Hướng tới nền công nghiệp ít phát thải - thân thiện môi trường

uien aan<br /> <br /> Hudng tdi nen cong nghiep it phat thai -<br /> than thien moi tru'dng<br /> NGUYEN THI L^^^^<br /> Cdnhan KH Moi trWdng (Murdoch), lEMBA (AIT)<br /> Chuyen vien Vu KH&CN - Bp Cong Thu'dng<br /> <br /> di quan he giu'a phat trien cdng nghiep va van de<br /> <br /> <br /> M mdi tu'dng phat sinh trong nhieu thap ky qua da<br /> cd thay dd'i dang ke ca ve each tiep can cung<br /> nhu' quan diem quan ly. Vae nhu'ng nam ciia<br /> thap ky 70 ciia the ky tru'dc, nganh cdng nghiep giai quyet<br /> vifn de mdi tru'dng phat sinh bang cac cdng nghe xir ly chift<br /> thai hay cdn gpi la cdng nghe cudi du'dng dng. Vae nhu'ng<br /> nam 1980, da xuift hien nhu'ng y tu'dng ket hdp xd ly cudi<br /> du'dng dng vdi ngan ngira chat thai trong qua trinh san<br /> xuat. Den nhu'ng nam 1990, phong trao ap dung cac cdng<br /> cu quan ly mdi tru'dng trpng qua trinh san xuift da trd nen<br /> toan dien hdn, nganh cdng nghiep da quan tam hdn den<br /> viec giam nguyen lieu dau vao tren mdt ddn vj san pham,<br /> khi quay vdng lai san xuat hdac thai ra mdi tru'dng. He<br /> nham giam nhu cau ve nguyen lieu san xuat. Vae nhu'ng<br /> thdng san xuift cdng nghiep kin cd the du'dc dien ra d ca cap<br /> nam ciia thap nien 2000, vdi nhu'ng chirng cir xae dang ve<br /> dp cd sd san xuift, khu cum va cap hdn nu'a tren quy md<br /> nguyen nhan va anh hu'dng eiia bien dd'i khi hau, cac nganh<br /> toan nganh.<br /> cdng nghiep phai ddi mat vdi viec giam thieu phat thai khi<br /> Tai cd sd san xuift, doanh nghiep "xanh hoa" thdng qua<br /> nha kinh thdng qua cac chinh sach tiet kiem nang lu'dng va<br /> viec tiep can cae phu'dng thire quan ly, san xuift mdi nhu'<br /> sir dung nang lu'dng tai tao. Tdi cudi nhu'ng nam 2000, lan<br /> thiet ke xanh, san xuait sach hdn, tiet kiem nang lu'dng, he<br /> sdng cdng nghiep it chift thai, than thien mdi tu'dng, thu'dng<br /> thdng quan ly mdi tru'dng, quay vdng tai che chat thai, quan<br /> du'dc gpi la cdng nghiep xanh, du'dc Cd quan phat trien<br /> ly d nhiem cudi du'dng dng, sir dung hieu qua cac ngudn tai<br /> cdng nghiep lien hiep qude (UNIDO) khdi xu'dng va nhan<br /> nguyen, sir dung nang lu'dng tai tao. Cae phu'dng thiTc quan<br /> du'dc SI/ hu'dng irng ciia nhieu nu'dc tren the gidi. Ket qua<br /> ly, san xuiit mdi cd the diTdc tien hanh ddc lap hoae ly<br /> la nhieu td chire, nhdm nu'dc tren the gidi day manh cam<br /> tu'dng hdn ket hdp vdi nhau. Odi vdi khu cdng nghiep, cac<br /> ket ve phat trien cdng nghiep theo hu'dng nay.<br /> khai niem khu cdng nghiep sinh thai, khu cdng nghiep than<br /> Bai Viet nay nham cung cap cho ddc gia mdt sd thdng<br /> thien mdi tru'dng, khu cdng nghiep hai hea an sinh xa hdi<br /> tin cd ban ve dae diem ciia mdt nen cdng nghiep it chat<br /> va mdi tru'dng da lan lu'dt xuiit hien va du'dc iTng dung tren<br /> thai, each thiTc tiep can de hu'dng tdi mue tieu xanh hoa<br /> thi/c te. Tuy cac khu cdng nghiep cd ten gpi khac nhau,<br /> cdng nghiep cung nhu' si/ lien he tdi Viet Nam va de xuat<br /> nhu'ng deu nham tdi mue tieu phat trien ben vCTng cac khu<br /> ban dau giai phap Viet Nam can thi/c hien de thuc day<br /> cdng nghiep thee hu'dng md phdng heat ddng ciia met he<br /> nganh cdng nghiep thee xu hu'dng mdi nay ciia the gidi.<br /> sinh thai td nhien trong dd, chat thai ciia cd sd san xuiit<br /> KHAI NIEM CONG NGHIEP IT PHAT THAI, nay cd the trd thanh vat lieu san xuiit cua cd sd kia, sad cho<br /> chat thai phat sinh tir trdng khu trd nen tdi thieu.<br /> THAN THIEN MOI TRI/6NG<br /> Tren quy md nganh cdng nghiep, cac chinh phii thiic<br /> Ve khai niem, nen cdng nghiep it phat thai, than thien<br /> day nganh cdng nghiep theo hu'dng than thien mdi tru'dng<br /> mdi tru'dng hay cdn du'dc gpi la nen cdng nghiep xanh la<br /> thdng qua cac quy djnh ve mdi tru'dng, ve nghien ciTu khea<br /> nen cdng nghiep du'dc van hanh tdi u'u nham tan dung tdi<br /> hpc cdng nghe, cac chinh sach khuyen khich ap dung cdng<br /> da ngudn li/c de san sinh ra nhdng san pham cd ich cho xa<br /> nghe sach va cac giai phap khac giam thieu chift thai.<br /> hdi, ddng thdi qua dd giam tdi da lu'dng ehiit thai phat sinh.<br /> De tien tdi mdt nen cdng nghiep xanh, nganh cdng nghiep CAC Nl/OfC LAM GI DE GIAM THIEU PHAT<br /> can phai chuyen tir td duy san xuiit cdng nghiep truyen<br /> THAI CONG NGHIEP?<br /> thdng di/a tren he thdng san xuat md, trong dd, qua trinh<br /> Tai nhieu nu'dc tren the gidi, viec hu'dng nen cdng<br /> san xuift cdng nghiep sir dung nguyen nhien vat lieu khai<br /> nghiep phat trien theo hu'dng it phat thai, than thien vdi<br /> thae tir t l / nhien san xuift ra san pham, ddng thdi, chift thai<br /> mdi tru'dng du'dc tiep can theo phu'dng phap "cay gay va cii<br /> du'dc thai ra mdi tru'dng sang he thdng san xuat cdng<br /> ca rdt" truyen thdng. "Cay gay" thu'dng du'dc ap dung la<br /> nghiep kin, trong dd, cac qua trinh san xuat sir dung lai chat<br /> that chat cac quy djnh luat phap ve bao ve mdi tru'dng<br /> thai d mii'c tdi da, lu'dng chift thai cdn lai du'dc xd ly tru'dc<br /> <br /> 16| KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE t- (S6 3 - 9/2010)<br />  Dien dan 'W<br /> <br /> nham thuc day cac cd sd cdng nghiep phai tim tdi, nghien De hd trd cac doanh nghiep giai quyet van de mdi<br /> ciTu iTng dung cae tien bd khpa hpc cdng nghe va chuyen tru'dng, Chinh phii da ban hanh mdt loat cac chu'dng trinh,<br /> dd'i sang sir dung cac cdng nghe mdi than thien hdn vdi chien lu'dc lien quan den viec cai thien hieu qua sir dung tai<br /> mdi tru'dng. Ddng thdi, Chinh phii cd nhieu bien phap "cii nguyen treng cac nganh cdng nghiep. Mdt nghien ciTu ciia<br /> ca rdt" hay ehinh sach khuyen khich thiic day viec ap dung UNIDO nam 2009 da ra seat cac chu'dng trinh, chien lu'dc<br /> tien bd khoa hpc vap cac cd sd cdng nghiep nham giam nay vdi mdt sd danh gia dang ILTU y. Tae gia ciia nghien ciTu<br /> phat thai. Cac bien phap khuyen khich giam phat thai trong cho rang, Viet Nam da cd kha nhieu cac chu'dng trinh, chien<br /> cdng nghiep thu'dng du'dc tiep can thee hai hu'dng, hu'dng lu'dc ciia Chfnh phii trong ITnh vi/c nay nhu' Chu'dng trinh mue<br /> tiep can theo chu'dng trinh va hu'dng phap ly, the che hea. tieu qudc gia ve tiet kiem nang lu'dng; cac chien lu'dc phat<br /> Tai cac nu'dc cd nen van hoa phu'dng Tay nhu' Dan trien cdng nghiep, Chien liTdc San xuiit sach hdn trong cdng<br /> Maeh, Uc, My, viec khuyen khich giam thieu phat thai nghiep va sap tdi, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tru'dng se trinh<br /> thu'dng du'dc tiep can theo cac chu'dng trinh trinh td nguyen Chinh phii Ke heach hanh ddng ve thuc day san xuiit va tieu<br /> va du'dc ap dung tu'dng ddi thanh cdng. Vi du nhu' d Dan diing ben vCTng. Tuy nhien, danh gia eung eho rang, de tien<br /> Maeh, chu'dng trinh qudc gia ve khuyen khfch ap dung cdng tdi nen cdng nghiep xanh, Viet Nam can cd them cac chu'dng<br /> nghe sach du'dc ap dung tir nhu'ng nam 1990 ddi vdi toan trinh, chien lu'dc quyet liet hdn nhu' viec dat ra eae mue tieu<br /> nganh cdng nghiep da du'dc thiTc hien va gdp phan chuyen giam thai cu the cho tiTng nganh va phan nganh cdng<br /> dd'i dien mao ciia toan nganh thee hu'dng than thien mdi nghiep.<br /> tru'dng. Cac chuyen gia ciia Hiep hdi cdng nghiep Dan Maeh Mat khac, quan sat cung cho thay, hau het cac quy<br /> cho biet, mau chdt ciia viec thanh cdng nay chinh la viec djnh, chu'dng trinh, chien lu'dc ciia Viet Nam den nay lien<br /> that chat cac quy djnh phap ly ve mdi tru'dng, ddng thdi vdi quan den giam phat thai treng cdng nghiep thu'dng tap<br /> chu'dng trinh xay di/ng cae thi diem, phd bien cdng nghe trung vao ddi tu'dng chu yeu la cac cd sd cdng nghiep ddn<br /> sach cho cac nganh cdng nghiep. Tai Uc, viee ap dung san le, ma thieu cac tiep can theo khu, cum cdng nghiep cung<br /> xuat sach hdn trong nhu'ng nam 1990 thdng qua mdt nhu' tiep can ddi vdi cae phan nganh va tean nganh cdng<br /> chu'dng trinh qudc gia cung da du'dc ap dung. Tai My, nghiep.<br /> chiTdng trinh thiic day phat trien cac khu cdng nghiep sinh<br /> thai cung da du'dc thi/c hien tir cudi nhij'ng nam 1990, lam CAC GIAI PHAP Hl/O^NG T 6 I NiEN<br /> defy len lan sdng cdng nghiep sinh thai d nhieu qudc gia CONG NGHIEP IT CHAT THAI TAI VIET NAM<br /> khac. De vay, de tien tdi mdt nen cdng nghiep it chat thai,<br /> Trong khi dd, tai cac nu'dc thude nen van hoa phu'dng than thien mdi tru'dng, ngeai viec thi/c hien tet cac chu'dng<br /> Ddng, cac bien phap khuyen khich thu'dng du'dc quy djnh trinh, chien liTdc de ra, Viet Nam can bd sung them met sd<br /> tai cac van ban luat va ehinh sach ciia nha nu'dc. Vi du dien tiep can, giai phap nhu':<br /> hinh la Trung Qudc vdi Luat Thuc day san xuift sach hdn ra - Dat mue tieu giam thai ddi vdi tiTng nganh va phan<br /> ddi tir nam 2002. Viec thi/e thi Luat da day manh viec hinh nganh cdng nghiep va xay dtTng cac chu'dng trinh de thi/c<br /> thanh mang lu'di cac trung tam tu' van ve san xuat sach hien cac mue tieu. De lam diTdc dieu nay, can phai thi/c<br /> hdn va viec ap dung san xuift sach hdn td nguyen tai nu'dc hien mdt thdng ke qude gia ve miTc sir dung nguyen nhien<br /> nay. Tai met sd nu'dc chau A dang phat trien nhu'Thai Lan, vat lieu va phat thai cho cac nganh va phan nganh cdng<br /> Malaysia, viec thuc day giam phat thai treng cdng nghiep nghiep de lam cd sd dd lieu nen, tiT dd dat ra cac mue tieu<br /> thu'dng bat dau vdi mdt chu'dng trinh do cac nu'dc phat phat thai che cac nganh va cac giai phap de thi/c hien mue<br /> trien hoae cac td chiTc qudc te khdi xu'dng, sau khi cac di/ tieu;<br /> an rut di, chinh phii cac nu'dc sd tai se tiep quan thdng qua - Khdi xu'dng chu'dng trinh qudc gia^'e khu, cum cdng<br /> eae quy djnh phap luat hoae cac van ban chinh sach mang nghiep sinh thai, treng dd quan taiM/a chpn cac nganh<br /> tfnh khuyen khich, utj dai. nghe nen dau tu' vao ciing khu cdjRif nghiep de cd the tien<br /> trao ddi chat thai. Neu can cd t h l xay di/ng cac md hinh<br /> VIET NAM HI/6NG T6I NilN CONG KCN sinh thai kieu mau de pho' bien cho cac tinh de thiTc<br /> NGHIEP IT CHAT THAI THAN THIEN MOI hien trong qua trinh keu gpi dau tiT;<br /> TRl/dfNG - Day manh hdn ni/a cac heat dpng nghien ciTu khea<br /> Vdi viec thanh lap va hoan thien ciia he thdng cd quan hpc, iTng dung va chuyen giao cac cdng nghe san xuiit mdi,<br /> quan ly nha nu'dc ve mdi tru'dng, trong 5 nam trd lai day, it chat thai, than thien mdi tru'dng cho cac nganh cdng<br /> dae biet la sau si/ ra ddi ciia Luat Bao ve Mdi tru'dng siTa dd'i nghiep va phd bien cac ket qua cho cac doanh nghiep trong<br /> nam 2005, Viet Nam da tang cu'dng cac quy djnh ve bao ve nganh.<br /> mdi tru'dng cung nhu* tang cu'dng cu9ng che tuan thii cac Tren day mdi la mot sd de xuat ban dau diTa tren nhi/ng<br /> quy djnh nay. Tuy nhien, vdi vj tri la met nu'dc dang phat quan sat cua tac gia va nghien ciTu da cd sin, treng giai<br /> trien, cac cd sd san xuiit ciia Viet Nam, dae biet la cac dean tdi, de cd nhuYig de xuift cu the hdn, Bd Cdng Thu'dng<br /> doanh nghiep viTa va nhd gap khd khan trong viec tuan thii can cd nhCTng nghien ciTu sau ve each thiTc thuc day,<br /> vdi cac quy djnh de hieu qua san xuat thap, miTc phat thai chuyen ddi nganh cdng nghiep thee hu'dng tang hieu qua<br /> cao, dan den chi phi xd ly chat thai cae. Cac doanh nghiep sir dung tai nguyen, ddng thdi giam chat thai, ket hdp vdi<br /> khdng the mdt sdm mdt chieu dau tu' he thdng xd ly heae xay di/ng du'dc mdt chu'dng trinh xanh hoa cdng nghiep<br /> thay ddi cdng nghe sang cdng nghe hien dai it chat thai. phii hdp, cd Id trinh.•<br /> <br /> (S6 3 - 9/2010) -I KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE |l7<br />