Hiệu quả sản xuất tiêu thụ lúa gạo ở Cần Thơ, Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long: Các vấn đề cần được giải quyết

NONG NGHIEP-NONG THON<br /> <br /> <br /> Hieu qua san xudt va tieu thu lua gqo 6 Can<br /> Tho, Dong bang song Cifu Long: cac vdn de cdn<br /> dupe giai quyet<br /> MAI VAN NAM<br /> <br /> <br /> 7 ) dng cdc phiidng phdp thu thap sd' lieu, phdn tich, thdng qua nghien cdu thiic te d<br /> •LJ Cdn Thd - mdt trgng diem san xud't ndng nghiep d Dong bdng song CUu Long, tdc gid<br /> dd lam ro hieu qud san xud't vd tieu thu lua gqo. Mdt so'gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao hieu qud<br /> kinh doanh dd dUdc di xudt.<br /> <br /> 1. Dat van de giai quyet la va'n de can dUdc quan tam<br /> Nam 2008, kinh te the gidi rdi vao suy trong giai doan hien nay, vi nd se cung cap<br /> mot cd sd khoa hoc vutng chae giiip DBSCL<br /> thoai, kinh te Viet Nam ciing khdng nam<br /> ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng phdt trien<br /> ngoai ludng xoay cua suy thoai kinh te. Tuy<br /> ndng nghiep, gdp phan dUa dat nUdc thodt<br /> nhien, trong ba khu vUc Idn cua nen kinh te,<br /> khdi tinh hinh suy giam kinh te.<br /> khu vUc nong nghiep tuy chiem ty trpng nhd<br /> va cd to'c dp tang trUdng tha'p hdn hai khu 2. Phifdng tien va phiftfng phap<br /> viic cdn lai, nhUng tdng trUdng lai dn dinh nghien cijfu<br /> hdn. Trong khi khu viic cdng nghiep, xay 2.1. Thdi gian vd dia diem nghien cUu<br /> diing va khu viic dich vu cd td'c dp tang De tai nghien ciiu hieu qua san xua't va<br /> trUdng nam 2008 tbd'p hdn so vdi nam 2006 tieu thu Ilia gao dUdc thiic hien tai dia ban<br /> va nam 2007, thi khu viic ndng, lam nghiep, thdnh phd' Can Thd, trung tam kinh te - xa<br /> tbuy san van cd td'c dp tang trUdng cao hdn hpi ciia vung DBSCL. Thdi gian nghien ciiu<br /> (3,79% cua nam 2008 so vdi 3,4% cua nam dupe tien hanh tU nam 2008 - 2009.<br /> 2007 va 3,69% cua nam 2006) (Pham Quang 2.2. Muc tieu nghien ciiu<br /> Dieu va Pham Dd Chi, 2009). Dieu nay cho<br /> De tai nghien cUu nhdm phan tich hieu<br /> thay, de nen kinh te Viet Nam thoat khdi<br /> qua san xua't va tieu thu liia gao d DBSCL,<br /> tinh trang suy giam kinh te, ndng nghiep<br /> tif dd tim ra mot so' vd'n de can giai quyet.<br /> phai la mot "tru dd" quan trpng trong cdn<br /> Cu the, de tai se lan lUdt thiic hien nhiing<br /> suy thoai. Trong cac loai san pham ndng<br /> muc tieu sau day: (1) phan tich thiic trang<br /> nghiep miii nhpn, liia gao la mat hang cd<br /> va hieu qua san xua't liia gao; (2) phan tich<br /> kim ngach xua't khau cao ciia viing Ddng<br /> thuc trang tieu thu liia gao; (3) xac dinh cac<br /> bang song Cuu Long (DBSCL). Tuy nhien,<br /> van de ton tai va nguyen nhan ciia tdn tai<br /> khi nhin lai boat dpng xud't khau gao nam<br /> 2008, chung ta tha'y rang d thdi diem gia gao trong san xua't va tieu thu liia gao d Can<br /> len cao, ngUdi dan va doanh nghiep lai khd Thd, DBSCL.<br /> tieu thu dupe gao d thi trUdng xud't khau. 2.3. PhUdng phdp nghien ciiu<br /> Tinh hinh chi dUdc cai thien khi xua't khau 2.3.1. PhUdng phdp thu thap so'lieu<br /> gao dUdc cho phep trd lai - khi cd hpi gia len De tai sU dung ddng thdi hai dang so'lieu,<br /> cao da trdi qua. Chinh vi vay, viec phan anh thd ca'p va sd ca'p.<br /> thifc trang tinh hinh san xua't va tieu thu<br /> lua giio d DBSCL va tim ra cac bien phap Mai Van Nam, TS., Trudng Dili hoc Ciin Thd.<br /> <br /> <br /> 54<br />  Hieu qua san xuat..<br /> <br /> <br /> - Sd lieu thd cd'p: dUdc thu thap tii cac X, cac bien doc lap (i = l,n).<br /> bao cao dang ky kinh doanh cua Cue Thue, Bien phu thupc (Y): ldi nhuan cua ndng<br /> sd lieu ve dien tich, dan so'... trong Nien hp/vu/ha vdi:<br /> giam tho'ng ke thanh phd Can Thd, cac sd<br /> (1): Ndng hp cd ldi nhuan cao.<br /> lieu khac tren bao va tap chi khoa hoc khac.<br /> (2): Ndng hp cd ldi nhuan thap.<br /> Sd lieu sd cap: so lieu sd ca'p dUdc thu<br /> thap thdng qua phdng va'n triic tiep vdi bang Bien doc lap dUa vao phan tich trong md<br /> cau hdi dupe thiet ke sdn. PhUdng phap Id'y hinh: X,<br /> mau phan tang ngau nhien dUdc sii dung de X,: Gia ban binh quan X,: Nang suai binh<br /> chpn cac dia diem khao sat va de chpn bp ciia Ilia quan/ha/vu<br /> ndng dan, thUdng ldi, ngUdi ban le, ngUdi<br /> X,: Ngay c6ng/vu/lia X4: Qui md dien tich<br /> tieu dung, nhd may xay xat va cdng ty ndng<br /> nghiep de phdng va'n triic tiep. Bd'n quan X5: Sd lao dpng nha X,,: Niim trong liia<br /> (buyen) Vinh Thanh, Cd Dd, Binh Tbuy, X7: Chi phi Siin xuai<br /> Ninh Kieu (phan tang ca'p 1) la 4 dia diem binh quan/vu/ha<br /> tap trung nhieu hp trdng liia vdi dien tich<br /> Trong mo hinh phan tich, be sdhay trpng<br /> Idn, san lUdng nhieu nhd't, nang sua't tUdng<br /> sd b, dUdc Udc lUdng de phan biet sU khac<br /> ddi cao, nhieu thUdng lai dia phUdng, la ndi<br /> nhau giUa cdc nhdm diia vdo gia tri cua ham<br /> tap trung nhieu cua thUdng lai ngoai tinh<br /> phan biet. Dieu nay xua't hien khi ty so giUa<br /> (Vinh Thanh, Cd Dd). Tdng so' mau phdng<br /> tong binh phUdng giUa cac nhdm va tdng<br /> van la 177 mau bao gdm: 60 hp ndng dan<br /> binh phUdng trong tUng nhdm cd diem phan<br /> (Vinh Thanh va Cd Dd), 57 hp ngUdi tieu<br /> biet Idn nhat.<br /> dung (Binh Tbuy, Ninh Kieu), 30 hp bdn le<br /> (Binh Tbuy, Ninh Kieu), 30 thUdng lai va PhUdng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (2): de<br /> nha may xay xat, cdng ty nong nghiep (Cd phan tich thiic trring tieu thu lua gao.<br /> Do, Vinh Thanh). phUdng phap phan tich kenh phan phdi difdc<br /> sif dung de diit dUdc muc tieu nay.<br /> 2.3.2. Phiidng phdp phdn tich<br /> PhUdng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (3): de<br /> Cac phUdng phap kbda hpe dUdc sU dung xac dinh nhUng tdn tai va nguyen nhan<br /> de dat dUdc cac muc tieu, cu the: trong san xua't va tieu thu lua gao, phUdng<br /> Phiidng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (1): de phap thd'ng ke md ta (so sanh, tan sd, kiem<br /> phan tich thiic trang san xud't lua, phUdng dinh), phifdng phdp phan tich kenh phan<br /> phap phan tich thd'ng ke md ta nhU: phan phd'i va phan tich tan so' se lam can cU de<br /> tich tan so', phifdng phap so sanh so' tUdng nhan dien nbUng tdn tai va nguyen nhan<br /> dd'i dupe sU dung. Ngodi ra, phUdng phap trong kenh phan phdi lua gao hien nay.<br /> phan tich ham phan biet dUdc sii dung de 3. Ket q u a n g h i e n cufu va thiio lu(in<br /> phan tich nguyen nhdn gay ra sii khac biet 3.1. Thuc trang vd hieu qud san xudt<br /> ve hieu qua san xua't liia ciia ndng dan d dia Ida<br /> ban nghien citii.<br /> 3.1.1. Sdvu trdng trong ndm<br /> Mo hinh phan tich phan biet dUdc diia<br /> Trdng 2 vu/ndm chiem ty trpng Idn nhii't<br /> vdo md binh kinh te lUdng nbU sau:<br /> trong cdc vu d Can Thd, chiem 76,7%. day<br /> D = bo + b,X, + b.,X, + . . . . + b,X,<br /> cung la dac diem chung cua cac hp trdng lua<br /> Trong dd: khu viic DBSCL. Rieng viec trdng 3 vu thi<br /> D: diem phan biet (bien phu thupc). chiem 21,7% cdc hp trdng lua, da sd cac hp<br /> b,: cac he so' hay trong so' phan biet (i = nay thupc buyen Cd Dd. Cu the, vu ddng<br /> l,n).' xuan 100% hp cd trdng vd he thu cd 98"» hp<br /> <br /> Nghi4n cM Kinh 14 s6 373 - Thing 6/2009<br /> 55<br />  Hieu qua san xuat...<br /> <br /> <br /> trdng. rieng vu lap vu (thu dong) cd 22% hp gid'ng thdm ban ra ciia cac cong ty nong<br /> trdng. Cac hp trdng 3 vu do chu dpng dUdc nghiep (cac cdng ty da phan ban ra gia<br /> viec dua nUdc vao rupng. Ben canh dd, d khu trung binh 10.000 ddng/kg). Vi ly do nay nen<br /> viic Cd Dd da't thich hdp cho trdng vu 3 do viec chpn gid'ng trdng ciia cac hp ndng dan la<br /> khdng hi dich benh nhieu, ciing vdi viec sii do cac vu trUdc de lai chiem 30°o, tiep theo<br /> dung may.gat dap lien hdp. nen d dia ban la cung khu vUc trdng 3S.3''-o de giam bdt cdc<br /> nay chi phi nhan cong khong la va'n de quan khoan chi phi thay vi mua gid'ng cdng ty.<br /> tam nha't cua nong hp. Them vao ly do khac khien ndng hp khdng<br /> 3.1.2. Gid'ng lua trdng mua gid'ng cua cdng ty hoac trung tam ban<br /> gid'ng la vi khi ndng hp trdng theo gid'ng<br /> Trong tdng 132 lUdt trdng lua tren tdng dUdc khuyen khich cua trung tam hay cdng<br /> 60 hp thi lua thdm dac san chiem khoang ty chi la hinh thifc trdng thif nghiem, tuy cd<br /> 30% cdc lUdt trdng va tap trung chu yeu vao ky hdp ddng bao tieu san phdm vdi cdc cong<br /> vu ddng xuan. Vu ddng xuan cd 67% hp ty, nhUng sau khi thu hoqch thiidng do yeu<br /> trdng lua thdm (40 hp trdng), he thu cd 3% td khdch quan hay chu quan lam cho lua<br /> hp trdng lua thdm, thu dong 1,3% hp trdng khong dat tieu chudn vd bi gidm gid so vdi<br /> lua thdm. Phan Idn ndng dan chpn nhUng hdp ddng ban ddu. Day la mot trong nhUng<br /> gid'ng lua nang sua't cao, thdi gian sinh trUdng ban che trong khdu quan ly, dam bao dau ra<br /> ngdn nhu IR50404, OM1490, OM2517, cho san pham lua gao cua cac cd quan lUdng<br /> OM2718, OMCS2000, OM3238, v.v. Da phdn thiic cd lien quan.<br /> d cdc vu he thu, thu dong, ndng ddn diu<br /> trdng lua thUdng IR50404 chdt lUdng thap, Chi phi nhdn cong: vu he thu Id cao nha't<br /> khd xudt khdu. Giai thich cho viec nay la do 2.164.000 ddng/ha. Do vu he thu la mua<br /> cac gid'ng liia chat lUdng cao nhU Jasmine 85 mUa tren dia ban thdnh phd' Can Thd, nen<br /> khi trdng phai cd thdi tiet pbii hdp (gid'ng chi phi thue nhan cdng vu nay tang hdn vu<br /> thdi tiet vu ddng xuan), tieu chuan phdn ddng xuan gan 7,5%. Chi phi nhan cdng vu<br /> bdn, thud'c rat nghiem ngat, nen chi cd thu ddng do liia trdng vu nay khi thu hoach<br /> nhUng hp ndng dan cd vd'n va cd ky thuat thudng bi nga sat rupng nen chi phi thue<br /> mdi chpn gid'ng lua nay trdng. cdng gat, dap, van chuyen se cao hdn vu<br /> khac. Vu ddng xuan chi phi nhdn cdng tha'p<br /> 3.1.3. Cdc khoan chi phi hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai do dac thu vu dong<br /> Nhin chung chi phi trung binh ciia vu xuan luon thuan ldi hdn ve van chuyen (it<br /> ddng xuan cao nha't trong cac vu, tdng chi mUa, de van chuyen), tien cdng gat liia difng<br /> phi trung binh vu dong xuan la 18.317.000 ciing tha'p hdn so vdi liia nga.<br /> ddng/vu/ha. Vu ddng xuan chi phi cao la do Chi phi phdn bdn vd thuoc trii sdu: vu<br /> tren 60% ndng hp dUdc thd'ng ke la trdng liia chiem chi phi Idn nha't la vu thu ddng,<br /> thdm cha't lupng cao trong vu nay nen ndng 5.827.000 ddng/vu/ha. Do vu thu ddng thdi<br /> hp phiii dam bao du dieu kien ve phan, tiet luc ndng dm, liic mUa nhieu, mua nifdc<br /> thud'c, lam da't,...vi vay chi phi d vu nay cao nen lUdng phdn bdn phai sif dung nhieu hdn<br /> hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai. Chi phi vu he thu so vdi cac vu khac. Rieng ve thud'c trif sau<br /> cung xap xi 16.842.000 ddng/vu/ha, thap benh, theo tinh hinh chung tif cac nong hp<br /> nha't la vu thu ddng vdi khoang 13.000.000 thi vu ddng xuan nam nay cac hp trdng lua<br /> ddng/vu/ha. Cu the: thdm bi dich benh nhieu hdn nhiing nam<br /> Chi phi gid'ng: gia liia gid'ng cao nha't la trUdc (benh dao on, ray nau,...), them vao dd<br /> vu ddng xuan, do phan Idn cac ndng bp trdng do hau het cac nong hp hien tai khdng cdn<br /> lua thdm vao vu nay nen miic gia vao lam cd thu cdng ma ban het sif dung thud'c<br /> khoang 8.083 ddng/kg. Tuy gid'ng cd gia cao xit cd nen chi phi cac khoan thuoc nay deu<br /> vao vu ddng xuan nhUng van re hdn gid liia tang.<br /> <br /> 56 Nghien cuv Kinh I4 so 373 • Thang 6 2009<br />  Hieu qua san x u a t . . .<br /> <br /> <br /> Chi phi khdc (nhU van chuyen, lam dd't): nhien nhU da thdng ke d tren chi cd 21,7%<br /> theo diic thu lam dat cua vu he thu phai qua hp trdng vu 3 do dieu kien thdi tiet va thue<br /> nhieu cdng doan cdy xdi, bUa, true nen tdn nhan cdng khdng cd (hau bet di Idm xa do<br /> chi phi cho phan lam da't Idn bdn so vdi cac khong Idm lua vu 3).<br /> vu khac. Rieng vu thu ddng chi phi nay tha'p 3.L5. Gid bdn<br /> nha't do cac hp ndng dan thUdng khdng thue<br /> Gia ban lua trung binh cua lua thdm<br /> lam da't (sa ehay) vao vu nay.<br /> trong cac vu la 4.607 ddng/kg Ida dac san:<br /> 3.1.4. Ndng sudt lua gid ban lua thUdng trung binh la 4.283<br /> Vu ddng xudn: trong cac vu trdng lua tai dong/kg. re bdn gia ban Ida thdm trung binh<br /> cac dd'i tUdng phdng van thi vu dong xuan cd la 323 ddng/kg. MUc chenh lech gid ca giiia<br /> nang suat lua trung binh cao nhat/vu tifdng lua thdm va lua thUdng khong Idn dang ke.<br /> Ung 8,1 tan/ha, cao hdn nang sua't chung Cu the nhu sau:<br /> ciia vu ddng xuan trung binh tai thanh phd - Lua thdm: gia ban d vu ddng xuan cao<br /> Can Thd nam 2007 (6,803 tan/ha) mifc nha't 5.020 ddng/kg. cao hdn 2 vu cdn lai<br /> chenh lech xa'p xi 1,2 ta'n/ha. Nhin chung vu khoang 200 ddng/kg - 1.020 ddng/kg. Do vu<br /> ddng xuan nang sua't cao la mat bang chung ddng xuan lua thdm dUdc trdng nang suat<br /> cua ta't ca cac hp trdng liia khu viic DBSCL vd cha't lupng dupe dam bao, dac biet la<br /> do dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet thich hdp, it dung theo yeu cau chat lUdng ve dp khd cua<br /> dich benh va sau ray tren tdng the. Cac hp lua xay gfio xuiVt khau nen gia cao. Rieng 2<br /> trdng cd nang sua't chUa cao Id do gidng vu cdn lai do khi hiiu DBSCL vao mua cua 2<br /> trdng cua cac hp la cac gid'ng cao san ndng vu he thu va thu ddng mifa nhieu do dd cd<br /> sua't khdng cao nhUng gia thanh cao bdn cdc ra't it hp trdng (5"o hp trdng) vi cha't lUdng<br /> loai lua khdc. Do dd doanh thu tU vu dong vd pham chii't deu khong cao nen gia Ida<br /> xuan ciing khdng chenh lech nhieu giUa cdc tha'p hdn vu ddng xuan nhieu. chenh lech<br /> ndng hp. gia ban cua thu ddng vii dong xuan 1.020<br /> ddng/kg giam xii'p xi 20".. gia ban.<br /> Vu he thu: nang suat trdng vu ndy tha'p<br /> nhat la 2.7 td'n/ba, cao nhat la 12,5 ta'n/ha, - Lua thiidng: van theo xu hudng chung<br /> nang suii't trung binh la 6,4 tan/ha (cao hdn gia lua vu ddng xuan van cao so vdi gia ban<br /> iiiing suat chung cua vu he thu trung binh ca cua cac vu khac. Gia ban cua vu he thu giam<br /> tlianb phd Can Thd: 4,6 ta'n/ha); so vdi vu giin 18% so vdi gia ban cua vu dong xuan vdi<br /> ddng xuan, nang suat trung binh he thu dat gia tri giam trung binh la 850 ddng/kg.<br /> dUdc bang khoang 79% tdng nang suat ciia vu 3.1.6. Ndi bdn<br /> ddng xuan. Do dieu kien thdi tiet vu he thu Theo ket qua nghien cUu cd 96,7% ndng<br /> chu yeu thich hdp cho trdng lua thUdng nen bp ban lua tai nha. 3,3%) van chuyen den<br /> da phan nong hp khdng trdng liia cao siin. nha may xay xat hay cdng ty nong nghiep.<br /> Vu Idp vu (thu ddng): nang sua't trung Tren 90% nong hp chpn thUdng lai de ban<br /> binh cua hp trdng lua vu 3 xa'p xi 5,8 ta'n/ha. lua dau tien cua ndng hp. Nhu cau.cua ndng<br /> Ndng sua't khdng kem hdn nhieu so vdi vu hp la ban difdc lua md khdng phai van<br /> he thu, khoang 90% nang sua't vu he thu. chuyen va chi tra chi phi van chuyen.<br /> Nang sua't tha'p nha't vu thu ddng cao hdn ThUdng lai dia phifdng thu mua liia bdng<br /> nang sua't tha'p nha't cua vu he thu. Them tau, ghe trpng tai 10 - 20 tan. Them vao dd,<br /> vao dd, ndng suat trung binh cua cac hp he thdng kenh rach cua dia ban Can Thd rat<br /> trdng Ilia thu ddng tang gan gap ddi so vdi thuan ldi nen cac thifdng lai se dl dang thu<br /> ndng sua't liia vu 3 chung cua ca tinh (3,7 mua tan nha ndng bp. Do dd ndi dUdc lUa<br /> tiVn/ha). Day la dau hieu dang mifng cho xu chpn giao dich mua - ban dien ra d nha ndng<br /> hifdng trdng liia vu 3 ciia nong hp. Tuy hp chiem ty le Idn.<br /> <br /> <br /> Nghien CM Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009<br /> 57<br />  Hieu qua san xuat...<br /> <br /> <br /> 3.1.7. Thdi gian bdn phi va ldi nhuan thi ty le chenh lech ve ldi<br /> Nhan xet chung da phan cac nong hp ban nhuan cao hdn, dan den he qua la cac ho<br /> lua ngay sau khi thu hoach ke ca liia thdm ndng dan van tap trung chu yeu trdng vu<br /> va lua thudng. Trong dd ban nhanh nha't la ddng xuan vi cd ty sua't ldi nhuan cao.<br /> vu ddng xuan do vu ndy lua phdi nhanh khd, Danh gia ve ty sua't ldi nhuan thi ca 3 vu<br /> cdng vdi chat lifdng lua td't nen thUdng lai deu cd ty sua't ldi nhuan cao (tren 0,5). Ciing<br /> den mua rat nhanh trong vdng 1 tuan la cac theo tinh hinh chung ve chi phi va ldi nhuan ty<br /> hp ban xong lua. Vu he thu lau hdn do thdi sua't trdng lua vu ddng xuan cd kha nang ldi<br /> tiet mUa nhieu liia phdi lau khd; cdc hp ban nhieu hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai la 1,2, tha'p nha't<br /> che td'i da viec sa'y liia do se lam giam cha't vdn la vu thu dong vdi mdc sinh ldi 0,73 (73%).<br /> lUdng lua va gia ban tha'p, them vao dd Id<br /> Nhin chung so sanh ve ldi nhuan, chi phi,<br /> khoiin chi phi sa'y liia. Liia thdm de bdn va<br /> ty sua't sinh ldi cua tUng vu thi ta tha'y day la<br /> ban dupe sdm hdn liia thUdng.<br /> li do khien cdc hp trdng it hoac khdng trdng<br /> Ben canh yeu to' cha't lUdng lua phu bpp vu3.<br /> de ban thi cdn cac ly do khac de nong hp bdn 3.1.9. Phdn tich sii khdc biet ve ldi nhuan<br /> lua bao gdm: (1) chi tieu tra cac khoan nd trdng lua giUa cdc ndng hd<br /> vat tu nong nghiep trong suo't cac vu mua<br /> Ket qua kiem dinh gia thuyet ham phan<br /> (61%); (2) hp nong dan khdng cd kho chifa<br /> biet ta tha'y: Wilks' Lamda = 0,231 chuyen<br /> (11%). (3) can vdn cho vu sau (8%).<br /> thanh dai lUdng chi - square la 63,814 vdi bac<br /> 3.1.8. Ldi nhuan tu do la 7; ddng thdi Sig. = 0,000 « mUc y<br /> Tudng Ung vdi mUc chi phi cao nhd't d vu nghia o%. TU dd, chung ta cd the bac bd gia<br /> dong xuan thi ldi nhuan cua vu ddng xudn thuyet H, nghia la sU khdc biet cd y nghia<br /> cung thupc vi tri cao nha't. Trung binh trong thd'ng ke giUa 2 nhdm. Dieu ndy ddng nghia<br /> cac hp dieu tra thi ldi nhuan/ha rupng trdng vdi viec so' lieu cung cap du cd sd de ehay<br /> Ida cua vu ddng xuan la khoang 22 hdm phan biet. Ket qua phan tich ham phan<br /> trieu/ba/vu. So vdi mUc chenh lech giiia chi biet nhu sau:<br /> BANG 1: Ket q u a mo h i n h p h a n b i e t<br /> Hien (iiiii thich Wilks' Lambda F Sig.<br /> <br /> X, Giii biin 0,901 5,188 0,027<br /> <br /> X: Niing suai 0,590 32,665 0,000<br /> <br /> X, Ngay cdng 0,875 6,743 0,013<br /> <br /> X. Dien tich liia 0,823 10,132 0,003<br /> <br /> Xs Lao ddng nha 0,991 0,419 0,520<br /> x„ Nam trdng liia 0,991 0,417 0,522<br /> <br /> XT Chi phi siin xuiii 0,946 2,694 0,107<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Sd lieu difiu tra ndng hd, 2009.<br /> <br /> Dua vao he so' tUdng quan Canonical md hinh.<br /> correlation (= 0,877) ta cd he so' xdc dinh Neu xet d mifc y nghia 5%o ta cd cac bien<br /> bang 79,6%, cd nghia la cd 79,6% cdc bien<br /> doc lap sail cd the dUa vao md hinh:<br /> doc lap anh hUdng den sii khac biet cua 2<br /> nhdm ldi nhuan trong mo hinh, cdn 19,4% Y = 0.901 X, + 0,59 X, + 0,875 X,, + 0,823<br /> do cac nhan to'khac khong nghien cifu trong X, +0,946 X,<br /> <br /> 58 Nghi4n cuv Kinh te s6 373 • Thing 6/2009<br />  Hieu qua san xuat..<br /> <br /> <br /> Vdi Sig. 0,027) (0,000) (0,013) (0,003) lao dpng dUdc sif dung d ndng hd cd dp dung<br /> (0,107)<br /> tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat so vdi nong hp<br /> Ket qua phan tich cho tha'y cac bien: gia chua ap dung tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat<br /> ban, nang suat binh quan, dien tich, chi phi khdng cd sii khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke;<br /> Siin xuat va ngay cong lao dpng cd y nghia dieu nay cho tha'y phan Idn nong bd chUa<br /> thdng ke tao nen sii khdc biet trong ldi dau tu dang ke vao ap dung tidn bd khoa<br /> nhuan cao hay tha'p cua ndng hp. Ngay cong hpe ky thuat trong san xuat Ida.<br /> BANG 2: Ma t r a n tifdng q u a n c u a cac b i e n dvfa vao mo h i n h<br /> Bien XI X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7<br /> XI 1,00<br /> X2 0,06 1,00<br /> X3 -0,16 0,28 1,00<br /> X4<br /> • • - —<br /> <br /> 0,13 -0,12 -0,55 1,00<br /> X5 -0,13 -0,15 -0,34 0,10 1.00<br /> X6 -0,28 -0,35 0,07 0,03 0,02 1,00<br /> X7 0,53 0,55 0.03 -0.03 -0,23 -0.18 1.00<br /> <br /> Nguon: so' lieu dieu tra ndng hd, 2009.<br /> <br /> Ma tran tUdng quan trong cac nhdm ra't nen sii khdc biet vi ldi nhuan giiia cdc ndng<br /> tha'p giUa cac bien doc lap cd y nghia dUdc hd, dieu ndy cho thdy viijc trong lua ciia<br /> dUa vao md hinh, nen cd the ndi rdng bien nong ddn d vung nghien ciiu cdn mang tinh<br /> tUdng cdng tuyen khdng dang ke; trong dd tii phdt, chiia diidc quy hoqch vd chUa nhdn<br /> gid ban va dien tich trdng lua cd be so' tUdng dUdc sii hudng ddn hay dinh hiidng vl md<br /> quan dUdng. NhU vay, gid bdn vd san lUdng ddy du. tii cdc cd quan quan ly nong nghiep<br /> lua khdng dn dinh la nguyen nhdn chinh tqo chdc ndng.<br /> BANG 3: Cac yeu to a n h hifcfng d e n h i e u quii san x u a t liia giijfa h a i n h o m nong ho<br /> t h u n h a p t h a p va t h u n h a p cao<br /> Thu nhap trung binh Dp lech chuiin<br /> Hang muc Don vi Tri sd Z<br /> Cao Thap Cao Thap<br /> Giii biin (X,) nghin ddng 4,7 4,4 0,4 0,5 0.197"<br /> Niing suai (X2) tan 8,1 6,0 1.2 1,4 . O.lSl""<br /> Ngay cdng (X,) ngay 12,2 5,4 11,8 4,8 -0.138"<br /> <br /> Dien tich liia (Xj) ha 12,6 23,9 8,7 15,5 -0.139"<br /> <br /> Lao dcing nha (X,) ngay 2.7 3 1,5 1,7 -0.113"^<br /> <br /> Niim trong liia (X^) ndm 29 26,5 14,7 11.7 -1.376"-<br /> <br /> Chi phi Siin xuiii (X,) nghin dong 16.538 19.006.2 4.418 6.065.7 980'<br /> <br /> Ngudn: s6' lifiu dieu tra ndng hd, 2009.<br /> muc y nghia 1%; **: muc y nghTa 5%; *: muc y nghia 10%, ns: khdng cd y nghia thdng ke.<br /> <br /> Ket qua nghien cdu cho tha'y, ndng hd khoang 300 ddng/kg liia. Chenh lech gia ban<br /> thu nhap cao cd gia bdn liia cao hdn hp cd lua giUa hai nhdm ndng bp do nong ho cd<br /> thu nhap tha'p, mifc chenh lech trung binh thu nhap tha'p thieu phiidng tien diing trong<br /> <br /> Nghi4n cuv Kinh 14 so 373 • Thing 6 2009 59<br />  Hieu qua san xuat...<br /> <br /> <br /> san xudt, che bien vd bdo quan, van chuyen, ket. San pham liia gao tii cdng ty xua't khau<br /> thieu thong tin thi trUdng, thieu vdn cdn bdn va cdng ty ndng nghiep khdng ban lai cho<br /> lua ngay sau thu hoqch nen bi thUdng ldi ep ngUdi budn si hay ngUdi budn le ndi dia. Do<br /> gid; nong hd cd thu nhap tha'p khong cd diiu dd, khdng cd sU ddng nha't ve chat lUdng gao<br /> kien dp dung tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat trong xuat khau va gao tieu diing trong nUdc; dieu<br /> san xudt vd sau thu hoqch, nen ndng sudt vd nay gay cho ngUdi tieu dung trong nifdc cd<br /> chdt lUdng lua khdng cao, chi phi san xudt tam ly thich sif dung gao cd ngudn gd'c nUdc<br /> tdng cdng Id nguyen nhdn gdy ra sii khdc ngodi nhu Thai Lan, Campuchia, ... tai thi<br /> biet ve hieu qud trdng lua giUa hai nhdm trUdng ndi dia; thiic te tinh trang nay gay<br /> nong hd. them nhieu khd khan trong quan ly he<br /> 3.2. ThUc trang tieu thu Ida gqo thd'ng phan pho'i lua gao ciia cac cd quan<br /> lUdng thiic va quan ly ndng nghiep.<br /> Nhin chung, kinh doanh ban le lua gao d<br /> dia bdn nghien ciiu la kinh doanh qua cdc Tieu thu lua gqo tii ndng ddn den ngUdi<br /> cifa hang, dai ly nhd le hoac cifa hang tap tieu diing cudi cung phdi thdng qua nhiiu<br /> hda kiem mua ban liia gao. Phan Idn cac cifa khdu trung gian trong cung mdt nhdnh kenh<br /> hang kinh doanh liia gao mang tinh tii phat, phdn phdi cd the Idm gidm chdt lUdng san<br /> cd qui md nhd, dien tich trung binh 29,13 phdm, tdng chi phi marketing vd gidm hieu<br /> m'^ chiem 53,5% cac cifa hang kinh doanh qud san xudt tieu thu lua gqo, kenh phdn<br /> trong mang ludi ban le liia gao. Hau het lua phdi kem hieu qud.<br /> gao d vung nghien cUu dUpc tieu thu tU ndng Kenh phdn phdi lua gqo cdn ddn le, thieu<br /> hp (Ida) den tay ngUdi tieu dung cudi cung lien ket giUa tuyen kenh phdn phdi lua gqo<br /> (giio, tam, cam,...) qua kenh phan phd'i la xudt khdu vd ndi dia, thieu tdng kho lUdng<br /> kenh ddi (kenh day dit). Cii hai loai liia thiic du trU lua gqo xudt khdu nen cdc tdc<br /> thdm va Ida thUdng. tren 85% ndng hp chpn nhdn trong kenh phdn phdi ludn bi ddng<br /> ban cho thUdng lai. trong san xudt vd tieu thu lua gqo, nhdt la<br /> Ket qua nghien cUu cho tha'y, hai tuyen ndng ddn ludn gap khd khdn vd rdi ro trong<br /> kenh phan phd'i lua gao cho ngifdi tieu dung trong lua khi gid gqo thi trUdng the gidi<br /> noi dia va cho xua't khau khdng cd mdi lien gidm.<br /> SO DO 1: Kenh phan pho'i lua gao tii non g ho den ngifcfi tieu diing tai Can Thcf<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 100% Xui't khau<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Bin Tieu dung<br /> <br /> Nong hp<br /> <br /> 5,7% TU xay xdt<br /> bdn<br /> <br /> '' Xuat khau 4,6%<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 24,3%<br /> <br /> <br /> Ndng hd khdc<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 60 Nghi4n ctiu Kinh t4's6 373 • Thing 6/2009<br />  Hieu qua san xuat..<br /> <br /> <br /> 3.3. Cdc vdn de cdn dUdc gidi quyet cac cong ty ndng nghiep, tuy nhien viec hdp<br /> trong san xudt, tieu thu Ida gqo ddng bao tieu cua cdng ty ndng nghiep van<br /> 3.3.1. Cdc vdn de vi san xudt, tieu thu cd thUdng xuyen khdng dUdc tiic hien dung va<br /> lien quan triic tiep den cdc tdc nhdn trong thUdng thay ddi tuy theo bien dpng thi<br /> kenh phdn phd'i lua gqo trUdng. Them vao dd. gia ca liia gao bien<br /> dpng lien tuc ma khdng cd sii dieu tiet vi md<br /> • Ndng hd<br /> kip thdi cua cac cd quan quan ly. thudng lam<br /> Vi san xudt: cd hai va'n de chinh can dUdc cho cac hp ndng dan v6 cung khd khan.<br /> giai quyet trong san xuat liia gao: Ndng ddn trdng lua trong trang nhieu rdi ro<br /> (1) va'n de ve gid'ng: tuy da xua't hien xu do thieu mang lUdi phdn phd'i. tieu thu lua<br /> hudng trdng liia thdm cbd't lUdng cao trong gao lanh manh.<br /> ndng dan, nhUng ty le ndng dan sif dung • ThUdng ldi: nhflng ban che trong cd sd<br /> gid'ng lua chat lUdng cao trong san xua't cdn ha tang, ky thuat cua thUdng lai: cac thifdng<br /> chiem ty trpng rat it (30% cho vu ddng xuan lai cd Ipi the Idn Id thu mua difdc da sd Ida<br /> vd 3% cho vu he thu). Da phan nong dan sif sau thu hoach cua ndng hp do phifdng tien<br /> dung Ilia thUdng IR50404, cbd't lUdng tha'p, thu mua nhd (10 - 30 tan). Tuy nhien van<br /> thi trUdng xua't khau ban che va khdng on de tdn tai Idn nha't cua cac thUdng lai la ve<br /> dinh. Day ciing chinh la mot trong nhflng cd sd ha tang, vat cha't dung de thu mua va<br /> nguyen nhan khien ndng ddn bi dpng trong bao quan lua cdn rd't thd sd. Vdi tai trpng<br /> van de thUdng lUdng gia ca, va xa hdn khien phUdng tien thu mua nbd, thieu kho bdi<br /> cho xua't kha'u gao Viet Nam tuy nhieu ve so' chda lua dii trd, phUdng tien phdi sdy bdo<br /> lUdng nhUng kim ngach lai chUa xUng tam. quan nen thUdng gap khd khan ve chat<br /> (2) Va'n de ve ifng dung tien bp khoa hpe lUdng lua giio tha'p, khdng ddng nha't. dac<br /> ky thuat vdo san xua't liia: da phan cac ndng biet la vao mua mUa.<br /> hp tiii DBSCL it cap nhat va ifng dung cac • Nhd mdy xay xdt: da phan nha may xay<br /> iing dung khoa hpe ky thuat mdi, gidng mdi, xdt cd qui md nbd, may mdc va thiet bi cu.<br /> chu yeu la thu cdng trong gieo sa, bdn phan, lac hau nen thUdng khdng dap Ung dUdc nhu<br /> xit thud'c... la tdn tai Idn nha't trong qud cau xay xat ve sd lupng cung nhU ve chat<br /> trinh san xuat, bao quan sau thu hoach. Doi lupng, phdm chat gao cho thi trUdng ndi dia<br /> vdi mot sd nong hp cd dieu kien trdng cac cung nhu xua't khau.<br /> gidng cao siin, cd cha't lUdng cao xua't khau • Cdng ty ndng nghiep xudt khdu: cac hdp<br /> thi liii thieu cdn bp ky thuat hUdng dan cu ddng gifla cdng ty nong nghiep xuat khdu va<br /> the. Cdc chUdng trinh tap huan ky thuat ndng hp (gid'ng thdm Jasmine va thdm khac)<br /> mdi, gidng mdi cdn ban che. thUdng khdng dUpc thiic hien dung. Viec<br /> Vi tieu thu: va'n de bi ep gia la va'n de 16n buy hay thay ddi dieu khoan deu do ddn<br /> trong qua trinh tieu thu ma cac hp ndng dan phUdng ben cdng ty hoac nong hp thay ddi,<br /> quan tam va can cd sU hd trd tif cdc cd quan ma khdng he cd sii tbda thuan lai gifla 2 ddi<br /> qurin ly chifc nang khac.Trong qua trinh tU tUpng va khong cd quan nao can thiep den.<br /> san xuii't den khau tieu thu ndng hp thUdng Khi gid ca lua g.ao cua thi trUdng giiim<br /> thu dpng trong va'n de chpn dd'i tUdng mua xud'ng thi cdng ty khong mUa hoac giam gia;<br /> ban, phan Idn la mua - bdn ngdu nhien - khi gia tang thi van mua theo hdp ddng.<br /> 95% ban cho thUdng lai. Do dd, van de Idn Nguyen nhan la do da phan cac cdng ty<br /> cita ndng hp la dd bi thifdng lai ep gia, thieu ndng nghiep xuat khau vi\n cdn kha bi dpng<br /> mdi trifdng kinh doanh cfinb tranh lanh trong viec xuat khau gao va quan ly chat<br /> manh. NgUdc lai neu khdng chpn bdn cho lUdng gao xua't khau. Quy trinh xuat khau<br /> thUdng lai, h.fa chpn tiep theo cita nong hp la gao hien nay thUdng la cdng ty nh:in dat<br /> <br /> 61<br /> Nghien cM Kmh te so 373 • Thing 62009<br />  Hieu qua san xuat...<br /> <br /> <br /> hang tfl phia cac dd'i tdc d nUdc ngoai, sau dd quan ly ehflc nang can tang cUdng giam sat<br /> mdi trien khai thu mua theo san lUdng va va dieu tiet vi md, nham tao mdi trUdng san<br /> chat lupng gao dat dUdc yeu cau cua ddi tdc, xud't kinh doanh thuan ldi trong san xua't va<br /> lam cho kenh phan phd'i lua gao ludn ma't dn tieu thu lua gao.<br /> dinh vd bi dpng. 4.3. Gidi phdp ve xdy ditng tong kho<br /> 3.3.2. Cdc vdn di vi quan ly ciia cdc cd che bien vd dU trii lua gqo tqi vung<br /> quan chdc ndng trgng diem sdn xudt lua<br /> Ngoai van de kenh phan phd'i lua gao De doanh nghiep chu dpng trong viec<br /> hien nay qua rdm ra, qua nhieu trung gian, xud't khau gao, doanh nghiep can xdy diing<br /> van de noi com khdc trong tieu thu lua gao cac tdng kho che bien va dii trfl liia gao dieu<br /> la thieu tinh lien ket gifla kenh phan pho'i hda d cac cdc vung trpng diem san xua't lua<br /> lua gao xuat khau va lua gao tieu dung ndi nhfl Hau Giang, Ddng Thap, An Giang, Kien<br /> dia; dieu nay, lam cho kenh phan phdi liia Giang,.... Khi cd tdng kho che bien va dfl trfl<br /> gao thieu tinh ddng bp, thieu tinh mem deo, lua gao se gdp phan dam bao kha nang thu<br /> thieu tinh chiu diing va kem canh tranh khi mua lua gao cho ndng dan kip thdi, kha<br /> gap cu so'c thi trUdng. nang xud't khau gao cho dd'i tac dung theo<br /> Thieu xdy diing chien lUdc, dii bao; thieu hdp ddng, tang ndng liic canh tranh. Khi cd<br /> ehflc nang gidm sdt va dieu tiet vi md trong tdng kho che bien va dii trfl lua gao dieu<br /> san xuat va tieu thu lua gao kem hieu qua hda, doanh nghiep se thay ddi dfldc cdch<br /> ciia cac cd quan quan ly lUdng thiic chUc thflc kinh doanh truyen thd'ng nhfl hien nay,<br /> nang, lam cho ndng dan trdng lua gap nhieu ky hdp ddng xua't khdu rdi mdi trien khai<br /> rui ro vd khd khan, miing ludi phan phdi lua thu mua lua gao.<br /> gao kem bieu qua vd thieu tinh an toan. 4.4. Gidi phdp ve hoan thien kenh<br /> 4. Cac giai phap de xuat phdn phoi lua gqo<br /> 4.1. Gidi phdp ve gidng vd dp dung Can xay diing cac cdng ty ndng nghiep<br /> tien bo khoa hgc ky thuat vdo san chuyen phdn phd'i si cho ngUdi ban le nham<br /> xudt Ilia dam bao dUdc md'i lien ket chat che va thdng<br /> De khuyen khich ndng ddn trdng cdc suo't tU budn si - budn le, kiem soat hieu qua<br /> gid'ng tot. chat lifdng cao xua't khau, can mang ludi phan phd'i lua gao; can hoan thien<br /> trien khai quy hoach vung trdng lua gid'ng, vd tai can true mang ludi ban le lua gao,<br /> lua nguyen lieu xua't khau; can day manh trong dd can phat trien ban le gao hang hda<br /> cac cbifdng trinh hd trd ndng dan dp dung trong he thd'ng sieu thi, phdt trien he thdng<br /> cac tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat vao san xua't cUa hang ban le lua gao cua cac cdng ty<br /> ndng nghiep; can cd sU phdi hdp chat che lUdng thiic; can xay diing mo'i lien ket linh<br /> gifla doanh nghiep va ndng dan trong chpn boat gifla kenh phan pho'i lua gao noi dia vdi<br /> Ufa gidng phu hdp khi trdng vd bao tieu san xuat khau, giam bdt cac tac nhan trung<br /> pham. gian; can tang cifdng ehflc nang giam sat,<br /> 4.2. Gidi phdp ve tdng cUdng mdi lien dieu tiet vi mo cita cdc cd quan quan ly<br /> lUdng thiic ve hoat dpng cua cac tac nhan<br /> ket giiia ndng dan vd doanh nghiep<br /> trong kenh phan pho'i lua gao.<br /> Dd tranh trUdng hdp ddn phUdng cha'm<br /> dflt hdp ddng. va de nong dan an tam ve gia 5. Ket luan<br /> ca, trong dieu khoiin hdp ddng, nen cd nhflng De lua gao trd thanh mot "tru dd" giiip<br /> dieu khoan phat vi pham va khi ky ket hdp nen kinh te nUdc nha thoat khdi tinh trang<br /> ddng can ky ket dUdi sif chflng kien cita cd suy giiim kinh te, nhflng va'n de cdn tdn<br /> (luan nha nifdc cd tham quyen. Cac cd quan dpng trong qua trinh san xua't, tieu thu liia<br /> <br /> 62 Nghi4n CM Kinh te so 373 - Thing 6/2009<br />  Hieu qua san xuat...<br /> <br /> <br /> gao tai dia ban nghien eflu va DBSCL can day manh cac chUdng trinh bo trd va chuyen<br /> dUdc giai quyet triet de. De thiic hien dUdc giao tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat cho ndng dan;<br /> dieu dd, can cd sfl chung tay lien ket gifla 4 dau tu cdc khau sau thu hoach, ciii tien cd sd<br /> nha: ndng dan - doanh nghiep - nha khoa vat chat cho cac nha may xay xat. cac cd sd<br /> hoc - nha nfldc. Van de ndi com trong san bao quan va che bien lua gao; va rat can tai<br /> xuat va tieu thu lua gao d DBSCL ndi rieng cau true ehflc nang boat dpng cua cdc cd<br /> va Viet Nam ndi chung Id thieu lien ket gifla quan quan ly Ifldng thflc hien nay./.<br /> doanh nghiep va nong dan, thieu ehflc nang<br /> giam sat va dieu tiet vl md cua cac cd quan<br /> quiin ly ehflc nang; tfl dd dan den nhflng tdn TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> tai khdc, nhfl ndng dan thieu dp dung tien 3. Cue Thdng ke thanh phd Can Tho (2007). Nien<br /> bp khoa hpe ky thuat, thieu thdng tin thi gidm thdng ke thdnh pho Cdn Tha ndm 2007.<br /> trfldng, thieu lien ket vdi doanh nghiep; cdn 4. Mai Viin Nam (2008). Gido trinh kinh te luong.<br /> cdc doanh nghiep thieu lien ket vdi ndng Nxb Van hda Thdng tin.<br /> dan, thieu xuc tien thfldng mai, thieu dii bdo 5. Pham Quang Dieu va Phiim Dd Chi (2009).<br /> "Ndng nghiep tru dd trong con suy thoiii". Thai<br /> thi trUdng, thieu tinh chien lUdc trong kinh<br /> hdo kinh teSdi Con. 18-2009, tr 42-44.<br /> doanh.<br /> 6. Vd Thi Lang, Ngd Thi Thanh Triic, Huynh Thi<br /> Xay dflng tdng kho che bien va dii trfl lua Dan Xuan, Mai Van Nam (2008). "Nghien cuu<br /> gao dieu hda la ra't can thiet, gdp phan giai so sanh md hinh siin xuat lua theo "Ba giiim. ba<br /> quyet va'n de tdn tai ve tbfla thieu trong tang" va md hinh truyen thdng d ddng biing sdng<br /> Ciru Long", trong siich do Mai Vim Nam chu<br /> cung - cau lua gao tren thi trUdng, tdng tinh<br /> bien, Ca sd cho phdi Irieii doanh nghiep vi'ra rd<br /> canh tranh trong xua't khau gao; gdp phan nhd vd nong ho d ddng hdng sdng Ci'ai Long.<br /> binh dn gid cii lua gao, giup ndng ddn va Nxb Giiio Due, tr 185-220.<br /> doanh nghiep tang mdi lien ket trong san 7. Call L. Cramer. Clarence W. Jensen. Douglas D.<br /> xuat va tieu thu san pham nhat la an tam Southgate (1997), Agricultural Economics and<br /> kbi ky hdp ddng bao tieu. Song song dd, can Agrihusines.s, John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 63<br /> Nghi4n cuv Kinh 14 so 373 • Thing &2009<br />