Hướng dẫn giải bài tập ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: Phần 2

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Nối tiếp nội dung của phần 1 Tài liệu Bài tập ngữ pháp tiếng Anh, phần 2 cung cấp cho người đọc các kiến thức lý thuyết và bài tập vận dụng về các mệnh đề và cụm từ trong tiếng Anh, cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả, cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ lý do, từ loại,... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

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Nội dung Text: Hướng dẫn giải bài tập ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: Phần 2

E X E R C IS E S Dien v a o c h o t r o n g vdi c a c m a o tif th ic h hofp neu c a n th ie t I. Jason’s father bought h im ...............bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday. 2...................Statue of Liberty was a g if t ............... of friendship from ...............France t o .................United States. 3. Rita is stu d y in g ............English a n d ............ Math this semester. 4...................judge a s k e d ............... witness to t e l l................ truth. 5. Please give me .............. cup of .............. coffee with ............... cream a n d ................ sugar. £>...................big books o n ................. table are for my history class. 7. No one i n .............. Spanish class knew .............. correct answer t o ................Mrs Brown’s question. 8. M y ...............car is four years old, and it still runs well. 9. When you go to ............... store, please buy .............. bottle of ................chocolate milk a n d ............... dozen oranges. 10. There are only .............. few seats left for ............... tonight’s musical show a t ...............university. II. John and Mary went to ................ school yesterday and then studied i n ............... library before returning home. 12................ Lake Erie is one of ............... five Great Lakes in ............ North America. 13. On our trip t o ............Spam, we crossed .............. Atlantic Ocean. 14.............. M ount Rushm ore is the site of ................ magnificent tribute t o ............... four great American presidents. 15. What did you eat f o r ...............breakfast this morning0 203
16. David played ............... basket ball and ............... baseball at ................ Boy’s club this year. 17. Rita p la y s ...............violin and her sister p la y s ..................guitar. 18. While we were in ................ Alaska, we saw ................. Eskimo village. 19. Tom can’t go t o .............. movies tonight because he has to write ............. essay. 20. David a tte n d e d ............... Princeton University. 21. Harry has been adm itted to .............. School of Medicine at ................. mid western University. 22. Mel’s grandm other is in ................ hospital, so we went to visit h e r ...............last night. .'2 3 ................political science class.is t a k in g ................ trip t o ............. France i n ............:... Spring. 24................ Queen Elizabeth II is ............... monarch of .............. Great Britain. 25. Scientists sent ............... expedition to ............... Mars during ................ 1990s. 26. Last night there w a s ................bird singing outside my house. 2 7 chair that you are sitting in is broken. 2 8 Civil W ar was fought in .1............ United States between 1861 and 1865. 2 9 Florida State University is smaller than .............. University of Florida. 30. There w a s .............knock o n .............. door. I opened it and found .............. small dark man m .............. blue overcoat and ............ woolen cap. 31. Do you k n o w ................ time? 204
Y e s ,.............clock i n ............... hall just struck nine. Then it isn’t ..............time to go yet. ;32...................b su .i,:n g t o ................. teacher is useful for all of us. i33. Most o f ............. students working i n ............. garden are tired. 34. He works a s ...............assistant in ................same shop as I do. 35. Do you think I should go t o ...............police? 36. To prevent ............... possible repetition of this accident, I lent h im ...............torch. 37. Most ............... farmers working hard on their land almost get nothing for their lifetime. 38. Do you s e e ................ man standing n e a r ...............door. 3 9 .1 told you a b o u t ..............burglary that we had a t ............... shop, did n’t I? 40..................practising English everyday of all the students in our class is very necessary. 205
V/ CLAUSES AND PHRASES (CAC MENH DE VA CUM TU ) A -C O N D IT IO N A L S E N T E N C E S CAU DIEU KIEN Cau dieu kien co hai menh de, mot menh de phu [dependent clause) bat dau bang if va mot menh de chi'nh (main clause). R eal c o n d it io n a l s e n te n c e s (ca u d ie u k ie n c o that) a -F u tu re p o s s ib le (c o th e xa y ra d tu’cfng lai) I f + S + V ( s i n i p le p r e s e n t ) -f S + W i l l / C a n/ M a y / M u s t + V (i u s i m p l e *onnl_ Ex: If I have the money, I will buy a new car. If I have time, I will go. If my headache disappears, we can play tennis. b -H a b itu a l ( th o i q u e n ) ; I f + S + V ( s im p le p r e s e n t) + S + V (s im p 1e p r e se n t) Ex: Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time. If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients.in the hopital in the afternoon. c -C o m m a n d ( c a u m e n h len h , y e u ca u ) I f + S + V (s im p le p r e s e n t) + C o m m a n d fo r m Ex: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear from Ann. 206
2" Prensent unreal conditional sentences (cau dieu kien khong co that d hien tai) 1 I f ♦ S -f V ( s i m p le p a s t ) t S t W o u l d / C o u l d / M i g h t + V ( i u s i m p l e f o r m ) ] Trong menh de phu neu co to b e thi dung w e r e cho tat ca cac ngoi. Ex: If I had time, I would so to the beach with you this wpekend. If she didn't speak so quickly, I could understand her. I could go out tonight if I didn't have to study. If 7 were rich, I would travel around the world. She would tell you about it if she were here. If today were Saturday, I could so to the beach. 3- Past unreal conditional sentences ( cau dieu kien khong co that of qua khtf) If + S + V (past perfect) + S + W ould/ Could/ Might + IlaveH + Past Participle ____________________________ _________ Ex: If I hadn't lost my way , I would have arrived sooner. Ann would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer. If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter. *Note: Co the dung ph6p dao nguf trong P re se n t u n re a l conditional sentences neu co w e r e va past u n re a l conditional sentences. Ex: If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. -> Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. *Menh de dieu kien co the diing trUdc hoac sau menh de ehinh. • 207
4- Trong menh de dieu kien, ta co the thay lien td “ IF hang “ UNLESS” (neu...khong, trd phi). Unless tddng difofng vdi “ IF NOT” . Ex: + If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in the exam. -> Unless you study hard, you’ll fail in the exam. + If she doesn't water these trees, they will die. —> Unless she waters these trees, they will die. *Khi ta doi mot cau dieu kien vdi td noi “ IF'” sang “ UNLESS”, nhd ltfu y trddng hdp menh de “ IP ’ d the khang dinh khong ddcfc doi sang the phu dinh khi dung UNLESS ma phai doi menh de chinh sang the ngddc lai. Ex: • If I have time, I’ll help you. -> Unless I have time, I won’t help you. • If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. —> Unless we had more ram, our crops wouldn’t grow faster. • If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor. —> Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor. * Ta co the rut gon lai cong thiic sau : I F -C L A U S E -> UNLESS The phu djnh —> khang dinh ( menh de chinh khong doi) _ f y ^ The khang dinh —> khang dinh ( doi dong td trong _______________________ menh de chinh sang the ngUdc lai) , 5- Ta cung co the dien ta cau dieu kien ma khong can dung IF hay UNLESS bang cach dao chu nguf ra sau dong td W ERE hoac HAD (trong loai 3). Ldu y khong ddcfc lam vdi dong td khac. 208
Ex: • If they were stronger, they could lift the table. -> Were they stronger, they could lift the table. • If h&had studied hard, he would have passed his exam. -> Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam. 6- Provided (that), On condition (that), As long as, so long as (mien la, vdi dieu kien la); Suppose, supposing (gia svif nhtf), In case (trongtrifcfng hcfp), Even if (ngay ca khi, du cho)... co the dung thay cho If trong cau dieu kien. Ex: In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 7-AS IF va AS THOUGH *Chi hanh dong co the xay ra of hien tai Subject + verb (present) + As if/ As though + Subject + verb (present)___________________________________________ Ex: Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party. *Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that 6 hien ta i. Subject + verb ( p. -s>ent) + As if7As though + Subject + verb ( past)_____ ________________________________________ Ex: • Ann walks as if she studied modeling. • He acts as though he were rich. ■ The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter. *Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that of qua khuf. Subject + verb (past) + As iff As though + Subject + verb (past perfect)____________________________________ Ex: 209
• Barbara looked as if she had seen a ehost. • Ann talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. • John looked as though he had run ten miles. DM SRCISES I- Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: w V .'l 1. You could make better progress if you ............ (attend) class regularly. 2. If I ...,t......(know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you. 3. If y o u .......... . (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat. 4. He could get a job easily if he .............( have ) a degree. 5. I shouldn’t have believed it if I ............. ( not see) it with my own eyes. (l. ' 6. Henry talks to his dog as if i t ............ (understand) him. 7. If they had left the house earlier, th e y .......... ,T(not, be) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage. 8. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I ............ (give) it to my sister for her birthday. 9. If I had seen the movie, I .............(tell) you about it last night. 10. If you ............ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time? Ji> / - 11. If John paid his debts, people.............(respect) him more. 12. If I .7.’.:....... (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California. 13. If she ............. (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary. 14. If I .......(find) the book, I shall give it to you. 15. If you ............ (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark. 210
16. If you A/.V...... (save) your money, you will be able to go on a vacation. 17. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking. 18. What you ..i&,......(do) if you found a burglar in your house? 19. If she .vt...:./.r/(not hurry), she may be late. 20. If I (try) again, I think that I would have succeeded. 21. Water ............ (not run ) downhill if there were not gravity. 22. If I tell you a secret, you ............ (promise) not to tell it to anyone else? 23. Mike wished that the editors ............ (permit) him to copy some of their material. 24. John wishes that heUVfJ.i...... (spend) his vacation on the Gulf Coast next year. 25. I U.Vi.'.I.'iM^(accept) if they invite me to the party. II- Use Unless instead of If: 1. The crops would have been ruined if the flood had risen higher. 2. If you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were there. 3. If she did her hair differently phe would look quite nice. 4. If John had played for our football team, we would not have lost the game. 5. If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job. 6. If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife. 7. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another. 8. I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room. 9. If she does not hurry, she’ll be late. 10. If we had more rain, our crops would be better. 211
B-CLAUSES AFTER WISH, IF ONLY (MENH DE SAU W ISH VA IF ONLY) * - Wish: ao vide (trufefe WISH phai co chu ngtif) - If only: gia ma, phai chi * Sau WISH va ONLY ngildi ta thudng dung mot menh de chi mot diiu ao tide, mot dieu khong that. No diidc xem nhii mot menh de danh ngii (Noun clause). * Co ba loai menh de sau WISH va IF ONLY diidc diing de chi ttU ao tide d titefng lai, hien tai va qud khii. 1/ Future wish (Ao ifdc of ttfefng lai) 1 S + WISH + S+ Would +V( bare-inf.) 1 (IF ONLY) + Could Ex: • I wish I would be an astronaut in the future. • Tom wishes he were coming with us. • If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday. • If only I would be able to attend your wedding next week. 2/ Present wish (Ao ufdc d hien tai) S+ WISH + S +V past subjunctive (IF ONLY) ( V ,; be-> were) ♦ Subjunctive: Qua khuf gia dinh, hinh thtic nhif Simple past. Ex: + I wish I were rich. (But I am poor now) + I can’t swim. I wish I could swim. + If only Ben were here. (Ben isn’t here. I wish he were here) + We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today. 212
(We have to go to class) 3/ Past wish ( Ao vfdc d qua khti ) rPast Perfect Subjunctive S + WISH + S + 4 ( had + V3) (IF ONLY) LCould have + V3 ♦ Past perfect Subjunctive: qua khvf hoan thanh gia dinh, hinh thiic nhvf Past perfect. *Ex: ■ I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year. (I failed my exam) ■ She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house. (She hadn’t have enough money to buy it) ■ If only I had met her yesterday. (I didn’t meet her) ■ She wishes she could have been there. (She couldn’t be there) 213
EXERCISE Rewrite the sentences below, using WISH or IF ONLY 1. My father isn’t here now. I want him to be here now. 2. You talk more than you work. The teacher wants you to work more than to talk. 3. John would like to be an astronaut when he grows up. 4. I’m sorry I didn’t help you yesterday. 5. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth. 6. Mary is afraid she won’t be able to attend your wedding next week. 7. We regret that we didn’t have enough money to buy that house. 8. You drive too fast. I’d like you to drive more slowly. 9. You are too lazy. The teacher wants you to be more studious. 10. I’m afraid he won’t get over his illness soon. 11. I’m not a doctor. 1 2 .1 haven’t enough money to buy this book. 1 3 .1 live in a big city, but I don’t like it. 14. Nam is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job. 15. Tomorrow is a workday. 16. We have to work this Saturday. 1 7 .1 feel sick because I ate too much ice-cream. 18. It’s pity that you were not here last week. 1 9 .1 regret speaking to him so impolitely yesterday. 20. Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20. 2 1 .1 want the baby to stop crying. 22. He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Molly to his party. 23. The hotel wasn’t good. 2 4 .1 didn’t understand the lesson. 25. My friend didn’t pass his exam. 214
C-PH RASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (CUM TU" v a m £ n h d e CHI MUC DlCH) I/ Phrases of Purpose: 1/ Neu muon dien ta muc dich khang dinh, ta dung mot cum t£f bat dau bfing “to”, “in order to”, “so as to”. • ♦ to -infinitive ♦ (de ma) i n ° rdert° } (bare-inf.) ♦ so as to Ex: ■ I try to study to pass my next exam. ■ I try to study in order to pass my next exam. ■ He does morning exercises regularly so as to improve his health. 2/ Neu muon di6n ta muc dich phu dinh, ta dung mot cum tif bat dau bang “so as not to” hoac “in order not to”. Ex: + She got up early so as not to miss the bus. + He studies hard so as not to fail in the exam. II/ Clauses of Purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose (Menh d£ trang nguf chi muc dich) * M?nh de chi' muc dich thudng diidc bat d£u bang: SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT (de ma) * Menh de chi muc dich co c£u true sau: 215
so that will/would S + V + in order that «■ S + can/could + V (bare-inf.> may/might menh de chinh ( main clause) menh de trang ngii chi muc dich __________________________(adverbial clause of purpose)____________ Ex: . • I try all my best to study English in order that I can fmd a better job. • I try to study so that I can pass the exam. • He hurried so that he wouldn’t miss the train. © Ltfu y: Neu chu nguf cua menh de chinh va menh de chi muc dich khac nhau ta khong driofc dung phrase of purpose. Ill/ Cac dang bai tap : 1/ Dang bai tap mot: Noi hai cdu co cung chu ngit thdnh mot cdu co cum tie chi muc dich hoac menh de chi muc dich. Ex: ■ Mary gets up early every morning. She wants to learn her lessons. -» Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lessons. -* Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons. ■ We leam English. We want to have better communication with other people. -> We leam English to have better communication with other people. —> We leam English so that we will have better communication with other people. ■ He was in a hurry. He wanted to catch the bus. He was in a hurry to catch the bus. 216
—> He was in a hurry in order that he would catch the bus. 2/ Dang bai tap hai: Noi hai cau co cung chu ngu! nhtfng sau “want” co tan nguf hoac tuc tuf (Object). Ex: • He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him. -> He gave me his address so that I would visit him. • They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation. -> They whispered in order that no one could hear their conversation. *Neu muon dung ph rase o f purpose d dang nay, ta phai theo cong thiic: In order for + O + to-inf. Ex: • He gave me his address in order for me to visit him. • They whispered in order for no one to hear their conversation. 3/ Dang bai tap ba: Doi mot cau tut “ phrase of purpose” sang “clause of purpose” hoac ngUdc lai. Ex: • We hurried to school so as not to be late. —> We hurried to school so that we wouldn’t be late. • Mary locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed. -> Mary locked the door so as not to be disturbed. • He studies hard in order to pass his exam. -> He studies hard so that he can pass his exam. 4J Dang bai tap bon: Hoan tat cau vdi “phrase” hoac “clause of purpope”. Ex: + She studies English so that... 217
+ He stood up order... • Ltfu y: • Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh 6 thi “present” thi ta dung “will/ can” d menh de chi muc dich. • Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh d thi “past” thi ta dung “would/ could” of menh d ! chi muc dich. EXERCISES Use a phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of sentences below: 1. The clown took off his mask. He didn’t want to frighten the children. 2. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents. 3. Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice. She didn’t want to cause trouble for her parents. 4. Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese. He wishes to read The Tale of Kieu. 5. Please shut the door. I don’t want the dog to go out of the house. 6. The farmer built a high wall around his garden. The fruits wouldn’t be stolen. 7. The police stopped the traffic every few minutes. The pedestrians might cross the road. 8. The notices are written in several languages. Everyone may understand them. 9. I wish to have enough money. I want to buy a new house. 10. Dick is practising the guitar. He can play for the dance. 11. She needs a job. She wants to support her old parents. 218
12. He moved to the front row. He could hear the speaker better. 13. She put the meat into the oven. She wanted it to be ready for dinner. 14. The boy stood on the benches. They wanted to get a better view. 15. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our neighbours. 16. I’ll write to you. I want you to know my decision soon. 17. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation. 18. The boy feigned to be sick. He hoped we didn’t make him work. 19. The man spoke loudly. He wanted everybody to hear him clearly. 20. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn’t want her mother to wait for her. 21. John gets up early. He doesn’t want to be late for class. 22. Mary hid the novel under her pillow. She didn’t want her father to see it. 23. Alice prepares her lesson carefully. She wants to get high marks in class. 24. The robber changed his address all the time. He didn’t want the police to find him. 25. They did their jobs well. They hoped the boss would increase their salary. 26. You should walk slowly. Your sister can follow you. 27. I’m studying hard. I want to keep pace with my classmates. 28. We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity. 29. This pupil read only for short periods each day. He didn’t want to train his eyes. 3 0 .1 whispered. I didn’t want to disturb anyone. 219
D- PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT (CUM T lf VA MENH DE CHI KET QUA) 1/ Phases o f Result: * Cura tir chi k£t qua thudng c6 “TOO” (qui) hoac “ENOUGH” (du). * Cau true cua cum til chi ket qud la: 1 / TOO: (qud... khong the) S + be (look, seem, become, get...) + too + adj (+ for 0 ) f to-infinitive S + Vf*htfcfng) +■ too + adv (+ for + O) + to-infinitive Ex: + x. :s too short to play basketball. adj + Tom ran too slowly to becom e the winner of the race. adv + This book is too dull for vou to read. adj Ltfu y : “TOO” thudng dUdc dung trong cau co nghia phu dinh (qua... khong the) 2 / Enough: (du... deed the) S + be + adj + enough (+ for + 0 ) + to-inf. S + V (thtfofng) + adv + enough ( + for + O) + to-inf. Ex: + Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car. adj + She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter. adv + It is cold enough to wear a heavy jacket, adj 220
II/ Clauses o f Result: Adverbial clauses o f Result (menh de trang nguf chi ket qua). • Menh de trang ngu chi het qud la menh de phu de chi ket qua do hanh dong cua menh de chinh gay ra. • Cdu true cua cdu co menh de trang ngii chi ket qud nhu sau: 1/ SO...THAT (qua... den noi) . S + be + so + adj + that + S + V. !' . ______________ . _______ _ main clause adverbial clause o f result S -f V (thvfetag) + so + adv + that + S +V________________ Ex: • It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything. • The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. *Lvfu v: Neu dong tif tron g m enh de chinh la cac dong tvf chi tri giac nhvf “look, appear, seem, feel, taste, smell, sound...”, ta dung con g thvfc nhvf “be + so...” Ex: • The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for her. • The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. •Neu trvfdc “SO” co “M A N Y ’, “M UCH”, “FEW ”, “ L IT T L E ” , thi ta co cau true: S + V + so I m a n y l+ plural countable Noun + that + S + V fe w ___________ (danh tvf dem difcte so nhieu) Ex: • The Sm iths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. 221
• I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one. • There are so many people in the room that I feel tired. S + V + so + rm uch -i + uncountable Noun + that + S ♦ V _____________little ___________(danh tft khong dem di/cte) Ex: • He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now. • The glass received so little water that it turned brown in the h e a t . * Mot cau true khac;pua “ so... that” S + V + so + adj + a + Singular countable N + that... ___ ___ (danh tvf dem difefe so it) Ex: • It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors. • It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down. 2/ SUC11... THAT: (q u a ... d e n n o i ) S' + V + such a! an + adj + N + that + S + V L __________________ I________________ Ex: • It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home. • She had such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. • There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. • It is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him. • This is such difficult hom ework that I will never finish it. 222