Dịch hợp đồng thương mại sang tiếng Anh: Một số vấn đề cần lưu ý

Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy NhOn Sd 1, Tap VI nam 2012<br /> <br /> DICH HdP DONG THlJOfNG MAI SANG TIENG ANH<br /> MQT SO VAN DE CAN Ll/U Y<br /> TRUONG<br /> <br /> VAN DINH"<br /> <br /> 1. DAT VAN DE<br /> Trong giai doan dat nffdc ta dang md rdng hdi nhap tren nhieu ITnh vffe, dac biet<br /> la kinh te, nhu ceiu trao ddi, lien ke't lam an giffa cae ea nhan, id chffc, eae doanh<br /> nghiep \di nhau ciing nbff \di eae ban hang nffdc ngoai ngay cang tang. Trong giao<br /> dich thffdng mai. gidi kinh doanh thffdng lay chff//'// lam dau. Tuy nhien, thye tc eho<br /> tha'y khdng phai dd'i tae nao eung eoi Irpng chU tin. Nhffng vu kien kinh te xa y ra do vi<br /> pham nhffng dieu khoan hdp ddng da eam kel lau nay da minh chffng dieu nay nbff<br /> phat bieu eiia Thff trffdng Bp Tff phap Hoang The' Lien [5] tai Hdi thao 'Hgp dong<br /> thuang mgi qudc te" td ebffe tai Ha npi ngay 13 thang 12 nam 2004, "Ldu nay, nhiiu<br /> tranh chap hgp dong co yeu td nUdc ngodi phdt sinh do thli'u quy dinh dieu chinh!<br /> Trong khi do, ngUdl Viet Nam cd thdi quen kinh doanh theo niim tin, giao kit hgp ddng<br /> ngdn ggn, ngUdI thdn quen .xdc nhgn nin khi tranh chdp xdy ra rdt khd gldl quyit" VI<br /> ly do dd. eae ben giao djch deu coi hgp ddng ky ke't vdi nhau la ed sd phap ly cho viec<br /> thyc bien nhffng dieu da eam ke't va lam can cff de xae dinh ldi khi cd tranh chap xay<br /> ra. Cd the ndi hgp ddng la nhan to quyet dinh sff thanh bai eiia mdt giao djch. Thff<br /> ffffdng Bd Tff phap Hoang The Lien [5] da khang dinh vai trd quan trpng eiia hgp<br /> ddng khi dng phat bieu ''Nin tdng giao dich kinh doanh Id hgp ddng, trong dd, hgp<br /> ddng thuang mgi qudc te cd y nghTa quan trgng trong bdi canh Viet Nam quyet tdm chd<br /> dgng hgi nhgp [...]" Hgp ddng quan trpng la vay, "tuy nhiin trong thuc tiin, vdn di<br /> ndy sinh trong cdc giao dich la khong it ngUdl tham gia cdc giao djch lgi khong nam<br /> vffng hodc khong hieu bli't ddy dd vi phdp lugt nin nin da khong thuc hlin dung cd ve<br /> ngi dung ldn hinh thffc cda hgp ddng md phdp lugt ddi hoi, do vgy khong it trudng hgp<br /> da xdy ra nhffng rdi ro phdp ly md chi vdi nguyin nhdn hi't sffc dan gidn vd hodn todn<br /> cd the trdnh dffgc'' [3].<br /> Trong khudn khd bai bao nay, chiing tdi khdng ban de'n ndi dung cua mot hgp<br /> ddng thffang mgi qud'c te, vl dd la viec ciia cac chuyen gia kinh te, ma chi de cap de'n<br /> mpt sd dieu can Iffu y khi dich mpt ban hgp ddng thffang mgi, mdt dang hgp ddng kinh<br /> ti', sang Tie'ng Anh ma thdi. Viec di sau tim hieu dac diem ca'u triic va ngdn ngff eiia<br /> mpt ban hpp ddng se dffdc de cap de'n trong mpt bai bao khac.<br /> 2. KHAI NIEM HdP DONG<br /> Theo Phdp linh Hgp ddng kinh r / ( b a n hanh ngay 28/9/1989): "Van bdn hgp<br /> <br /> 1 14<br /> <br /> TRlJONG VAN DINH"<br /> <br /> ddng kinh le lu mgt logi ldi lieu due bli't do cue chii the ciiu hgp ddng kinh ti' tff xdy<br /> dung tren af scf nhffng ipix dinh ciiu phdp liiiit nhu iiudc ve hgp dong kinh te; vdn bdn<br /> ndy CO giu tri phdp ly bdt huge phdi cd trdch nhlcm ihUc hicn cdc dieu khodn md cdc<br /> ben (lu thou tliuiin vu ky kit trong hgp ddng kinh le Nhd nude thUc hlin sU kle'm .sodt vd<br /> biio hi) cpixen lgi cuu cdc ben khi cim tlilel vu di/u tren cO sd ngi dung vdn bdn hgp dong<br /> kinh ti' dd ky kit."<br /> Trong Lugt thuang mgi, Dieu 24. Hinh thffc hgp dong mua bdn hdng hda ghi ro:<br /> /. Hgp ddng muu bun hung hdu dugc the hlin bdng ldi ndi, bdng vdn bdn hodc<br /> dugc xdc lgp bdng hdnh vl cu the;<br /> 2. Did vdi Ciic logi hgp ddng mua bun hung hda md phdp lugt quy dinh phdi dugc<br /> lap thanh vdn bun thi phdi tudn theo cdc quy dinh dd.<br /> Cae \ a n ban phap ly neu tren cho tha'y binb thffc ciia mpt hpp ddng kinh te<br /> khdng nha't thiet chi la bdng vdn hdn. Cdn trong tie'ng Anh "Hgp dong<br /> <br /> dffdc xem "Id<br /> <br /> sU thoa thugn giffu NgUdl muu vd Nhd thdu, bao gom tdt cd cdc tdi lieu liin quan din<br /> viec .xdc dinh nghTa vu vu quyen hgn cda cdc bin nhUdd dugc thoa thudn." [2; p.9].<br /> Ngffdi Anh cho rang "Khong cd qui dinh bdt dl bdt dich ndo dp dung cho viec sogn<br /> thdo mgt bdn hgp ddng thuang mgi hit. Mot hgp ddng thuang mgi cd the d dgng thoa<br /> thugn mleng hodc vdn bdn hodc Id d cd hai dgng ndy. Tuy nhiin, de trdnh tranh cdi<br /> khong cdn thiit, cdc ddi tdc tham gia ky kit hgp ddng nin ghi lgi td't cd nhffng dieu cdc<br /> bin dd thoa thugn bdng van bdn" [6]. Nhff vay. ngffdi Viet va ngffdi Anh deu cho phep<br /> sff dung mdt so' hlnh thffc trong viec thiet lap mpt hpp ddng thffdng mai nao dd. Dieu<br /> nay cung dffdc quy dinh trong Cong ude \'lcn 1980 d Dieu 11 "Hgp ddng mua bdn<br /> khong cdn phdi dugc ky kit hodc xuc nhgn bdng vdn bdn hay phdi tudn thu mgt yeu cau<br /> ndo khdc ve hinh thffc cda hgp ddng. Hr/p ddng cd the dffgc chffng minh bang mgi cdch,<br /> ke cd bdng nhffng ldi khai ciiu nhdn chffng." Tuy nhien, cd the thay rdng ca ngffdi Viet<br /> lan ngffdi Anh deu quy dinh rat rd nhffng dieu ciin phai cd trong mpt ban hpp ddng de<br /> trong trffdng hpp cd tranh chap xay ra, tda an se can cff vao nhffng dieu khoan hpp<br /> ddng ma cac ben da ky ma phan xd. Chang ban mpt ban hdp ddng mua ban qui dinh<br /> rd nhffng dieu khoan cd ban nbff ddi tdc tham gia ky kit hgp ddng, sd lugng, chdt<br /> lugng, chdng logi hdng hda, gid cu, diiu klcn, thdi gian giao hdng, phuang thffc thanh<br /> todn, trdch nhiem cda mdl bin va mpt so' dieu khoan cd ban khac ma cac ben tham gia<br /> ky ke't se phai nghiem tiic thffc hien. Hdp ddng cung the hien sff chan thanh ciia cac<br /> ben tham gia thdng qua nhffng cam ke't eiia minh, vl lpi ich ciia ban than cung nhff ciia<br /> dd'i tac. Luat phap se can thiep khi cd tranh chap xay ra va ben thua kien se phai chju<br /> mpi hlnh thffc xff phat theo luat djnh vdi cd sd la nhffng dieu khoan trong hpp ddng ma<br /> cac ben da ky.<br /> <br /> DICH HOP DONG T H I J O N G MAI SANG TIENG ANH -<br /> <br /> U5<br /> <br /> 3. DAC DIEM CAU TRUC VA NGON NG0 CUA HdP DONG THlJdNG MAI<br /> Ve ca'u triic, mpt ban hgp ddng thurfng mgi eung gidng nhff nhffng van ban hanh<br /> chinh khac, phai tuan theo mpt sd yeu eau ve ndi dung, the thffc nha't dinh, Theo luat<br /> gia Tran Anh Minh, [4; tr.l 1] mpt van ban hdp ddng kinh te gdm ed bdn phan:<br /> a. Phan md dau: bao gdm eae ndi dung:<br /> Qudc hiiu (rieng hpp ddng ngoai thffdng khdng ghi qude hieu vi eae cbii the<br /> loai hpp ddng nay thffdng cd qud'c tich khac nhau)<br /> Sdvd ky hiiu hgp ddng<br /> Tin hgp ddng<br /> Nhffng cdn cff xuc lap hgp ddng<br /> Thdi gian, dja diem ky kit hgp ddng<br /> b. Phan thdng tin ve chu the hpp ddng; bao gdm:<br /> - Tin doanh nghiep hodc cd nhdn tham gia hgp ddng kinh ti' (ggi chung la tin<br /> doanh nghiep)<br /> Dia chi doanh nghiep<br /> Diin thogi, telex, fax<br /> Tdi khodn md tgi ngdn hdng<br /> Ngffdi dgi diin ky kit<br /> Gldy dy quyin<br /> c. Phan npi dung cua van ban hdp ddng kinh te: bao gdm cae dieu khoan:<br /> Ddi tffgng cda hgp ddng<br /> Chdt iffgng, chdng logi, quy cdch, tinh ddng bg cda sdn phdm, hdng hda hodc<br /> yiu edu ky thugt cda eong viec<br /> Gid ed<br /> Bdo hdnh<br /> Diiu kien nghiem thu giao nhgn<br /> Phuang thffc thanh todn<br /> Trdch nhiem do vl phgm hgp ddng kinh ti'<br /> Cdc bien phdp bdo dam thuc hlin hgp ddng kinh te<br /> Cdc thoa thugn khdc<br /> d. Ph^n ky ket hgfp ddng kinh te: bao gdm:<br /> Sd lugng bdn hgp ddng cdn ky<br /> Dai dien cdc bin ky ke't<br /> <br /> 116<br /> <br /> TRl/dNG VAN DjNH'<br /> <br /> Tuy nhicMi. Irong lieng Anh "Khdng cd qui dfnh bdt dl bdt dfch ndo dp dung cho<br /> vli'c sogn thdo mat hiin hgp ddng tliumig mgi |...|" "[...] VY) in(}t bdn hgp ddng cd the<br /> dugc dieu chinh suo eho phu hgp vdi nhitng xcu cuu cu the cda cue bin tham gia ky<br /> ket. Tux nhlcn, mgt hdn hgp ddng phdi huo hum nhffng phun khdng the thie'u niu ro<br /> nhffng dlcu khoun ciiu hgp ddng vu lain cif si'f gldl ipiye't tranh chdp trong tffc/ng lai"<br /> \6]. Ve ed ban. ca'u true ciia mdl ban hdp ddng thffdng mai tieng Anh cd the thay<br /> ddi lily Iheo ban chat ciia nd, nhffng IKH chung eae ban hdp ddng thffdng mai thffdng<br /> bao gdm nhffng phan cd ban sau: Phdn md ddu, thdi hgn thffc hien, ngux thdng, cdc<br /> hen tham giu ky kit, phun gldl thieu, ngi dung chi tiet, danh muc nhffng van di cd<br /> liin quan, lich trinh thffc hicn vu xue nhgn ciiu cdc ben thum gia [6]. Cau true tdng<br /> the eiia mot ban hdp ddng thffdng mai lieng Anh va tie'ng Viet cho tha'y mac du ve<br /> hinh thffc ed the hai ban hdp ddng Anh va Viet ed khac nhau nhffng \ e npi dung thi<br /> ea bai ban deu ed nhffng diem ebung, qui dinh rat rd nhffng van de can phai cd de<br /> Ciic ben tham gia phai cd nghia vu thyc bien hdp ddng da ky mpt each nghiem tiic<br /> va cd trach nhiem.<br /> Ve nguyen tae sff dung ngdn ngff va van pham trong \ an ban hpp ddng kinh te.<br /> Phdp chi' da ghi rd "Hgp ddng kinh ti' la mgt vdn bdn phdp ly nin ngi dung hgp ddng<br /> phdi hit sUc rd rdng, cu the, chinh xdc [...]" [1; tr.75]. Dieu nay cung dffpc luat gia<br /> Tran Anh Minh trinh bay cbi tiet trong an pha'm KY THUAT SOAN THAO H0P DONG<br /> KINH TE [4; tr.l7-tr.21]. Cu the la:<br /> a. Ngon ngff trong cdc vdn bdn hgp ddng kinh tc phdi chinh xdc, cu the, drfn nghTa.<br /> b. Chi dffgc sff dung nhffng tff thong dung, phd biin trong cue vdn bdn hgp ddng<br /> kinh ti', trdnh dung cdc thd ngff (tli'ng dja phuang) hodc tli'ng long.<br /> c. Trong vdn bdn hgp ddng kinh te khdng dugc tuy tien ghep chff, ghep tli'ng,<br /> khong tuy tien thay ddi tff ngff phdp ly vu kinh te.<br /> d. Trong vdn bdn hgp ddng kinh tc khong dffgc dung chff thffa vo ich, khong tdy<br /> tiin dung chff "v.v... hodc ddu "...<br /> e. Vdn phgm trong van bdn hgp ddng kinh tc phdi nghiem tuc, dfft khodt.<br /> f. Vdn phgm trong van bdn hgp ddng kinh ti'phdi ro rdng, ngan ggn vd dd y.<br /> Trong tieng Anh, cac tieu bang ciia My cung cd nhffng qui djnh ra't rd rang ve<br /> viec sd dung tff ngff va ca'u triic ciia mot hdp ddng thffdng mai. Dien hlnh la Dgo lugt<br /> Ngon ngffRo rdng (Plain Language Law) ciia tieu bang Connecticut (CONNECTICUT<br /> PLAIN LANGUAGE LAW) [7] trong dd ghi rd:<br /> Ve tieu chi, mpt hdp ddng thffdng mai dffpc vie't bang ngdn ngff rd rang neu<br /> tuan thu nhffng yeu cau sau:<br /> <br /> DICH HO? DONG THUONG MAI SANG TIENG ANH -<br /> <br /> UJ<br /> <br /> a. Dung cau vd dogn ngan;<br /> b. Dung tff phd thong;<br /> c. Dung dgi tff nhdn xUng, tin that hodc rdt ggn cuu cue dd'l tdc tham gia ky ki't<br /> hgp ddng;<br /> d. Dung dgng tff dan vd d dgng chd dgng;<br /> e. Dung kieu chff de dgc;<br /> f. Dung logi niiic khdc vdi mdu gldy;<br /> g. Dung ddu di vu cdc tieu muc dugc in dgm;<br /> h. Cd hinh thffc trinh bdy vd khodng cdch giffa cdc hdng hgp ly;<br /> I. Dffgc vli't rd rdng, chdt che.<br /> - Ve hlnh thffc \ a so' Iffdng tff trong mdt eau, luat eiia bang Connecticut cung<br /> qui dinh:<br /> a Sd Iffgng tir trung binh trong mot cau khong qud hai mual hai;<br /> b Khong cd cau ndo trong hgp dong qud ndm mual tff;<br /> c. So Iffgng tff trung binh mdl dogn khong qud bdy mual ldm;<br /> d. Khong dogn ndo trong hgp ddng vugt qud mgt trdm ndm mUal tff;<br /> e. So Iffgng dm tli't moi tff khong qud 1.55;<br /> f. Khong dung phong chff dffdi tdm;<br /> g. Cho phep moi phdn vd moi dogn cdch nhau it nhdt 3/16 Inch;<br /> h. Ni'u hgp ddng la mgt bdn In thi moi phdn phdi cd ddu di vd ddu di phdi dffgc<br /> in dgm vd dffgc ggch chdn;<br /> L Do ddi trung binh cdc hdng khong qud sdu mffal ldm ky tu.<br /> Cd the tha'y tieng Anh lan tie'ng Viet deu cd nhffng quy djnh bet sffc chat che<br /> ffong viec soan thao mdt hpp ddng. Tuy nhien, thyc te cho tha'y viec dich hdp ddng<br /> thydng mai sang tie'ng Anh cd ra't nhieu va'n de can lyu y.<br /> 4. M O T S O VAN DE CAN L U U Y KHI DICH HdP DONG<br /> THl/dNG MAI SANG TIENG ANH<br /> Chung ta deu biet rang "Dich cdc tdi lieu phdp lugt, vdn bdn lugt, hgp ddng kinh<br /> ti', ngi quy cda td chffc, la nhu cau cdn thli't phuc vu cho cdc hogt dgng kinh ti' xd hgi<br /> Cdc vdn bdn phdp ly cdn phdi dffgc chuyen ngff chudn xdc bdi cdc chuyin gia ngogi<br /> ngff am tudng vi Lugt hgc vd ldm viec vdi sff cdn trgng, tinh thdn trdch nhiem cao"<br /> [11]. Theo khao sat cua chung tdi, ca 33 ngydi (100%) da tffng hoac dang tham gia<br /> soan thao va djch hgp ddng thffang mgi deu khdng nam dffdc ca'u true va ngdn tff dffpc<br /> sff dung trong mpt ban hgp ddng thffang mgi tie'ng Anh. Ta't ca chi ddn gian la tham<br /> khao nhffng ban hdp ddng cd sdn hodc dffa theo cac ban hpp ddng mautirongcac cudn<br /> <br />