Dummary of doctoral dissertation on Literature: Cao Ba Quat’s han poetry - New features in content and art

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Setting Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry in the process of national literature, comparing his Han poetry with Han poetry of typical authors in the past and in his time, the topic aims to find out the features that bring innovations of Cao Ba Quat.

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Nội dung Text: Dummary of doctoral dissertation on Literature: Cao Ba Quat’s han poetry - New features in content and art

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION -------------------------------- NGUYEN THI TINH CAO BA QUAT’S HAN POETRY - NEW FEATURES IN CONTENT AND ART Major: Vietnamese Literature Major Code: 62.22.34.01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ON LITERATURE HA NOI - 2014
The Dissertation was completed in Hanoi National University of Education Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. La Nham Thin Hanoi National University of Education Peer Reviewer 1: Assoc. Prof. Trinh Khac Manh Institute of Han Nom studies. Peer Reviewer 2: Assoc. Prof. Đinh Thi Khang Hanoi National University of Education Peer Reviewer 3: Professor. Prof. Tran Ngoc Vuong University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Vietnam National University, Hanoi Dissertation was defended in front of Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education Time of defending: ….. ….., ….. ….. 2014 The dissertation could be found in: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Hanoi National University of Education - Library of Faculty of Literature, Hanoi National University of Education
1 INTRODUCTION 1. The reasons for choosing this topic 1.1. On the basic science 1.1.1. Cao Ba Quat (1808 - 1855) is not only a historical character but also one of the most famous writers writing in Han script in the history of national literature. 1.1.2. The innovation, renovation of Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry have not been studied thoroughly and systematically. 1.1.3. Cao Ba Quat is one of the few writers in Vietnamese medieval literature who have their styles in writing. His writing has brought significant new contributions in both of content and art. 1.2. On the practical meaning This topic contributes to teaching of Cao Ba Quat’s works in particular, Vietnamese medieval literature in general at all levels more effectively. 2. The purpose and tasks of research - Setting Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry in the process of national literature, comparing his Han poetry with Han poetry of typical authors in the past and in his time, the topic aims to find out the features that bring innovations of Cao Ba Quat. - From that, the topic determined the contributions of Cao Ba Quat for Vietnamese medieval literature; showed the forecast role for innovation of a generation, contributing to make the transition characteristic of the medieval literature and the modern literature in the nineteenth century.
2 3. Objects and scope of research 3.1. Objects of research - Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry (the works that have been translated into Vietnamese), including 1212 pieces of his Han poems printed in Cao Bá Quát toàn tập (Complete works of Cao Ba Quat). - Han poetry of some typical authors in Vietnamese medieval literature (Nguyen Trai, Ngo Thi Nham, Nguyen Du, Phan Thuc Truc, Nguyen Mien Tham...). 3.2. Scope of research - Scope of content: The new features of content and art in Cao Ba Quat's Han poetry compared to the previous authors and those in his time in Vietnamese medieval literature. - Scope of materials: + Complete works of Cao Ba Quat (Mai Quoc Lien is ed), two volumes, Literature Publisher, Center for National Culture Studies, Hanoi, 2004, 2012. + The Han poetry of Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Ngo Thi Nham, Nguyen Du, Phan Thuc Truc, Nguyen Van Ly, Nguyen Van Sieu, Nguyen Mien Tham... 4. Research methodology The author mainly applied the methods as below: comparative, systematic, history, interdisciplinary approach, depth reading, analysis - synthesis... to implement the topic. 5. Contribution of the thesis
3 - The thesis is the first work that surveyed and summarized the entire Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry - 1212 poems. - The thesis adds new explanations, pointing out the unique new features in Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry in both of content and art. - The thesis shows the contributions of Cao Ba Quat in the process of national literature, and contributes to identify the movement and development of the national literature. - The thesis contributes to supply more materials for teaching about the author Cao Ba Quat and his works better at all levels of training. 6. The structure of the thesis In addition to the general regulations, the thesis is presented in four chapters: Chapter 1: Overview Chapter 2: The premises creating new features in Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry Chapter 3: New features in the content Chapter 4: New features in the art Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 1.1. History of issue 1.1.1. History of texts of Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry - In 1970, collective work Cao Ba Quat's Han poetry translated and edited by Vu Khieu group has 161 poems, and the quantity of Han poems of Cao Ba Quat determined then was 1353 pieces.
4 - In 1984, in the 3rd edition, the book above was renamed as Cao Ba Quat's poetry and literature, posted 156 poems, cut out 5 poems because the editing group discovered that these 5 poems are belong to other authors. However, the book "still keeps about 5 poems which were not belong to Cao Ba Quat". - According to the conclusion of the researcher Nguyen Ngoc Quan, the number of Cao Ba Quat’s Han poems is 1335. However, the researcher also stated, that some in these 1335 poems, need being examined in terms of writing. - In 2004 and 2012, Center for National Culture Studies, Literature Publisher published Complete works of Cao Ba Quat, in which 1212 Han poems were translated and introduced, and 123 poems remained (according to the conclusion of the researcher above) were still not introduced. Therefore, research on texts of Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry had great results, but still need to be examined, further studied in order to gain a more complete result. 1.1.2. History of researching on Cao Ba Quat’s art concept Art concept of Cao Ba Quat has been showed clearly by the authors: Truc Khe, Le Tri Vien, Phuong Luu, Nguyen Loc, Vu Khieu, Nguyen Tai Thu, Nguyen Ngoc Quan, Pham Quang Trung, Tran Nho Thin, Pham Ngoc Hien, Nguyen Thanh Tung... that Cao Ba Quat is aware of the role of the artist, respected "the truth" and "the love" of poetry, affected by presentiment, appreciated the importance of talent, wide knowledge and much of travelling of the writers. In addition, Cao Ba Quat also gave comments on the tradition and legacy, the role of literature and the use of Nom script in writing...
5 In general, the authors show that Cao Ba Quat has systemized concepts of literature from the nature, characteristics and functions of literature to the role of the writers. Those concepts affected significantly to his work. 1.1.3 History of researching on the new features in Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry 1.1.3.1. Researching new features in content The authors Nguyen Tai Thu, Vinh Sinh, Claudine Salmon, Ta Trong Hiep, N.I.Niculin, Tran Nho Thin... discussed deeply about the poems and new awareness of Cao Ba Quat when he goes "Duong trinh hieu luc”. In term of reflecting the anguish of people, perspectives, observation showing human, life have been closer to the modern definition of Cao Ba Quat detected by Tran Thi Bang Thanh through the analysis of Dao phung nga phu. Besides the items above, many researchers also mentioned emotional content to nature, friends, family... of Cao Ba Quat. However, the authors only put up a personal portrait of Cao Ba Quat who is emotional, honest, haven't had conclusions on the new contributions of Cao Ba Quat in process of the national literature. In general, through Han poetry, Cao Ba Quat is assessed by all scholars as a writer who is sensitive to the times. His poetry has a strong change of topic: from "tai dao", "ngon chi" to reflecting the hot issues of the time and the human life. 1.1.3.2. Researching on new features in art The authors Thuan Phong, Nguyen Loc, Nguyen Tai Thu, Nguyen Hue Chi, Nguyen Ngoc Quan, Nguyen Huu Son ... noticed that Cao Ba
6 Quat had bold new features in art: an unusual writing, with being narrative, musings... 1.2. The theoretical basis of the topic 1.2.1. Intertextuality theory From the intertextuality theory, the thesis’ writer defined Cao Ba Quat's Han poetry had spirit of dialogue with poetry of his previous and contemporary times. 1.2.2. Theory of research on literary history about the author - Research on the author in the relationship with the age (circumstances of history, society, culture, ideology), family and the author’s personal life. - Research on the author in literary process: putting the author in the relationship with the stages of literature of previous, contemporary and later time in order to recognize what the author inherited, promoted and contributed. With this research direction, we try to find out new features in Cao Ba Quat's poetry. - Research on the author in type of author of Confucian scholars to recognize the common features as well as the unique features in Cao Ba Quat. Chapter 2 THE PREMISES OF CREATING NEW FEATURES IN CAO BA QUAT’S HAN POETRY 2.1. Premises of history and society of Nguyen Dynasty in the early 19th century 2.1.1. The traditional elements are out of date
7 Nguyen Du nasty used Confucianism as the state religion, applied an education according to type of “khoa cu, tam chuong, trich cu”, implemented the policy of “respecting agriculture and restraining trade"... made the internal strength reduce, the development prevented. Those made the country become out of date, farmers rise up in arms. 2.1.2. Class of burgher and non-Confucian ideology Burgher class emerged from the centuries of XVI- XVII. By Nguyen Dynasty, trade is was limited, but burgher thought still remained, developed. Burgher thought that requires enjoyment, happiness, fights against “an ban lac dao” habit, enhances the SELF... appeared, and became the trend of the times. 2.1.3. Initial Impact of Occident ideology and culture. In the early half of 19th century, many Asian countries were attacked fiercely by European and American countries. Many Asian countries got invaded, forced to sign on many unequal agreements. This world situation influenced on many aspects of Vietnam. Although the Nguyen Dynasty made many barriers, but winds from the West did enter Vietnam in various forms. Those are the Christian thought and activities of Christians, the Quoc ngu characters (national language script), goods, science, technique... With these conditions, the reality of life goes into literary content and new content requires new art. That contributes to innovation of Cao Ba Quat’s poetry. 2.2. Premises of culture and literature 2.2.1. Premise of culture 2.2.1.1. Premise of folklore and humanism trend
8 The flow of folklore: Fertility rites and cults, secular sense, the folk pictures, games, jokes... and all the influence of folklore to imperial culture of Nguyen dynasty created democratic spirit in social life before the feudal rites, affected strongly to psychology of every people in this time. Together with flow of folk culture, humanism trend fight for human rights; especially, the respecting and thinking highly of the female also rose strongly. 2.2.1.2. Activities of intellectual class in Hanoi City to make the culture renascent in early 19th century. In early nineteenth century, many of famous Confucian scholars in Bac Ha (North of Vietnam) were zealous to found Tho Xuong literature association, Van chi association, to found “Huong thien association” (Inclined to the good association), to build temples of notable figures in previous time, to found new schools, print books, repair Ngoc Son temple, build Thap But tower, Dai Nghien tower, repair The Huc bridge, build Tran Ba temple Their activitives aimed to make Thang Long's culture renascent. Cao Ba Quat's achievements were a part of proceeding the flow of folk culture and humanism trend and impetus of renaissance of Bac Ha's culture in that period. 2.2.2. Premise of literature Entering the first half of the nineteenth century, there is still occupied by a large number of authors who have signs of freedom, bohemian in life and in writing. Along with the author forces, poets and groups, cultural activities established: Son Hoi, Thi xa Binh Duong, Thi xa Mac Van make literary writing more organized, with lively atmosphere and accordingly, the different authors and readers appeared. 2.2.2.2. Innovation in concept of writing
9 According to many researchers, in the era of Cao Ba Quat, “real- studying” reform of Confucian scholars from the 17th and 18th centuries has brilliant achievements. Following the 18th century, in the early 19th century, speeches of the concept of writing are very lively. The idea of "against Song, following T'ang", "formalized", " Shen Yun ", “emotionalism", "sentiment"... continues to propose, debate. In which, the trend “Shen Yun ", "emotionalism" from the previous period, developed more strongly. 2.2.2.3. The ascendancy of non-functional literature, image literature. From the above innovations, literature in this period has the overwhelming victory of art and literature in comparision with function literature. In particular, this phase also developed Hat Noi, Tuong and used many of the Ca, Hanh, Tu... They are free forms of poetry, not depending on restrictive rules. That showed that poetry in this period considered the openness, freedom of art. In general, premise of literature in this period of the 18th century - first half of the 19th century facilitated innovation significantly in Han poetry of Cao Ba Quat. 2.3. Life and characteristics of Cao Ba Quat 2.3.1. The person who is talent, libertine and fond of innovation When being a child, Cao Ba Quat was famous for his smartness, and has a bohemian personality, beyond the framework of feudal rites. For being talent, strong will, bohemian, Cao Ba Quat had great significance action: took part in activities to revive Thang Long culture; he, in company with Phan Nha, mixed red ink with lampblack to correct 24 contestants' tests that were good but profaning taboo names …
10 With such a characteristic, he hardly accepts the outdated and trite things. 2.3.2. The silent anger person Cao Ba Quat has a deep desire to become a "Chou's Servant" (Chu Than), but his Mandarin’s career is difficult and frustrated. He just passed the Huong exam, and did not pass the Hoi exam many times. By 1841, when King Thieu Tri opened a favour exam, Cao ba Quat was appointed as a preliminary examiner for Thua Thien, and he made a crime there, so he was jailed. His talent has no environment to display. "Literature is anthropology". Thought of Cao Ba Quat would significantly influence to the characteristics of his poetic compositions. It should create innovative spirit in his poetry. 2.3.3. The person who had opportunity to contact the Occident civilization through the trip "Duong trinh hieu luc" in Ha Chau In January 1844, the Nguyen Dynasty sent Cao Ba Quat to the trip "Duong trinh hieu luc" in Ha Chau. This trip is a very important milestone for the development stage of Cao Ba Quat’s thought. It is a basic element creating new features in his poetry. Chapter 3 NEW FEATURES IN THE CONTENT 3.1. Cao Ba Quat's concept of literature creating new features in his poetry Main thought that has influence to new features in Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry is theory of “sentiment”. He respected heartiness things, character and creativeness.
11 The important thing is that Cao Ba Quat did not deny education, knowledge and inheritance. He had a point that the essence and good things of the old must be learned. On the base of demanding "Literature must be come from the writer himself" ("Van tat ki xuat"), learning the essence of the old, criticizing imitated literature, Cao Ba Quat looked towards two basic characteristics that he desired: that is nature and libertine. To get the natural liberal verses, according to Cao Ba Quat, the artist, must be a man who has a lot of traveling and reading, and has the creative spirit of the writer. Besides, the poet should "rest" away from desire. Thus, Cao Ba Quat has a comprehensive view of literature. These are dominated factors that made the new features in his Han poetry. 3.2. New features in the concept of society 3.2.1. New features in recognizing and reflecting social reality in the country 3.2.1.1. The doubt about the Confucian ideal and way Cao Ba Quat is one of the Confucian scholars who doubted, were bored of traditional road, but were in an intellectual impasse because of finding no new way. The centrifugal with Confucian thought and way began appearing in Cao Ba Quat. This is new point from the centrifuge to the king, the reign of the earlier Confucian scholars and from the faith, praising the royal institution of the contemporary Confucian scholars. 3.2.1.2. The attention to the risk-or-fortune of life and the human thought and nature in extreme circumstances In the mainstream of literature writing about "what being seen" reflecting hot reality of society, Cao Ba Quat by his first step contributed
12 a new look: to pay attention to the risk-or-fortune of life, and the human idea and nature in difficult and extreme circumstances. Cao Chu Than not only paid attention to portray human’s suffering due to the risk-or-fortune, he was also interested in the human nature in the miserable circumstances. He poses a modern problem for the complex change of the human ideas and feelings in the life’s circumstances. Therefore, his poems have a look and an observation that show human and life are close to the modern time. 3.2.2. Influences from foreign countries in view of society and the world reflected in writing During and after the time going “Duong trinh hieu luc", Cao Ba Quat had new awareness on issues of individual and the society. 3.2.2.1. Demonstrating new awareness on the strange of the human Cao ba Quat noticed the strange in appearance, customs and culture, the racism, class and specially that the people in Ha Chau were very active and vibrant with commercial occupations. From the differences in people, profession, culture ..., Cao Ba Quat noticed many other differences between the European and the Asian. 3.2.2.2. Demonstrating new awareness of the wealth and exotic power of the Occidental civilization Witnessed the luxury houses and regal style of living, Cao Ba Quat had more awareness of the wealth and exotic power of the Occidental civilization that acclimatized to the Ha Chau colony. He expressed his admiration in writing. 3.2.2.3. Demonstrating new awareness of the invasion of the West
13 In 1847, the French attacked Vietnam, made almost of the navy of Nguyen Dynasty die. Vietnamese have great attention to the dangers of Western aggression. The new point of view of Cao Ba Quat is that he loved, even admired Occidental civilization, and he was aware of that the West invaded the East not only by armed force but also by the natural affinity of that civilization. 3.3. Innovation of the word "love" During the trend of a literary stage for "emotionalism", Cao Ba Quat has an addition compared to his predecessors and tends to raise the natural emotion, the sinserity with relationships in daily life. 3.3.1. The concept of the word "love" Cao Ba Quat opens loving heart more than his predecessors. He raised in honor of the name of the man in equal look and specially respected natural love between people and hometown, friends, family, especially with his wife and children, and expressed two side feeling between him and his relatives and his relatives with him in daily life. Therefore, Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry has both common things in comparison with contemporary authors and the private depth, attraction. 3.3.2. Love of Cao Ba Quat in relationships of daily life 3.3.2.1. Family love According to our statistics, Cao Ba Quat has 49 poems, which directly expressed his feelings with loved siblings in the family - father, mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters. Writing about his relatives, Cao Ba Quat used maximum emotional expression of medieval literature to express high levels of being emotional, passionate, exuberant emotions on the other hand, he told actions, gestures to express ambivalence between his relatives with himself with authentic and specific details.
14 Unlike Nguyen Van Ly, and Phan Thuc Truc writing about their wives when they had passed away, Cao Ba Quat expressed strong husband-wife feeling when they are close together. This is a particular point of Cao Ba Quat expressing husband-wife love in particular, family love in general. 3.3.2.2. Friendship love Cao Ba Quat is a poet who has the most poems about friends and has the highest percentage of his entire work compared to the other authors in the same period. Impression of Cao Ba Quat on friendship is not only the large society he has, but also the depth in heart-to-heart relationship. Factors that made Cao Ba Quat's friendship has the depth and freshness compared to other authors are the way of expressing points of time in details, the action and the sharing. Generally, the friendship of Cao Ba Quat is not just a thing of "dong thanh tuong khi", but also the giving and receiving with all the heart. That sentiment is strong; and there is a sweet and emotional sharing in that. 3.3.2.3. Love in the other social relations With his relatives, neighbors, servant, the people he communicates, meets in society..., his word "love" "style" has expressed clearly: being faithful and close with the close, specific, loving things in life. With the contents of the word "love", Cao Ba Quat proved clear changes in inspiring and penmanship of medieval poetry. He has contributed to the changing the nature of nobility, conventions, rules, bringing medieval poetry to closed, loving feeling, full of humanity, humanism.
15 3.4. New features in the woman topic Continuing the topic of women, to the first half of the nineteenth century, the Han poems of "weak sex" of Cao Ba Quat still has his private and unique mark. Han poetry, according to our statistics, Cao Ba Quat has 90/1212 pieces referring to women. On this topic, besides the traditional inheritance expressing sympathy and respected and praised attitude, Cao Ba Quat showed his innovation, creativity. 3.4.1. Features in the objects reflected In Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry, female characters are various, however, the female portraits which attracted strongly the attention of readers in Han poetry of Cao Ba Quat belong to the people who have been closed to his life such as his mother, sister, wife, daughter, or those Cao Ba Quat suddenly observed in the specific circumstances of life that were different from noble heroine often found in Han poetry. Those female characters created the tend that made the women become "daily life"and "non-traditional" in Han poetry of Cao Ba Quat. 3.4.2. New features in the sense of appearance, actions, gestures, and the characters’ feeling The tend that made the women become "daily life" and "non- traditional" above of Cao Ba Quat is continued with the sense of appearance, specific actions and "soul dialectic" of the character. 3.5 . New features in topic of nature Before the eighteenth century, nature was often portrayed in aspect of the beauty and the grace. The poets often expressed nature in order to praise the holy land of ethnic or gave refined beauty in poet’s soul. Ancient poets also found endless and infinity strength in space, time of the nature. In nature, human is finite, small. Thus, the poet often
16 embraced a pain in the contrast: the nature lasts forever - the human is a glance, the nature has no felling, the human is emotional. In Nguyen Du’s poems, nature in poetry has changed into a completely different tone. It severely depressed and obsessed with the world of ideas of the artist: his sorrow for the tragic suffering in life. Cao Ba Quat continues to develop roads of Nguyen Du, oriented the nature of objective reality, no view of one-dimensional nature in mind of Confucian scholar 3.5.1. Landscape is vivid, colorful, and emotional Nature in Cao Ba Quat’s poems associated with objective reality with enough status: beautiful, quiet, clean, grey and dark. In this scene, Cao Ba Quat pays attention to express the vivid realism of the scene, less conventional formulas, corrosion disturbance. Nature in his poems is written less in the telling way - using nature to show "to long", "ngon chi", signed exploring the philosophical ideas. Cao Ba Quat's poems, most natural scenes are themselves with the natural flavors, colors, shapes. 3.5.2. Harsh, violent, erratic, destructive situations In particular, Cao Ba Quat usually pays attention to the harshness of nature. In this term, he both follows Nguyen Du and has his new path. The natural world of Cao Ba Quat’s poetry is portrayed in the contrast side of it: cold, floods, droughts, dying ... It appears as violent, cruel, threatening images to human’s life. It made us feel really small, weak before the natural violence. In general, the nature in Cao Ba Quat’s poetry associated with objective reality environment. His poetry also has scenes of the castle ruins of imperial predecessor, however, those scenes did not tend to the graveyard scene, wild hills, ruins, the whirligig of time, the tragically
17 mundane ones like Nguyen Du's. Nature in Cao Ba Quat’s poetry are the spread scenes before the poetic eyes and musing soul of the author. Chapter 4 NEW FEATURES IN THE ART 4.1. Private space and time Space and time in medieval literature are mainly universe space- time. Literary in the second half of eighteenth century and the first half of nineteenth century inclined toward space and time of daily life. Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry beside universe space and time has written about daily life space and time in which the private space and time were settled deeply. From that, the readers have seen the privacy of authors and recognized the trend movement of innovation of Cao Ba Quat’s Han poetry in Vietnam medieval literature. 4.1.1. Private space Private space is personal space. Private space expressed the mental status of individual characters, and it is affected by the strict regulation according to the view of art about human of the writer. Cao Ba Quat's Han poetry beside heaven and earth space, the cosmos rules of medieval literature also appeared quite a lot of space associated with the private life of the author, expressing his deep emotion. 4.1.1.1. Private space - intimate hometown Up to Cao Ba Quat's Han poetry, the space with scholarly and noble features of T'ang poetry has reduced remarkably, and the idyllic images of the countryside space is used instead . Overall, the rural landscape in Cao Ba Quat’s poems has the images of the peaceful country and little and gentle animals. Those are the