KY NIEM 70 NAM.<br />
<br />
HOAN CANH LjCH SUT<br />
KHI LANH TU N G U Y I N AI QUOC VE NUdC<br />
VA CHON CAO BANG XAY DUNG CAN CUfDjA CACH MANG<br />
PGS, TS NGUYEN TRONG PHUC*<br />
<br />
Bd con Pac Bd, Cao Bdng vd cimg xuc dong duac gap lai Chu tich Ho Chi Minh<br />
sau 20 nam xa cdch (20-2-I96I)<br />
<br />
Cao Bang la vimg dat chien luge dia dau<br />
ciia T6 qu6c da dugc xac dinh tir thai Thue<br />
Phan - An Duong Vuong ra doi nuac Au<br />
Lac thi ky III truac Cong nguyen. Day<br />
ciing la noi diln ra nhieu phong trao dau<br />
tranh bao ve ehii quyIn lanh th6, tieu bieu<br />
nhu Niing Chi Cao thai Ly the ky XI. The<br />
* Nguyen Vien truang Vien Lich sir Dang<br />
<br />
TAP CHi LICH SIJDANG-1/2011<br />
<br />
ky XVI Nguyen Binh Khiem timg khuyen<br />
nha Mae nen chgn Cao Bang la noi dimg<br />
chan de bao ton ea nghiep.<br />
Ke thira truyen th6ng ve vang trong lich<br />
sir, sau khi lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc sang<br />
lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (3-2-1930),<br />
tinh Cao Bang som xay dung to ehirc Dang<br />
lam hat nhan lanh dao phong trao each<br />
mang o dia phuang va noi kit phong trao<br />
<br />
37<br />
<br />
KY NIEM 70 NAM...<br />
<br />
ea nuoc. Phong trao each mang Viet Nam bi dich bat a Sai Gon. Rang sang 17-1nhimg nam 30 dien ra trong hoan canh lich 1940, T6ng Bi thu Nguyen Van Cii' bi dich<br />
sir rat kho khan phirc tap. Tren the giai. chii bat a Sai Gon eiing mot s6 dong chi khae.<br />
Ngay 22-6-1940, nuac Phap bi quan phat<br />
nghia phat xit xuat hien, tien e6ng vao<br />
phong trao hoa binh, dan chii, tien bg. Dai xit Dire chiem dong, quan dgi Phap dau<br />
hoi VII QuIe tl Cgng san (7-1935) eo su hang. Chinh phii Petanh nit ve Visi mien<br />
ehuyin huong chi dao, chii trgng tap hgp Nam nuae Phap, tro thanh ehinh phii bii<br />
lire lugng each mang. dan ehu, xay dung nhin. Tinh hinh nuoc Phap da anh huong den<br />
mat tran dan tgc, dan chu vai nhirng hinh tinh than ciia ehinh quyen thugc dia va quan<br />
thire diu tranh thich hgp de chong chu Phap a Dong Duong.<br />
Thang 9-1940, quan Nhat keo vao Dong<br />
nghia phat xit. Ngay 1-9-1939, phat xit Dire<br />
tin eong Ba Lan mo dau chien tranh the Duong qua bien gioi Viet - Trung chiem<br />
gioi thir hai. Ngay 23-9-1939, Lien X6 ky Lang Son va d6 bg len Do Son. Mau thuan<br />
voi Diic ban Hiep uae bat xam pham. Ban giiia dan tgc Viet Nam vai thuc dan, phat<br />
hiep uae do la buac di can thiet nham lam xit gay gat. nhiem vu giai phong dan tgc<br />
that bai am muu eiia phuang Tay mu6n gianh doe lap tra nen bire thiet. Ngay 27-9dimg the lire phat xit de tieu diet Lien X6. 1940, Dang bg va nhan dan Bac Son (Lang<br />
Ky hiep uae. Lien X6 eo them thai gian Son) da khoi nghia.<br />
Til- thang 7-1940, Xir uy Nam Ky da<br />
hoa hoan vai Diic de ehuan bi lire lugng ve<br />
mgi mat. 6 chau A, chu nghia quan phiet hgp ban ve chu truang khai nghia va dan<br />
Nhat Ban hinh thanh tir nam 1932. day toi quyet dinh chuan bi lire lugng khoi<br />
manh chien tranh xam luge Trung Quoc va nghia tai Hoi nghi Xir iiy tir ngay 21 den<br />
23-9-1940. Ngay 23-11-1940 n6 ra cuge<br />
cac nuoc khae.<br />
0 Dong Duong, tir thang 9-1939, ehinh khai nghia Nam Ky, mac dii Hoi nghi<br />
quyen thuc dan Phap da thii tieu eac quyen Trung uong tir ngay 6 den ngay 9-11-1940<br />
dan sinh, dan chii, tang cuo'ng dan ap phong da ehii truang hoan khai nghia. Ngay 13trao each mang. Tir ngay 6 den ngay 8-11- 1-1941, binh linh a D6 Luang (Nghe An)<br />
1939, Trung uong Dang hgp a H6c Mon khai nghia. Cae cuge khai nghia da bj ke<br />
(Ba Diem) ngoai thanh Sai Gon, kip thai ra thii dan ap dam mau, nhat la Khoi nghia<br />
nghi quyet, neu eao nggn co chong de qu6c, Nam Ky.<br />
Nhiem vu eua phong trao each mang do<br />
giai phong dan toe. Dang chuyen lire lugng<br />
Dang lanh dao phai ra sire chuan bi vl mgi<br />
va trgng tam eong tac ve n6ng thon.<br />
Dich tang cuong dan ap, khimg b6 mat. nam bat sir phat trien ciia tinh hinh<br />
phong trao each mang va Dang Cgng san. trong nuae va the gioi mai co thi di tai<br />
Ngay 29-9-1939 ding chi Le H6ng Phong thing Igi. Sau khoi nghia Bae Son. da hinh<br />
<br />
38<br />
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TAP CHi UCH Si) OANG-1/2011<br />
<br />
KY NIEM 70 NAM...<br />
<br />
thanh lire lugng du kich va tiln hanh diu truac su sing con. Dan toe Viet Nam va<br />
franh vu trang a khu vue Bic San (Lang cae dan tgc D6ng Duong cung bi dat truac<br />
Son), Vu Nhai (Thai Nguyen). Dgi du kich thaeh thire mai.<br />
Til- thang 9-1938, lanh tu Nguyin Ai<br />
Bac Son phat trien thanh dgi Ciru quoc<br />
quan (23-2-1941), xay dung va phat triln QuIc tai Trung QuIe tren 16 trinh tra ve<br />
nuoc. Thai gian nay, Nhat Ban da xam<br />
can CU' dia Bac Son - Vu Nhai.<br />
Thuc dan Phap va phat xit Nhat khiing chilm 3 tinh D6ng Bae Trung Quoc (1937),<br />
bo da gay t6n that lan doi vai each mang tang cuong chien tranh de chiem toan bg<br />
Viet Nam. Den giiia nam 1940, cac d6ng Trung Qu6c. Nhan dan Trung Qu6e da<br />
chi Uy vien Trung uong Dang lan lugt bi khang chiln chong Nhat, phong trao each<br />
dich bat, chi con lai d6ng chi Phan Dang mang do Dang Cgng san Trung Qu6c lanh<br />
Luu. Cae xir uy, tinh iiy, thanh iiy cung bi dao phat trien manh me. Phong trao each<br />
nhieu ton that. Dich bat va ket an nhieu mang, khang chien a Quang Tay, Van Nam<br />
dong ehi Trung uong va Xii uy. Mau thuan giap Viet Nam ngay cang phat trien, Viet<br />
giai cap va dan tgc thiic day phong trao kieu va can bg, dang vien Viet Nam da boat<br />
each mang huong miii nhgn tien e6ng vao dong tren dia ban nay.<br />
thuc dan Phap va phat xit Nhat, quyet tam<br />
Voi ten mai la Ho Quang, Nguyen Ai<br />
gianh doc lap eho To quoc.<br />
Qu6c tir Tan Cuong qua Lan Chau den Tay<br />
Thang 11-1940, tai Dinh Bang (Bic An r6i toi Dien An (tinh Thiem Bae - "dat<br />
Ninh) da dien ra bgi nghi de lap lai Ban thanh each mang" Trung Qu6e). Nguyen Ai<br />
Chap hanh Trung uong va bau d6ng ehi Quoc a Dien An 2 tuan r6i tra lai Tay An.<br />
Truang - Chinh lam Quyen Tong Bi thu. Sau d6 Ngud'i roi Tay An xuong Quang<br />
Hoi nghi da ehu truang tiep tuc giuong cao Tay, dimg a Que Lam khi do la tinh ly eua<br />
nggn ca giai phong dan toe ciia Hoi nghi Quang Tay. Nguoi tham gia Bat 16 quan<br />
Trung uong 11-1939 da xae dinh. Tir nam Trung Qu6c va tim each lien lac ve nuae.<br />
1930 den nam 1940, co quan lanh dao eiia Thang 2-1939, Nguyen Ai Quoc viet mot<br />
Trung uong Dang dat a ngi va ngoai thanh loat bai duoi tieu de Thir tir Trung Quoc<br />
Sai Gon. Tii' eu6i 1940, co quan lanh dao giri ve nuac. Cuoi nam 1939, Nguyin Ai<br />
ciia Trung uong Dang dat o Ha Ngi, hinh Qu6c den Con Minh (Van Nam) bit lien<br />
thanh khu an toan cua Trung uong tai ngoai lac vai cac t6 chiic Dang. Tir nam 1939, tai<br />
Con Minh, Ban Cong tae hai ngoai eiia<br />
vi Ha Ngi.<br />
Tinh hinh thi gioi bien chuyen nhanh Dang Cgng san D6ng Duang da dugc lap<br />
chong, dat nhan loai truac thir thaeh lai do ding ehi Phimg Chi Kien phu trach.<br />
nghiem trgng ciia chien tranh the giai. Van Thang 2-1940, Nguyin Ai QuIc voi bi<br />
menh eiia nhilu quIc gia, dan tgc dimg danh "ong Trin" dugc ding chi Trinh<br />
<br />
TAP CHi LICH SIJOANG-1/2011<br />
<br />
39<br />
<br />
KY NIEM 70 NAM...<br />
<br />
Dong Hai (tiic Vii Anh) dua den nha ong<br />
ba T6ng Minh Phuang la Viet kieu, a 76<br />
duang Kim Bich (C6n Minh) de gap d6ng<br />
ehi Phimg Chi Kien. Phimg Chi Kien va<br />
cac dong chi Ban Cong tae hai ngoai ciia<br />
Dang da bao cao vai lanh tu Nguyen Ai<br />
Qu6c tinh hinh trong nuac va tinh hinh<br />
kieu bao a C6n Minh va boat dong eua<br />
Dang tai day. Nguyen Ai Quoc eiing cac<br />
d6ng ehi gay dung va phat trien phong trao<br />
each mang viing bien gioi Viet - Trung,<br />
chuan bi eho phong trao trong nuoc va iing<br />
hg Trung Qu6e chong phat xit Nhat.<br />
Dugc biet lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc da<br />
C mat a Trung Quoc giap bien giai, cac<br />
O<br />
dong ehi trong nuae da cir cac dong ehi<br />
Pham van D6ng va Vo Nguyen Giap sang<br />
Trung Quoc de lien lac, bao cao tinh hinh<br />
va xin y kien ehi dao. Dau thang 6-1940<br />
vai bi danh la Vuong, tai Thuy H6 (Van<br />
Nam) lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6c da gap hai<br />
dong chi Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen<br />
Giap. Sau do, Nguai quyet dinh cir cac<br />
d6ng ehi Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen<br />
Giap, Cao Hong Lanh di hgc a Dien An.<br />
Ngay 15-6-1940, phat xit Diic tan e6ng<br />
nuoc Phap va 22-6-1940 Phap dau hang.<br />
Lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6e quyet dinh hoan<br />
viee di hgc eiia eac d6ng chi de chuan bi ve<br />
nuoc. Nguai cho rang day la ca hoi thuan<br />
Igi cho each mang Viet Nam; phai tim each<br />
tra ve nuae de nam bat thai co each mang.<br />
Cao Bang la tinh eo duong bien giai dai<br />
voi Trung Qu6c va la manh dat eo truyen<br />
th6ng yeu nuac chong ngoai xam va sam<br />
<br />
40<br />
<br />
C C so each mang khi Dang Cgng san<br />
O O<br />
Viet Nam ra dai. Cao Bang c6 dia the rimg<br />
niii hiem tro, thuan Igi cho xay dung can<br />
cir; tien Igi eho lien lac vai ben ngoai va<br />
nhu cira ngo lien lac phong trao each mang<br />
sau trong ngi dia. Cao Bang co t6 ehirc<br />
Dang, dgi ngii dang vien d6ng dao, can bg<br />
lanh dao each mang c6 uy tin, nhan dan<br />
hang hai each mang. Sau eugc khiing bo ac<br />
liet eiia ke thii nam 1931, tir nam 1932<br />
phong trao each mang Viet Nam timg buac<br />
phuc h6i. Thang 3-1934, Ban Chi huy a<br />
ngoai eua Dang Cgng san D6ng Duong<br />
thanh lap g6m eac dong chi Le Hong<br />
Phong, Ha Huy Tap, Nguyen Van Dirt.<br />
Thang 6-1934, Ban Chi huy a ngoai to<br />
chire Hoi nghi tai Ma Cao, Trung Quoc,<br />
tich cue ehi dao phong trao each mang<br />
trong nuae.<br />
Cae dong chi trong Ban Chi huy a ngodi<br />
da dugc nhan dan cac dan tgc tinh Cao<br />
Bang giup do xay dung co so Dang, phong<br />
trao each mang a trong nuae va ngay tren<br />
dja ban Cao Bing. Culi nam 1934, Cao<br />
Bang da eo 201 dang vien phan Ion la<br />
nhiing nguai tre tu6i. Phong trao each<br />
mang va to ehirc Dang a Cao Bang da g6p<br />
phan tich cue eho boat dong lanh dao, chi<br />
dao eua Ban Chi huy a ngodi va ehuan bj<br />
eho Dai bgi lan thii nhat ciia Dang (31935). Phong trao each mang ciia Dang va<br />
nhan dan Cao Bang da eo dugc nhiing<br />
chien si each mang tieu bieu: Hoang Dinh<br />
Giong, Hoang Van Ngn. Tai Dai hoi I ciia<br />
Dang (3-1935) dong chi Hoang Dinh Giong<br />
<br />
TAP CHI LICH SU'OANG-1/2011<br />
<br />
KY NIEM 70 NAM...<br />
<br />
dugc bau la Uy vien Ban Chip hanh Trung<br />
uong Dang; d6ng chi Hoang Van Ngn dugc<br />
bau la dai bieu di du Dai bgi VII ciia Quoc<br />
tl Cgng san (7-1935). Thang 3-1937 khi tai<br />
lap Xir iiy Bac Ky, d6ng chi Hoang Tu Hun<br />
(tire Hoang Van Ngn, Van Tan) dugc bau<br />
lam Bi thu Xir uy.<br />
Do ehinh la nhung dieu kien thuan igi<br />
de lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc chgn la noi<br />
tra ve To qu6c sau 30 nam hoat dong a<br />
nuoc ngoai.<br />
Nhiem vu va yeu cau ciia phong trao<br />
giai ph6ng dan tgc doi hoi phai co dgi ngii<br />
can bg lanh dao va chi dao du manh ca ve<br />
trinh do ly luan va nang luc lanh dao thue<br />
tien. Thang 12-1940, tai Nam Quang. Tinh<br />
Tay (Trung Quoc) lanh tu Nguyen Ai<br />
Qu6e da ma lap huan luyen eho 43 can bg<br />
eiia Cao Bang, trong d6 e6 cac dong chi<br />
Le Quang Ba, Hoang Sam, Bang Giang,<br />
The An... Nguai true tiep giang day cho<br />
lop hgc voi sir trg ly ciia cac d6ng ehi<br />
Phiing Chi Kien, Pham Van D6ng, V6<br />
Nguyen Giap. Tai lieu huan luyen la cu6n<br />
Con duong giai phong do Nguyen Ai<br />
Quoc va cac trg ly bien soan. Ngi dung<br />
hgc tap chii yeu la each dieu tra tinh hinh,<br />
tuyen truyen, to chire va phat trien lire<br />
lugng each mang. Neu ro 5 dieu nen lam<br />
va 5 dieu nen tranh d6i voi can bg trong<br />
van dong phong trao each mang. Day la<br />
lop huan luyen can bg dau tien phuc vu<br />
c6ng eugc giai phong dan tgc. Lop hgc ket<br />
thiic ngay 26-1-1941 (tuc 29 thang Chap<br />
nam Canh Thin).<br />
<br />
TAP CHi LICH SIJOANG-1/2011<br />
<br />
Sau Dai hoi VII. Qu6e te Cgng san chii<br />
truong, cac ding chi tra ve cac nuoc de cimg<br />
cac dong chi trong nuoc chi dao phong trao<br />
ch6ng nguy co phat xit lan tran. ch6ng chien<br />
tranh bao ve hoa binh, bao ve Lien X6. Klii<br />
chien tranh the giai xay ra, Qu6c te Cgng san<br />
tiep tuc chi dao phong trao each mang a cae<br />
nuoc. Cu6i thang 6-1940, sau khi quyet dinh<br />
ngimg chuyen di ciia eac d6ng chi Cao H6ng<br />
Linh, Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen Giap,<br />
Nguyen Ai Qu6c cii' Tran Van Hinh (vira o<br />
Nam Bg ra) di Dien An de thiet lap quan he<br />
voi qu6e te, don nhan nhimg th6ng tin mai<br />
ciia qu6c te giri ve. Nguoi dap may bay len<br />
Triing Khanh gap Trung uong Dang Cgng san<br />
Trung Quoc de trao d6i y kien ve thai eugc.<br />
Truac khi di, Nguai nhieu lan can dan cac<br />
dong chi a C6n Minh phai nghien cim, chgn<br />
huong xay dung can cir dia, tim hieu tinh hinh<br />
trong nuac, chuan bi chu dao ve mgi mat de<br />
khi Nguoi tra ve la co the len duong ve nuoc".<br />
Cuoi thang 7-1940, Nguyen Ai Quoc ciing<br />
cac d6ng chi rod C6n Minh di Que Lam<br />
(Quang Tay) de tim huong moi tro ve nuoc.<br />
Nguyen Ai Quoc rat coi trgng tranh thii sir<br />
d6ng tinh, iing hg eua nhan dan Trung Qu6e<br />
d6i vai each mang Viet Nam.<br />
Thang 12-1940, Nguyen Ai Quoc cimg<br />
cac d6ng chi tir Que Lam xu6ng Tinh Tay.<br />
Sau Tet Duong lich 1941, d6ng chi Hoang<br />
van Thu tir trong nuae sang. Tai day, thay<br />
mat Trung uong Dang, dong chi Hoang<br />
van Thu bao cao vai lanh tu Nguyen Ai<br />
Quoc ve tinh hinh each mang trong nuac.<br />
Nguyen Ai Qu6c eiing cac ding chi thao<br />
<br />
41<br />
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