sao trong thdi<br /> Thien chfla mang chic nang quan trpng nhfl<br /> gian tri vi c i a Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497),<br /> d giai doan vd sau (56).<br /> vien Dai Lau lai dfldc chuyen t i c i a Tay<br /> ca'm thanh sang/ra c i a Nam Hoing thanh Cho d i cac vi vua d i u tridu Le Sd, nhfl<br /> (cia Dai Hflng), v i vi sao t i mpt c i a Dai Le Thai Tdng (nam 1437), Nhan Tdng (nam<br /> Trieu quan trong ddn nhfl v i y lai trd thanh 1448), deu co y thidt lap nghi t h i c trieu<br /> mpt Tay Mdn kha heo lanh nhfl tren Ban dinh theo quy che Trung Hoa ( n h i Minh),<br /> dd Hdng Die? nhUng phai den ddi Quang Thu^n - Hdng<br /> 3. Thanh Thang Long thdi Le Thanh Die, nhflng nghi l i dd mdi dfldc ban h i n h<br /> Tong va moi tufdng quan givifa hai ciia va thflc hipn mpt each quy cu, ddng bp. Le<br /> Tay v i Nam Cain thanh the ky XI-XVI Thanh Tdng khdng chi l i vi Hoang dd c h i<br /> Su thay ddi ciia thdnh Thdng Long trfldng nhiet t h i n h mot "che dp toan trj cflc<br /> dudi trieu Le Thdnh Tong quydn" (totalitarism), mk cdn la mpt tin dd<br /> Budc sang the ky XV, xa hpi Dai Viet dien hinh cua chu nghia quy pham. Ong da<br /> chuydn qua mpt bUde ngoat lich s i can ban. cho ban hanh kha nhieu cae Ipnh chi, s i c<br /> 42 Rghi&n c i u Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1<br /> KluhlliiCa<br /> <br /> <br /> 1<br /> DuiTi) '/-,• . .•<br /> <br /> <br /> Khdng<br /> gian TblTirtu<br /> <br /> 1 Vifong<br /> thdnh<br /> SungVO<br /> 1<br /> Ven Minh h&u,<br /> 1 Ngh|sv j PhiA^nfhi<br /> 1 duftiif 1 dudng<br /> <br /> r~ 1 Doan MAg 1 Y"" Quan<br /> <br /> j<br /> fUnbJang<br /> 1<br /> Hanh lang;<br /> 'nhlaKv<br /> <br /> I—, ChuTiroc<br /> 1 A .<br /> <br /> Khong<br /> .<br /> •<br /> <br /> j 1 Vinme ban.<br /> gian<br /> Hodng liUDi./ An 1 Quan,<br /> TjUBIUt<br /> thdtth An Lai Tien<br /> <br /> '<br /> 1-Jlusn<br /> tl 1<br /> Kh6ng<br /> A VUOQS<br /> gian DinliO '