Đập Đồng Cam và những biến đổi kinh tế nông nghiệp Phú Yên (1929-1945)

_jiiiSc! em,;,;? a3!-nii itieM t|ti'? ^t A;,»ir''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ^'<br /> DAP DONG CAM VA NHUNC BIEN OOI KINH TE<br /> NONG NGHIEP PHU YEN (1929-1945)<br /> <br /> NG6 MINH SANG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> tren sdng Da Ring, hoan thanh cdng trinh<br /> N h i m muc dich khoi phuc nen kinh<br /> te chinh qud'c va ddng thdi chd'ng<br /> nan p h i gii ddng firing, nen ke tQ sau<br /> n i y tQ ban P h i p bd sd vdn 3.650.000 ddng<br /> bac Ddng DQdng, k6o dai trong vdng 6 nim.<br /> Chie'n tranh the gidi l l n I (1914-1918), tQ Cung vdi dd, tQ ban ban P h i p n h i p nhieu<br /> ban P h i p md rdng quy md vd'n d i u tQ d gid'ng lua mdi tQ Nam Ky va cac tinh Trung<br /> Viet Nam, tap trung chu ye'u vao linh vQc Ky. . , , ,,,.-, ,,,N<br /> nong nghiep, die biet dau l i cao su v i lua 1. D\i an xay diing dap Dong Cam va<br /> gao. Nim trong chinh sach chung, sang hien thiic<br /> giai doan khai thac tbude dia lan II (1919 -<br /> 1939), chinh quyen thQc dan Phap da cd Die diem eua he thdng sdng b mien Bic<br /> nhQng thay ddi ldn trong chinh sich khai v i mien Trung cd do dde cao, iQu iQdng<br /> thac thudc dia d Phu Yen. TQ chinh sich ddng chay ldn, lu ldn vao mua mQa va khd<br /> khai thic, vd vet cic ngudn ldi kinh te de ban vao mua ndng, nen anh hQdng de'n nen<br /> xui't k h i u trong giai doan 1897-1918 ndng nghiep d day. Khic phuc tinh trang<br /> chuyen din sang chinh sich diu tQ khai tren, ngay tQ nhQng n i m sau Chie'n tranh<br /> thac trong giai doan 1919-1945. Chinh the gidi l l n thQ I (1914-1918), tQ ban Phap<br /> quyen thQc d i n P h i p d i u tQ quy hoach md rdng vd'n d i u tQ xay dQng he thdng dip,<br /> p h i t trien Phu Yen trd thanh trung tam ky tram bdm, hd chQa nQdc d Bic va Trung<br /> nghe va canh nong d khu vQc Nam Trung Ky. Cho de'n trQdc Chie'n tranh the gidi lln<br /> Ky, vdi sd^ vo'n theo thQ tQ Qu tien trong eac thQ II, tQ ban P h i p da d i u tU khoang 85<br /> linh vQc kinh te nhQ sau: Nong nghiep; trieu ddng Ddng DUdng de xay dQng eac he<br /> giao thdng van tai; cdng nghiep va phat thd'ng thuy ndng d Ddng DUdng, trong do<br /> trien dd thi; thQdng mai va dieh vu. Trung Ky la 35,345 tri?u ddng Ddng DQdng<br /> va Bic Ky la 16,95 trieu ddng (1). 6 Bic Ky<br /> Die biet, trong ndng nghiep, tQ ban cd h? thdng thuy ndng Thic Hud'ng, sdng<br /> P h i p diu tu xay di.Ing cic he thd'ng d i n Ciu tudi cho 28.000ha rudng, he thiiy ndng<br /> thuy nhip dien va cai tao ky thuat canh tic sdng Nhu? va dip Diy. 6 mien Trung, thQc<br /> (gid'ng, p h i n bdn). Thdi ky nay, ngQdi P h i p dan P h i p xiy dQng cic he thd'ng thuy ndng<br /> da tien hanh xiy dQng be thd'ng thuy ndng Bii ThQdng (Thanh Hda) tQdi 50.000ha, he<br /> <br /> <br /> Th.S. Vien Phit trien ben vQng vung Nam Bo<br /> Bap B6ng Cam va nhumg bien ddi, 49<br /> <br /> thdng Dd Ludng (Nghe An), he thd'ng Ddng dip trinh len Sd Cdng chinh (Travaux<br /> Cam (Ha 'Hnh) tQdi 20.000 ha. Ngoii ra, tQ pubhcs), nhQng khdng dQdc chip thuin.<br /> ban P h i p xay dQng hing loat he thd'ng Mai de'n n i m 1920, vien ky sQ Nordey tie'p<br /> thuy nong b cic tinh Quang Tri, ThQa tuc nghien cQu cdng trinh xay dQng dip<br /> Thien, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Khinh thuy nong tren sdng Ba, dQdi sQ dieu h i n h<br /> Hda va Binh Thuin. cua ky sQ trQdng Lefevre. De'n ngay 30-11-<br /> 1923, de i n xay dQng d i p thuy ndng Ddng<br /> Sd do dap Dong Cam Cam (Tuy Phong) dQdc Toan quyen Ddng<br /> DQdng chip nhan (2).<br /> DQ an hoach dinh xiy dQng mot dap<br /> chin dii 68m d Ddng Cam, ndi cd day d i tQ<br /> nhien nd'i lien hai bd ta, bQu sdng Da Ring.<br /> Cung vdi dip chin, xay dQng bai kenh, mot<br /> kenh n i m b hQu ngan va mot kenh d vung<br /> ta ngan. Kenh hQu ngan dai 36m, cd 9<br /> kenh phu v i mQdng dai 49km, tQdi<br /> ll.OOOha. Kenh chinh ta ngan dai 32km, cd<br /> 7 kenh phu v i mUdng dai 48km, tQdi<br /> S.OOOha. Ben canh dd la xay dQng he thd'ng<br /> elu cd'ng, mQdng, d'ng thoit nQdc d nhQng<br /> ndi cd kenh chay qua.<br /> Vdi die diem ve dia hinh, khi hau - thuy Nam 1924, cdng trinh thuy ndng Ddng<br /> van, cung vdi he thd'ng song cd do dde cao, Cam chinh thQc khdi cdng xiy dQng vdi<br /> tinh Phu Yen ludn thQa nQdc vao mQa va viec xiy dQng dip chin ngang sdng Da<br /> khd ban vao mua khd. LQu iQdng nQdc thi't Ring, dQdi sQ chi huy cua cic ky sQ<br /> thQdng anh hQdng de'n san xui't ndng Fargues, Machefaux va Carrez. Dip dUdc<br /> nghiep, chi khai thic dQdc mot sd' vung d Bang 1: So iQofng von ciia tQ ban Phap<br /> iQu vQc sdng Cii, Ky Ld va mot sd' sdng dau tQ vao he thong thuy nong d Bac va<br /> nim d mien tay Phu Yen, trong khi dd ca Trung Ky (1926 -1945)<br /> vung Tuy Hoi rdng ldn vdi ldp di't phu sa<br /> He thd'ng Sdtiin<br /> mau md chi trdng dQdc mot vu. Cic de i n Tenxd<br /> thuy ndng (ddng Dong DUctng)<br /> nghien cQu ve viec xiy dQng mot he thd'ng Song Ciu 1.300.000<br /> thuy ndng tren song Da Ring b i t diu vio Sdn Tay 750.000<br /> nim 1889, nhQng khong dQdc chap thuan Bickf Song Day 4.300.000<br /> Kesat 5.750.000<br /> do thie'u hut ve ngudn kinh phi v i n h i n Ha Dong 2.800.000<br /> cdng. De'n n i m 1904, doan ky sQ ngQdi Bac Ninh 2.350.000<br /> Phip gdm Fayard va Desbos lam ky sQ Thanh Hoa 4.400.000<br /> Vinh 4.500.000<br /> trQdng tie'p tuc t h i m sat, l l n nay phii doan Trung ky Quang Ngai 4.600.000<br /> lam viec nghiem tuc va nhin n h i n lai ket Quang Nam 4.430.000<br /> qua khao sat trQdc dd. Doan da thim sit Quang Tri 850.000<br /> Thtta Thien 3.415.000<br /> bai d i Tuy Phong, sau dd ky sQ Desbos lip<br /> Ngu6n: Les travaux publics de L'Indochine, Gouvenment<br /> ra mot bang ke hoach cho viec xay dQng g6n^ral de L'Indochine, tr.l20.<br /> 50 Rghi&i cuu L|ch siir. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> xay dQng tren bai d i tQ nhien cua day nui viia qua mdt viing dd't het site tdt tuai ciia<br /> Tuy Phong, chieu cao trung binh 5m, cho xit Trung Ky, mdt viing ddt md nUde trong<br /> cao nhi't l i 10m v i tbi'p nha't la 3m. Chieu ldp Idnh khdp ndi givta cdc cdy hoa mdu<br /> dai bd t r i n luc nQdc binh thQdng l i 525m xanh tdt, khdng the tudng tUOng dUae cdnh<br /> v i 590m luc cd lu vQdt bien do lm. Viec xiy dau budn trUde ddy cua ddng bdng Tuy<br /> dip to'n 19.000m^ d i granit, trong dd Hod, thudng 6 thdng trong mdt ndm bien<br /> l.OOOm^ xay bing d i deo va 18.000m^ xiy thdnh viing thdo nguyen khd cdn, bi mat<br /> bing da hoc thQdng. Ngoai ra phai td'n 12 trdi thieu chdy vd bdo cdt de len" (5).<br /> ti'n min p h i buy 22.000m^ da d bd da chin<br /> 2. Nhiing bien doi trong kinh te<br /> ngang song Ba. So^ iQdng cong n h i n dQdc<br /> nong nghiep<br /> huy ddng trung binh mot ngay khoang<br /> 1.200 ngQdi, gdm 200 thd chuyen nghiep - Ca cd'u rudng ddt, dien tieh canh tdc<br /> nhQ thd b i n min, khai thic di, thd ne va<br /> TQ cudi nhQng n i m 20 the' ky XX, tinh<br /> thd moc. De'n n i m 1929, toin bg dip chin<br /> hinh ruong di't d Phu Yen cd nhieu bie'n ddi<br /> dQdc hoin thanh vdi tdng kinh phi 302.620<br /> ve qui md sd hQu, dien tich di't v i dien tich<br /> ddng Dong DQdng (3).<br /> canh tic, do nhQng t i c dong cua he thd'ng<br /> Cung thdi gian nay, nha cam quyen thuy ldi Ddng Cam, xiy dQng nha miy<br /> cung thi cong 2 kenh chinh ta va hQu, chu dddng Ddng Bd. Theo thd'ng ke n i m 1941<br /> ye'u la nhQng doan khd n i m doc theo day cua R.Philippe, tinh Phu Yen cd dien tich tU<br /> nui cua hai ben bd song Da Ring. De'n nhien la 4.323 km^ vdi tdng so'din 235.518<br /> thing 11-1930, cdng viec xay dQng da hoan ngQdi, mat do dan so' trung binh 54<br /> thinh 1975m ben hQu ngan va 964m ben ngudi/km^; dien tich rudng lua la 36.086 ha,<br /> ta ngan. Cic phan cdn lai cua cong trinh chie'm 8,34% dien tieh tQ nhien, mat do<br /> dQdc chia lam 6 16: 3 id ben hQu ngan va 3 trung binh rudng lua cho mdi nhan khau la<br /> Id ben ta ngan de giao thau. 0,15 ha. O vung Sdn Hda cd dien tich tQ<br /> De hoan thanh cong trinh nay, tQ ban nhien ldn nhi't 1.631, chie'm 37,7%, mat do<br /> Phip tieu phi 3.650.000 ddng Dong DQdng, phan bd' chi 7 ngQdi/km^, so vdi mat do cua<br /> trong dd chi cho viec xay dQng dip l i phu Tuy An tbi'p 23 lan, Tuy Hda la 15,4<br /> 663.000 ddng; cac cong trinh kenh ta ngan lln (6). Dieu nay cho thi'y vung phia tay<br /> l i 1.384.000 ddng va ben hQu la 1.107.560 Phu Yen thQa ngQdi, ho chi cQ tru vai viing<br /> ddng. Sd'lQdng cdng nhan ngQdi ban xQ huy cd dieu kien di't dai va khi hau t h u i n ldi;<br /> dong hang ngiy nhieu nhi't la 5000 ngQdi. ngUdc lai d vung Tuy Hda m i t dd din cQ<br /> Tong sd ngay cdng de xay dQng he thd'ng ngiy cang dong 108 ngQdi/km^. Ve dien tich<br /> thuy nong Ddng Cam 5.350.000 ngay (4). rudng lua t i p trung nhieu nha't d phu Tuy<br /> Viec hoan thanh he tho'ng thuy nong Hda 20.831ha, chie'm 57,7%, mat do 0,21<br /> Ddng Cam cd y nghia to ldn dd'i vdi nhan ngQdi/ha; so vdi Tuy An va Ddng Xuan, dien<br /> dan vung ddng bing Tuy Hda ndi rieng va tich ruong lua ciing nhQ dien tich canh tic<br /> ca tinh Phu Yen ndi chung. Trong bii dien cd nhQng thay ddi ldn do tic ddng cua he<br /> vin nhan dip k h i n h thanh he thd'ng thuy thdng thuy ndng Ddng Cam. Trutdc day<br /> nong Ddng Cam 7-9-1932, Toan quyen Ddng Xuan v i Tuy An l i ndi cd di$n tich<br /> Pasquier da nhan xet ve gia tri cong trinh trdng lua ldn nhi't tinh va ddng vai tro<br /> niy: "Du khdch di theo dUdng thude dia. quan trong trong nen an ninh lUdng thQc,<br /> Bap Bdng Cam va nhihig bien ddi... 51<br /> <br /> <br /> de'n giai doan nay vi trl nay thudc ve Tuy Sdng Cau. Dieu nay l i m thu hep dien tich<br /> Hda. canh tac binh quin cho mdi khau, tQ 0,27<br /> ha/ngQdi n i m 1907 xud'ng cdn 0,25<br /> Trong so' cic loai eiy trdng, dien tich<br /> ha/ngUdi nam 1941. So sanh giQa iQdng<br /> canh tie cua cay lua cd nhQng thay ddi ldn.<br /> tang din sdva sd'giam binh quan dien tich<br /> Rudng lua thdi ky nay canh tic len 3 vu (vu<br /> canh tic tren d i u ngQdi tQ n i m 1907 -<br /> thing 3, vu t h i n g 8 v i vu thing 10) d cic<br /> 1941, cho thi'y sQ bie'n ddi d i n sd anh<br /> rudng lua Phu Yen, trong dd dien tich lua<br /> hQdng khdng ding ke de'n ty 1^ binh quin<br /> trdng vu thing 3 v i vu thing 8 chie'm vi tri<br /> dien tich canh t i c lua. Theo sd' lieu n i m<br /> chu dao. Theo thd'ng ke n i m 1939, dien tich<br /> 1907, dien tich canh t i c lua Phu Yen<br /> canh tic lua Phu Yen l i 58.174ha, p h i n bd'<br /> khoang 40.768ha, t i n g len 59.100ha (tang<br /> b cic vung nhQ sau: Tuy Hoa la 38.917ha,<br /> 44,9%) vio n i m 1941. ThQc ra, dien tich<br /> Tuy An dat 14.825ha, Ddng Xuin l i 995ha<br /> canh tic rudng lua va sU thay ddi nhan<br /> va Sdn Hoi Qdc 3.410ha (7). NhQ vay tQdng<br /> k h i u chu ye'u xay ra d vung Tuy Hoa v i<br /> quan di^n tich canh t i c lua giQa cic vung<br /> Sdn Hoa.<br /> cd sQ khic nhau, Tuy Hoi trd t h i n h vung<br /> trdng lua ldn nhi't tinh, cao gip 11,4 lan N i m 1939, dien tich canh tic lua b vung<br /> dd'i vdi Sdn Hoa va 39 l l n huyen Ddng Tuy Hoi l i 38.917 ha, chie'm khoang 66,9%<br /> Xuan. Ve mQc do tQdng quan dien tich dien tich ca tinh. Thdi ky nay, cic rudng<br /> canh tic lua va d i n so' trong cic thdi ky d lua d Tuy Hoa dQdc trdng tQ 2 - 3 vu, trong<br /> Phu Yen dUdc the hien nhQ sau: dd vu thing 3 va t h i n g 8 chiem ehu dao,<br /> mot sd' rudng lua d vung trung va cao dQdc<br /> Bang 2: TUdng quan giiifa dien tich canh tac canh tic deu trong n i m . Rieng vung Tuy<br /> Ilia va dan so or Phu Yen tQ 1915-1939 (8)<br /> An va Ddng Xuin, dien tich canh tic lua it<br /> D a n so' Dif n tich<br /> Binh q u a n cd sU bie'n ddi do trong thdi ky n i y tQ ban<br /> N5m rupng d a V k h a u P h i p khdng quan tam d i u tQ he thdng<br /> (ngiidi) (ha)<br /> (ha)<br /> thuy ldi d diy.<br /> 1907 150.000 40.768 0,27<br /> 1929 153.000 47.000 0,3 Ve tinh hinh sd hQu rudng di't, chung<br /> 1930 216.000 53.400 0,247<br /> toi tie'p tuc ke thQa quan diem cua cac hoc<br /> 1941 235.518 059.100 0,25<br /> gia nghien cQu ve tinh Phu Yen, ke't hdp<br /> vdi nhQng ngudn tQ lieu: "La province de<br /> Phu Yen" ciia cdng sQ A.Laborde,<br /> Cic so' lieu ve dan sd^, dien tich canh tic<br /> "L'Economie agrieole de L'Indochine" cua<br /> lua nim 1907 va 1929 chi doin trong Qdc<br /> M. Yves Henry, "Notes sur le Phu Yen" ciia<br /> chQng do cic cdng sQ Phu Yen ghi chep lai,<br /> R. Philippe v i Le P h i t Ldi... de danh gia,<br /> nen viec so sinh chi dung d mQc do tQdng<br /> n h i n xet ve tinh hinh rudng di't d Phu Yen.<br /> ddi. Thee bang tho'ng ke, tinh hinh dan sd<br /> Theo chung tdi, khi d i n h gii van de quy<br /> Phu Yen t i n g vQdt bic, trong vdng 22 n i m<br /> md sd hQu, tinh hinh kiem tinh rudng di't b<br /> dan sd Phu Yen tang 85.518 ngQdi (tang<br /> Phu Yen tQ sau khi dip Ddng Cam di vao<br /> 57,02%). Phu Tuy Hda c6 ty le tang dan sd<br /> boat ddng cin iQu y mot so' diem sau:<br /> cao hdn cic vung khic, chu ye'u ting ve<br /> mat cd hoc do cac ludng di cQ cua ngQdi - Khac vdi giai doan trQdc, tQ ban P h i p<br /> Hoa va mot sd' cQ d i n vung phia bic tinh ly trQng thu di't lap ddn dien p h i n bd' t i p<br /> 52 Rghien cuu L|ch sit, sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> trung d ha iQu sdng Ba (Tuy Hda) va mot sd' Anh 1: Cong nhan dang xay dQng dap<br /> vung ddi tbi'p d Sdn Hda. TrQdc diy, di't chan cua he thong thuy nong Dong Cam<br /> cua ddn dien t i p trung 5 mien t i y Phu (1932)<br /> Yen, chu yeu la di't hoang thudc quyen sd<br /> hQu cua chinh quyen bao ho, chu ddn dien<br /> thue t i dien linh canh de khai hoang. 'Vi<br /> vay viec md rong dien tich ddn dien khdng<br /> anh hudng de'n quyen tQ hQu cua nong dan<br /> Phu Yen. Den giai doan niy, di't lap ddn<br /> dien cua tQ ban P h i p phan bd^ hai ben ta,<br /> hQu song Ba (Sdn Hda, Tuy Hda), h i u bet<br /> l i da't thudc quyen tQ hQu cua ndng d i n<br /> Phu Yen. Ngoii ddn dien xen canh nhieu<br /> loai eiy trdng (ngo, d i u do, khoai lang, rau<br /> xanh...), thdi ky n i y xui't hien loai ddn<br /> dien chuyen canh (mia, dau) thQc hien dQdi<br /> Anh 2: Di tich tQdng niem nhQng ngQdi<br /> hinh thQc quan canh. da xay dQng dap Dong Cam<br /> - Dien tich canh tic cic loai cay trdng<br /> tang cao d vung Tuy Hda, dien tich rudng<br /> hoang nhan thu hep, mua vu canh tic 2 - 3<br /> vu/nim. TrQdc diy nong dan Tuy Hda eanh<br /> tic rudng lua 1 vu/nim, ho phai trdng them<br /> mot so' loai thUc phim khic de dam bao<br /> iQdng thQc. Trong thdi ky nay, ruong lua<br /> dQdc canh tic 2 - 3 vu, viec canh tic lien<br /> tuc chi cd nhQng ngQdi k h i gia mdi du kha<br /> ning thuc hien. Nong dan khi git lua len<br /> phai chi tra nhieu khoan thue, dac biet l i<br /> thue thuy ldi 160 - 175 ddng/ba (9), sdtien<br /> san iQdng ting. Chinh quyen thQc dan<br /> nay qui ldn ddi vdi nhQng gia dinh tieu<br /> nong. Them vao dd, cic gia dinh tieu ndng Phap da ed nhieu cai tao ve nhieu mit<br /> khong tu lo ve nong cu san xui't, ho vay trong ky thuat canh t i c nhQ ndng cu, gid'ng<br /> mUdn dia ehu giau cd trong lang nen dien cay trdng, phan bdn va phUdng thQc canh<br /> tich canh t i c lua cua ho khdng deu giQa cac tic. Thdi ky nay, cdng vi$c l i m di't vin<br /> nim. Tinh trang tren da lam cho mot sd'gia dung sQc keo cua trau bd, nhUng bQdc d i u<br /> dinh tieu ndng p h i san, ruong di't dem b i n da xui't hien mot so ndng cu bien dai nhQ:<br /> cho dia chu, ban t h i n ho trd thanh t i dien. cud^c, xeng va xa heng phuc cho viec khai<br /> p h i di't lip ddn dien. NhQng nong cu nay<br /> - Ky thudteanh tdc giup cho vi^c lim di't dl dang, dem lai hi^u<br /> Trong giai doan khai thac thuoc dia l l n qua nhi't dinh trong san xui't nong nghiep.<br /> n (1919 - 1939), dien tich canh tic cua cic Vi phdn bdn, thdi ky nay nong dan Phu<br /> loai eiy iQdng - thQc pham va cay cong Yen sQ dung chu ye'u loai p h i n cd truyen tQ<br /> nghiep ngay cang md rdng, ning s u i t va gia sue nudi v i mot sd^ loai p h i n thUc vit.<br /> Bap Bdng Cam va nhCmg bie'n ddi... 53<br /> <br /> Viec sii dung phan boa hoc chu ye'u d cic cu, Min, Nhe bau, Nhe r i i g, Nhe tring,<br /> ddn dien trdng mia, thud'c li, ngd... chQ Nhe, Rudng, Tau bau, Tring cue, Tring ric<br /> chQa phd bie'n rgng rai cho ndng dan Phu v i TQ quy. Ke't qua thu ducic 6 gid'ng lua<br /> Yen. khdng dat tieu chuan la Co, Gm, Duoi nai,<br /> Gdn, Nhe va Tring Rac (11).<br /> Viec cdi tgo cdc logi gid'ng cdy trdng,<br /> chinh quyen thQc din Phip da cd nhQng Ngoii viec nghien cQu thQ nghiem nhieu<br /> dau tQ nhQ thinh lap trai thi nghiem loai gidiig eiy trdng, tQ ban P h i p con tien<br /> nghien cQu gid'ng, nhieu loai gid'ng eiy hanh cic ddt khao s i t nghien cQu ve dia<br /> trdng mdi du nhap vio Phu Yen nhQ ca hinh, khi hiu, thd nhQdng d Phu Yen trong<br /> phe, che va hd tieu. TrQdc n i m 1945, chinh thdi ky niy. TQ n i m 1935 - 1939, ong<br /> quyen thQc din P h i p da trien khai trdng R.F.Auriol v i Tran Thuc Ky nghien cQu<br /> ca phe, che d vung cao nguyen Van Hoa. DQ 142 m l u da't do cao tQ 0 - 20cm va 60 -<br /> i n trien khai dQdc mot thdi gian thi dd bd 80cm d Phu Yen (chu yeu l i Tuy Hoa),<br /> d^ trdng bdng, day, gai phuc vu ldi ich cho phan tich tQng loai da't va tbanh p h i n N,<br /> quin ddi Nhit. Cung trong thdi ky nay, P, K d cac thQa di't tren (12). Cung trong<br /> nhieu gid'ng mia mdi dQdc trdng thQ thdi ky niy, ong Chauvin va De Visme<br /> nghiem d cic ddn dien mia thuoc tdng Hda khao sit, phan tich thanh p h i n di't do<br /> Ddng, Hda Lac, Hda My vi Hda Loc (Tuy bazan d Phu Yen. Nghien cQu cua ong De<br /> Hda), Sdn Lac (Sdn Hda). Gid'ng mia mdi Visme cho bie't cao nguyen TrQdng Lac va<br /> thudc gidng Java nhQ POJ 3016, POJ nhQng vung da't doc hai ben song Hinh cd<br /> 2878... die diem cay to, nhieu nQdc thich loai da't dd bazan mau md phu hdp cho viec<br /> hdp vdi he thd'ng tieu thoat nQdc v i phQdng trdng mia, ngo va chin nuoi ngQa (13).<br /> thQc trdng trot tQdng Qng vdi he thd'ng<br /> - Tinh hinh sdn xud't ndng nghiep<br /> Reynoso. Theo thd'ng ke, gidng mia POJ<br /> 3016 chie'm den 80% dien tich trdng mia Vdi nhQng dau tQ ve he thdiig thuy<br /> mua vu nim 1945 (10). nong, cai thien ky thuat canh tac va sQ<br /> hien dien cua hang t r i m hecta ddn dien<br /> Sau khi he thd'ng thuy nong Ddng Cam<br /> xen canh va chuyen canh cua tQ ban Phip,<br /> dQa vao sii dung, dien tich canh tic d vung<br /> nen tinh hinh san xui't ndng nghiep d Phu<br /> ddng bing Tuy Hda md rdng. TQ 1 vu t i n g<br /> Yen cd nhieu chuyen bien ve dien tich canh<br /> len 2 - 3 vu canh tic, ddi hdi phai cd nhieu<br /> tic, san iQdng v i n i n g sui't trong moi loai<br /> gid'ng lua thich hdp vdi dieu kien mdi v i<br /> eiy trdng, dac biet la cay lua va xui't bien<br /> nang suit cao. Vio cudi nhQng n i m 30 the<br /> nhieu gidiig cay trdng mdi. Ndng nghiep trd<br /> ky XX, sd Canh nong Trung Ky xiy mot<br /> t h i n h nginh chie'm vai trd chu dao va<br /> tram thQc nghiem gid'ng tai ling Phong<br /> mang lai ldi nhuan xui't khau cho tQ ban<br /> Nien (Tuy Hda), nhiem vu nghien cQu<br /> Phip.<br /> nhieu loai gidng lua phu hdp vdi dieu kien<br /> khi hiu, thuy vin Phu Yen. Tram tie'n Cdy lua<br /> hanh thQ nghiem dau tien vao vu mua<br /> So vdi thdi ky trQdc, tinh hinh san xua't<br /> thing 8 n i m 1937 tren cic ruong lua d<br /> lua b Phu Yen p h i t trien vQdt bac ve nhieu<br /> vung Tuy Hda vdi 22 gidng lua: Ao gii, Bac<br /> m i t (dien tich canh tic, n i n g sui't v i san<br /> canh, Ba tring. Bong giang, Ca thi, Co,<br /> iQdng), la m i t hang xui't k h i u quan trong<br /> Cue, Dia, Dudi nai, Gon, Mong chim, Mic<br /> cua tinh Phu Yen trong thdi ky niy. Trong<br /> 54 Rghien eiiii Lieh sit. s6 9.2010<br /> <br /> Bang 3: Dien tich va san iQQng lua dr Phu Yen thdi ky 1907 -1939 (14)<br /> N a n g sua't Binh quan<br /> Nam D i e n t i c h (ha) S a n lUdng (tan)<br /> (ta/ha) luaJngvCdi (lig)<br /> 1907 40.768 - - -<br /> 1929 47.000 33.000 7 215,6<br /> 1930 53.400 57.000 10,6 263,8<br /> 1939 58.174 35.467 6,1 150,5<br /> <br /> <br /> 30 n i m dIu the ky XX, dien tich lua d Phu vu thing 10, dien tich trdng lua d hai vung<br /> Yen khong ngQng md rong, tQ 40.768ha Tuy Hda v i Tuy An giam xud'ng cdn<br /> n i m 1907 tang len 58.174ha nam 1939, 3.188ha, dien tich trdng lua b Sdn Hda ting<br /> trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 725 ha. len 1.045ha. Cic rudng lua dQdc trdng theo<br /> Thdi ky tQ nam 1929 - 1939, dien tich trdng sQ ke't hdp cua hai gidng lua ngin ngiy v i<br /> lua d Phu Yen tang nhanh, trung binh mdi dai ngiy, gid'ng lua kho v i lua nUde, thudng<br /> nam 1.117ha. Dudi day la sd'lieu dien tich, trdng vao vu t h i n g 8 cua nim. Nam 1939,<br /> ning s u i t va san iQdng lua d Phu Yen thdi dien tich trdng lua theo kieu tren d huyen<br /> ky 1907 - 1939: Tuy An t i p trung d hai tdng An Hai v i An<br /> Sdn. Dien tich eanh tic d hai tong nay la<br /> Bang thd'ng ke sd' lieu tren dQdc tdng<br /> 3.821ha, mua vu t h i n g 3 dien tich trdng<br /> hdp tQ cic ngudn tQ lieu Le province de<br /> lua la 21.400ha, de'n mua vu thing 8 len<br /> L'Ananam, La province de Phu Yen ciia<br /> den 6.003ha, san iQdng thu hoach la 5.760<br /> cong sQ A.Laborde, L'Economie agrieole de<br /> ti'n.<br /> L'Indochine ciia M. Yves Henry v i Notes<br /> sur le Phu Yen cua R. Philippe v i Le P h i t Cdy ngd, ddu dd, khoai, sdn<br /> Ldi. Trong dd, cic sd' lieu A. Laborde chi<br /> Ngd l i loai thQc pham cd gii tri sau gao<br /> doin trong Qdc chQng, do la sQ phuc hdi tri<br /> ddi vdi ngQdi nong dan Phu Yen trong sudt<br /> nhd cua mot vi cdng sQ luc cdn dQdng<br /> thdi thuoc Phap. Ngd dQdc trdng ven iQu<br /> nhiem, nen nhQng sd' lieu d bang thd'ng ke<br /> vQc cic sdng Da Ring, sdng Cii, Ky Ld va<br /> tren thuoc thdi ky 1926-1928. Den Phu Yen<br /> mot sd' n h i n h sdng nhd eua sdng Ba. Vung<br /> vao n i m 1926, cong sQ A. Laborde da cd<br /> trdng ngd chu ye'u d Phu Yen: H i Trung,<br /> nhQng ddng gdp nhi't dinh ddi vdi sQ p h i t<br /> thuoc tdng Xuan Phong (Ddng Xuan); tdng<br /> trien kinh te - x i hoi d Phu Yen. NhQng dU<br /> Hda TQdng, Hda Lac (Tuy Hda); Phu Sdn,<br /> doan cua cong sQ Laborde trong tic phim<br /> Giang Sdn (Sdn Hda) va mot so' lang thudc<br /> La province de Phu Yen, ve sQ p h i t trien<br /> huyen Tuy An. TrQdc n i m 1929, dien tich<br /> cua vung Tuy Hda nhQ la mot minh chQng<br /> trdng ngd hang n i m cua tinh Phu Yen<br /> cho nhQng ddng gdp cua ong ve Phu Yen.<br /> khoang 4.500ha, san lUdng khoang 3.525<br /> Trong tdng sd' 3 mua vu nim 1939, dien ti'n, n i n g sui't dat 7,8 ta/ha, t h i p hdn n i n g<br /> tich trdng lua vu t h i n g 3 ldn nhi't, dien sui't ngo ca nQdc 1,3 ta. H i u he't ngo dQdc<br /> tich trdng t i p trung d hai phu Tuy Hoa dung lam thQc phim cho nhan d i n trong<br /> (19.599ha) va Tuy An (7.300ha), chie'm tinh, chi sd it khoang 500 ti'n (chie'm 14%<br /> 96,7%, san iQdng lua l i 16.250 tin, diy la san iQdng ngd hing nim) xui't khiu. TrUdc<br /> thdi ky cic ruong lua Tuy Hda dQdc tQdi n i m 1929, thi trQdng xui't k h i u ngo do<br /> tieu tQ he thd'ng thuy ndng Ddng Cam. Den ngQdi Hoa doc quyen n i m giQ, ngo d Phu<br /> Bap Bdng Cam va nhumg bi^n ddi... 55<br /> <br /> Yen chu yeu xui't cang di cic tinh Nam Ky. nen ning sui't mia d diy tbi'p khoang 19<br /> Trong giai doan 1897-1918, Hiep hdi ta/ha.<br /> Derobert et Fiard da cQ ngQdi de'n vung TQ sau khi thie't l i p N h i may dQdng<br /> Tuy Hoi thu mua ngd vio n i m 1908, ket<br /> Viet Nam (1927) v i hoan thanb h^ thd'ng<br /> qua thu mua dQdc sd' iQdng cao (15). Sau<br /> thuy ndng Ddng Cam (1932), dien tich va<br /> khi he thd'ng thuy ndng Ddng Cam hoan<br /> san iQdng mia b Phu Yen chuyen bien vQdt<br /> thinh, dien tich va san lUdng ngo ngiy<br /> bic. Vung trdng mia md rdng khip eie iQu<br /> eang ting, t i p trung d iQu vQc sdng Da<br /> vQc sdng Cii, sdng Ky Ld, sdng D i Ring va<br /> Ring v i song Hinh. Trong giai doan khung<br /> song Bin Thach. Theo ban bao cao cua<br /> hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933), chinh<br /> Lien hiep Cdng ty ky thuat mia dQdng Dai<br /> quyen thUc d i n Phap dly manh xua't k h i u<br /> Loan vao t h i n g 7-1959, cho bie't dien tich<br /> ngd sang chinh qud'c phuc vu eho nginh<br /> trdng mia d vung Tuy Hda va mot p h i n<br /> chin nuoi, nen trong thdi ky nay ngo Phu<br /> Sdn Hda n i m 1931 l i 29ha t i n g len 160ha<br /> Yen chu ye'u xui't sang Phip.<br /> vio n i m 1936, dinh diem l i 756ha vio n i m<br /> Trong thdi ky nay, chinh quyen thUc 1942 (17). Sd^ dien tieh tren p h i n bo' chu<br /> dan Phip md rong dien tich trdng cic loai ye'u d Bin Thach v i Ddng Bd, ngoai ra cdn<br /> cay iQdng thQc - thQc pham khic nhQ diu mot sd vung khae nhQ tdng Sdn TQdng (Sdn<br /> dd, sin, khoai lang v i cic loai rau qua. Diu Hda), Hda Lac, Hda TQdng (Tuy Hda). Thdi<br /> phung trdng nhieu d tdng Xuin Phong ky niy, nhieu gidng mia cd n i n g sui't cao<br /> (Ddng Xuan), An DQc (Tuy An), Hda Binh dQdc trdng d Phu Yen nhQ POJ 3016, POJ<br /> (Tuy Hda), Sdn Binh va Sdn Xuin (Sdn 2878, day la gid'ng mia Java. Die diem cua<br /> Hda); diu xanh, d i u nanh, khoai lang, sin gidng mia niy, eiy to, chit iQdng dQdng td't<br /> mi, sin nude, xoai, mit, cam va dQa h i u v i thich hdp vdi he thd'ng tieu nQdc, nen<br /> trdng khip khu vQc mien tay Phu Yen. chung dQdc trdng theo phQdng thQc<br /> Nhin chung, cic loai eiy iQdng thQc tren Reynoso (18).<br /> dQdc trong chu ye'u phuc vu nhu ciu cua<br /> n h i d m quyen va n h i n dan, mot it phuc Ben canh eiy lua v i mia, cac loai eiy<br /> vu xui't khau (cac loai d i u do), cdn lai ehUa trdng khic nhQ thud'c li, dQa, bong vai, diu<br /> cd gii tri ve xui't khiu. t i m eung ed nhQng chuyen bie'n ve dien<br /> tich, san lUdng v i n i n g sui't trong thdi ky<br /> Cdy edng nghiep<br /> nay. Thud'c l i dQdc trdng nhieu b vung cao<br /> Mia la loai eiy trdng cd gii tri ve xui't huyen Ddng Xuin va Sdn Hda, dien tich<br /> khau, cung nhQ dien tich trdng dQng thQ Qdc iQdng trdng h i n g n i m khoang 750ha<br /> hai sau dien tich v i san iQdng lua. Thdi ky vdi san iQdng khoang 262 t i n , dat ning<br /> trQdc, mia dQdc trdng nhieu d cic ling H i sui't 350 kg/ha. Vao n i m 1922, cac mlu<br /> Bang, H i Trung thudc tdng Xuan Phong thud'c la d Phu Yen dQdc gQi de'n uy hdi<br /> (Ddng Xuan), vung iQu vQc sdng Cii (huyen thud'c l i thudc dia d Pari thQ nghiem va<br /> Tuy An), iQu vQc sdng Ban Thach (Tuy dUdc dinh gii la tdt. Den n i m 1926, dQdi<br /> Hda). TrQdc n i m 1929, dien tich trdng mia sQ uy thic cua Ban dieu hanh tdng quit<br /> hang n i m Qdc dat 2.273 mlu (1.130,8ha), san xua't thud'c li, thanh tra Lagleize d i<br /> vdi san iQdng 2.322 tan mdi n i m (16). Die khao sit vung trdng thud'c d Phu Yen v i<br /> diem gid'ng mia d Phu Yen, cay nhd va xic nhan cao nguyen V i n Hda va nhQng<br /> tbi'p, chiu nQdc v i chi't iQdng dQdng kem. vung di't doc theo iQu vQc sdng Da Ring<br /> 56 Rghien curu L|ch siir. s g 9.2010<br /> <br /> t h u i n ldi cho viec trdng thudc l i xui't k h i u san p h a m nong nghiep d a t ket qua eao d i p<br /> (19). Dd^i vdi e i y bdng vai, gai, dQa, cau... Qng n h u c i u xui't k h a u cua chinh quyen<br /> cung dQdc chu y k h a i t h i c trong thdi ky thQc dan. C u n g vdi do la sQ bie'n ddi t i n h<br /> nay. h i n h sd hQu r u o n g di't tQ s a u k h i x i y dQng<br /> d i p Ddng C a m da d i n de'n sQ p h a n hda ldn<br /> Ket l u a n<br /> trong c i c giai t i n g xa hoi d P h u Yen. Dd la<br /> NhQ vay, tQ s a u k h i h e thd'ng t h u y ndng dien tich di't n g i y cang t a p t r u n g trong tay<br /> Ddng C a m h o a n t h a n h da tao r a nhQng mot sd dia chu ldn; t i n h h i n h chie'm d i t lap<br /> t h a y ddi ldn trong linh vQc k i n h te ndng ddn dien cua tQ b a n P h i p t i c dong den<br /> nghiep d P h u Yen, bQdc dau d i o tao ddi quyen tQ hQu r u o n g di't nong d i n P h u Yen;<br /> n g u c i n bd ky t h u a t ngQdi Viet lao dong p h i n h o i xa hdi d i i n r a gay g i t trong ndng<br /> trong linh vQc ndng nghiep va nhieu linh thdn P h u Yen, xui't hien nhQng dai dien<br /> vQc khac. Viec du n h i p n h i e u t r a n g thiet hi chu sd hQu t r e n 50 h a ben c a n h t i n g ldp<br /> hien dai, cung vdi lai tao n h i e u gid'ng cay b i n cd' ndng k h d n g cd ruong de eiy; n a n<br /> trdng gdp p h i n t h u c d i y n g a n h ndng kiem t i n h r u d n g d i t cua dia chu dien ra<br /> nghiep P h u Yen p h i t trien, n i n g sui't va m a n h me, t a p t r u n g d vung Tuy Hda v i<br /> s a n iQdng dQdc cai thien, chi't iQdng cua Sdn Hda.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Les travaux publics de L'Indochine, Dinh Dau, Notes sur le Phu Yen cua R. Philippe,<br /> Gouvernement g6n6ral de L'Indochine, Imprimerie Le Phat Loi (Archiver de I'Office Indochinois du<br /> d'extreme-orient, Ha Noi. TVHPA^V 284, tr. 120. Riz).<br /> <br /> (2), (3), (4), (5), (9). Irrigations du Phu Yen (Reseau (10), (17), (18). Cong ty mi'a duSng Tuy Hoa,<br /> de Tuy Hoa), Hy draulique agrieole en indochine, Nhd mdy dUdng Tuy Hda • Nhitng chang ditdng<br /> ann^e 1932, Ha Noi, Ngiidi dich ky sU Nguyin Trong lich sit, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1999, tr.<br /> Giai, He thdng thuy ndng Tuy Hda, tr. 2-15. 27-29.<br /> <br /> (6), (7), (11), (12) R. Philippe, Le Phat Loi, (13). Massif deu Phu Yen, TVHP/W 213.<br /> (1941), Notes sur le Phu Yen, Archives de I'Office (15). Rapporte Economique province de Phu<br /> Indochinois du Riz. TVHP/W 215, tr. 7, 8, 13, 12. Yen, Residence de Song Cau, ann6e 1908,<br /> (8), (14). Tong hdp tit cac nguon tai li^u La TVHP/W 324, tr. 28.<br /> province de Phu Yen cua Laborde, Le province de (16), (19). Laborde (1929), La province de Phu<br /> 1' An nam (Phu Yen) {Revue Indochinoise), Nghien Yen, BAVH, Tap 16, so 4, Tinh Phii Yen, Ban dich<br /> Cliu dia ba trieu Nguyin Phii Yen cua Nguyin Thuan Hoa, 2003, tr. 425-427.<br />