Java Database Programming Bible- P6

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Java Database Programming Bible- P6: Welcome to Java Database Programming Bible. This book is for readers who are already familiar with Java, and who want to know more about working with databases. The JDBC Application Programming Interface has made database programming an important aspect of Java development, particularly where Web applications are concerned.

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Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries * CREATE statements */ class TableQueryFrame extends JInternalFrame{ protected JTable table; protected JScrollPane tableScroller; protected JTextArea SQLPane = new JTextArea(); protected JButton queryButton = new JButton("Execute Query"); protected DatabaseUtilities dbUtils; protected String tableName = null; protected String colNames[] = null; protected String dataTypes[] = null; protected String SQLQuery = null; protected String SQLCommandRoot = ""; Y FL public TableQueryFrame(String tableName, DatabaseUtilities dbUtils){ AM System.out.println(tableName+", "+dbUtils); setSize(600,400); setLocation(10,10); TE setClosable(true); setMaximizable(true); setIconifiable(true); setResizable(true); getContentPane().setLayout(new BorderLayout()); this.tableName=tableName; this.dbUtils=dbUtils; setTitle("Query "+tableName); init(); setVisible(true); } // initialize the JInternalFrame private void init(){ -249 - Team-Fly® Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries colNames = dbUtils.getColumnNames(tableName); dataTypes = dbUtils.getDataTypes(tableName); SQLQuery = "SELECT TOP 5 * FROM "+tableName; Vector dataSet = dbUtils.executeQuery(SQLQuery); table = createTable(colNames,dataSet); JScrollPane sqlScroller = new JScrollPane(SQLPane); tableScroller = new JScrollPane(table); JSplitPane splitter = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.VERTICAL_SPLIT, sqlScroller,tableScroller); splitter.setDividerLocation(100); getContentPane().add(splitter,BorderLayout.CENTER); getContentPane().add(queryButton,BorderLayout.SOUTH); queryButton.addActionListener(new ButtonListener()); } protected JTable createTable(String[] colNames,Vector dataSet){ int nRows = dataSet.size(); String[][] rowData = new String[nRows][colNames.length]; for(int i=0;i
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries viewport.add(table); } } } Changes to the DBManager class (Listing 7-4) are once again minimal, amounting to no more than adding the hooks for the menu. Listing 7-4: DBManager package jdbc_bible.part2; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.Vector; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.*; public class DBManager extends JFrame{ JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar(); JDesktopPane desktop = new JDesktopPane(); String database = null; String tableName = null; String menuSelection = null; TableBuilderFrame tableMaker = null; TableEditFrame tableEditor = null; // added for Chapter 6 TableQueryFrame tableQuery = null; // added for Chapter 7 DatabaseUtilities dbUtils = null; TableMenu tableMenu = new TableMenu(); EditMenu editMenu = new EditMenu(); // added for Chapter 6 ViewMenu viewMenu = new ViewMenu(); // added for Chapter 7 MenuListener menuListener = new MenuListener(); public DBManager(){ -251 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries setJMenuBar(menuBar); setTitle("Java Database Bible"); getContentPane().setLayout(new BorderLayout()); getContentPane().add(desktop,BorderLayout.CENTER); setSize(new Dimension(480,320)); menuBar.add(tableMenu); tableMenu.setMenuListener(menuListener); menuBar.add(editMenu); // added for Chapter 6 editMenu.setMenuListener(menuListener); menuBar.add(viewMenu); // added for Chapter 7 viewMenu.setMenuListener(menuListener); setFont(new Font("Dialog",Font.PLAIN,18)); setVisible(true); Font font = getGraphics().getFont(); System.out.println(font); } private void displayTableBuilderFrame(){ tableName = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this,"Table:", "Select table",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); tableMaker = new TableBuilderFrame(tableName); tableMaker.setCommandListener(new CommandListener()); desktop.add(tableMaker); tableMaker.setVisible(true); } private void displayTableEditFrame(){ // added for Chapter 6 tableName = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this,"Table:", "Select table",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); tableEditor = new TableEditFrame(tableName,dbUtils); -252 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries desktop.add(tableEditor); tableEditor.setVisible(true); } private void displayTableQueryFrame(){ // added for Chapter 7 tableName = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this,"Table:", "Select table",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); tableQuery = new TableQueryFrame(tableName,dbUtils); desktop.add(tableQuery); tableQuery.setVisible(true); } private String[] parseKeyValueString(String kvString){ String[] kvPair = null; int equals = kvString.indexOf("="); if(equals>0){ kvPair = new String[2]; kvPair[0] = kvString.substring(0,equals).trim(); kvPair[1] = kvString.substring(equals+1).trim(); } return kvPair; } private void selectDatabase(){ database = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this,"Database:", "Select database",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); dbUtils = new DatabaseUtilities(); dbUtils.setDatabaseName(database); dbUtils.setExceptionListener(new ExceptionListener()); tableMenu.enableMenuItem("New Table",true); tableMenu.enableMenuItem("Drop Table",true); -253 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries editMenu.enableMenuItem("Insert",true); editMenu.enableMenuItem("Update",true); editMenu.enableMenuItem("Delete",true); viewMenu.enableMenuItem("ResultSet",true); } private void executeSQLCommand(String SQLCommand){ dbUtils.execute(SQLCommand); } private void dropTable(){ tableName = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this,"Table:", "Select table",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); int option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, "Dropping table "+tableName, "Database "+database, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION); if(option==0){ executeSQLCommand("DROP TABLE "+tableName); } } class MenuListener implements ActionListener{ public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ String menuSelection = event.getActionCommand(); if(menuSelection.equals("Database")){ selectDatabase(); }else if(menuSelection.equals("New Table")){ displayTableBuilderFrame(); }else if(menuSelection.equals("Drop Table")){ dropTable(); }else if(menuSelection.equals("Insert")){ displayTableEditFrame(); -254 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries }else if(menuSelection.equals("ResultSet")){ // added for Chapter 7 displayTableQueryFrame(); }else if(menuSelection.equals("Exit")){ System.exit(0); } } } class ExceptionListener implements ActionListener{ public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ String exception = event.getActionCommand(); JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, exception, "SQL Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE); } } class CommandListener implements ActionListener{ public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ String SQLCommand = event.getActionCommand(); executeSQLCommand(SQLCommand); } } public static void main(String args[]){ DBManager dbm = new DBManager(); } } It now remains to add the necessary JDBC code to run the query, as discussed in the next section. JDBC Code In the extended version of the DatabaseUtilities class in Listing 7-5, the method executeQuery(String SQLQuery) has been added to return a Vector of Vectors containing the row data from the table. The choice of a Vector of Vectors is driven partly by the inherent flexibility it offers, and partly to demonstrate an approach that differs slightly from Listing 7-1. The method getColumnNamesUsingQuery(String SQLCommand) has also been added. This method returns a -255 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries String array of column names pertinent to the query, rather than all the column names for the entire table. Listing 7-5: DatabaseUtilities package jdbc_bible.part2; import java.awt.event.*; import java.sql.*; import java.util.Vector; import sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver; public class DatabaseUtilities{ static String jdbcDriver = "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"; static String dbName = "Contacts"; static String urlRoot = "jdbc:odbc:"; private ActionListener exceptionListener = null; public DatabaseUtilities(){ registerDriver(); } public void setDatabaseName(String dbName){ this.dbName=dbName; } public void registerDriver(){ try { Class.forName(jdbcDriver); DriverManager.registerDriver(new JdbcOdbcDriver()); } catch(ClassNotFoundException e){ reportException(e.getMessage()); } catch(SQLException e){ reportException(e.getMessage()); } -256 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries } public void execute(String SQLCommand){ String url = urlRoot+dbName; try { Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); stmt.execute(SQLCommand); con.close(); } catch(SQLException e){ reportException(e.getMessage()); } } public void execute(String[] SQLCommand){ String url = urlRoot+dbName; try { Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); for(int i=0;i
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(SQLCommand); ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData(); columnNames = new String[md.getColumnCount()]; for(int i=0;i
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries reportException(e.getMessage()); } return columnNames; } public String[] getDataTypes(String tableName){ Vector dataSet = new Vector(); String[] dataTypes = null; String url = urlRoot+dbName; String SQLCommand = "SELECT * FROM "+tableName+";"; try { Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(SQLCommand); ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData(); Y FL dataTypes = new String[md.getColumnCount()]; AM for(int i=0;i
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(SQLQuery); ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData(); int nColumns = md.getColumnCount(); while(rs.next()){ Vector rowData = new Vector(); for(int i=1;i
Chapter 7:Retrieving Data with SQL Queries § Using SELECT FROM to retrieve all rows and columns from a table § Using the WHERE clause to retrieve rows matching a specific query § Using the ORDER BY clause to sort the returned data § SQL Operators § Escape sequences § Subqueries using the keywords: § EXISTS and NOT EXISTS § ANY and ALL § IN and NOT IN § Nested and correlated subqueries § JDBC ResultSets and ResultSetMetaData The next chapter discusses using joins to retrieve data from more than one table. -261 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes Chapter 8: Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes In This Chapter This chapter discusses various ways of organizing and analyzing the data returned by SQL queries. These include sorting the data by one or more columns, grouping the data and performing statistical analysis, and filtering the grouped results. The chapter also addresses the use of indexes to make your queries more efficient. Using indexes wisely can result in a very significant improvement in performance, while using indexes incorrectly can result in very poor performance. The final topic discussed in this chapter is the use of Views. Views provide a means of creating temporary tables based on a particular query. Using ORDER BY to Sort the Results of a Query A common requirement when retrieving data from an RDBMS by using the SELECT statement is to sort the results of the query in alphabetic or numeric order on one or more of the columns. You sort the results by using the ORDER BY clause in a statement like this: SELECT First_Name, Last_Name, City, State FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE Last_Name = 'Corleone' ORDER BY First_Name; This gives you a list of all the Corleones sorted in ascending order by first name, as shown in Table 8-1: Table 8-1: Records Sorted Using ORDER BY First_Name Last_Name City State Francis Corleone New York NY Fredo Corleone New York NY Michael Corleone New York NY Sonny Corleone Newark NJ Vito Corleone Newark NJ The default sort order is ascending. This can be changed to descending order by adding the DESC keyword as shown in the next example: Note The keywords ASC and DESC can be used to specify ascending or descending sort -262 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes order. SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE Last_Name = 'Corleone' ORDER BY First_Name DESC; Sorting on multiple columns is also easy to do by using a sort list. For example, to sort the data in ascending order based on Last_Name and then sort duplicates using the First_Name in descending order, the sort list is as follows: ORDER BY Last_Name, First_Name DESC; The entire SQL statement to sort the data in ascending order based on Last_Name and then sort duplicates using the First_Name in descending order is shown below . SELECT First_Name, MI, Last_Name, Street, City, State, Zip FROM CUSTOMERS ORDER BY Last_Name, First_Name DESC; Note When no ORDER BY clause is used, the order of the output of a query is undefined. These are the rules for using ORDER BY: § ORDER BY must be the last clause in the SELECT statement. § Default sort order is ascending. § You can specify ascending order with the keyword ASC. § You can specify descending order with the keyword DESC. § You can use column names or expressions in the ORDER BY clause. § The column names in the ORDER BY clause do not have to be specified in the select list. § NULLS usually occur first in the sort order. Note The DatabaseMetaData object provides a number of methods: boolean nullsAreSortedAtStart() boolean nullsAreSortedAtEnd() These methods can be used to determine the sort order for NULLs when in doubt. Another common reporting requirement is to break down the data a query returns into various groups so that the data can be analyzed in some way. The GROUP BY clause, discussed in the next section, enables you to combine database records to perform calculations such as averages or counts on groups of records. The GROUP BY Clause -263 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes The GROUP BY clause combines records with identical values in a specified field into a single record for this purpose, as shown in Figure 8-1, illustrating how to use GROUP BY to compute a count of customers by state. Figure 8-1: Using GROUP BY to count customers by state Because the GROUP BY clause combines all records with identical values in one column into a single record, each of the column names in the SELECT clause must be either a column specified in the GROUP BY clause or a column function such as COUNT() or SUM(). This means that you can't SELECT a list of individual customers by name and then count them as a group by using GROUP BY. However, you can group on more than one column, just as you can use more than one column with the ORDER BY clause. You can see an example of the use of GROUP BY on more than one column in Figure 8-2. Figure 8-2: Using GROUP BY on multiple columns Note Every column name specified in the SELECT statement is also mentioned in the GROUP BY clause. Not mentioning the column names in both places gives you an error. The GROUP BY clause returns a row for each unique combination of description and state. -264 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes The most important uses of the GROUP BY clause is to group data for analytical purposes. The functions used to analyze groups of data are called aggregate functions. The aggregate functions are discussed in the next section. Aggregate Functions Aggregate functions return a single value from an operation on a column of data. This differentiates them from the arithmetic, logical, and character functions discussed in Chapter 7, which operate on individual data elements. Most relational database management systems support the aggregate functions listed in Table 8-2. Table 8-2: Commonly Supported Aggregate Functions Sum SUM Average AVG Count COUNT Standard Deviation STDEV Maximum MAX Minimum MIN Aggregate functions are used to provide statistical or summary information about groups of data elements. These groups may be created specifically using the GROUP BY clause, or the aggregate functions may be applied to the default group, which is the entire result set. A good practical example of the use of aggregate functions is the creation of a simple sales report. In Figure 8-3, the query creates a result set listing distinct customers and calculating the number and total cost of the items they have bought. Figure 8-3: Using aggregate functions -265- Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes Since this example groups order data by customer, each row of the result set represents a single customer so that customer information can be displayed. The aggregate functions act on all the purchases customers have made, so they, too, can be included in the SELECT list: Note The fundamental difference between aggregate functions and standard functions is that aggregate functions use the entire column of data as their input and produce a single output, whereas standard functions operate on individual data elements . In addition to using the GROUP BY clause to group your results, you may also wish to narrow your set of groups down to a smaller subset. You can filter grouped data by using the HAVING clause, which is discussed in the next section. Using the HAVING Clause to Filter Groups There are going to be situations where you'll want to filter the groups themselves in much the same way as you filter records using the WHERE clause. For example, you may want to analyze your sales by state but ignore states with a limited number of customers. SQL provides a way of filtering groups in a result set using the HAVING clause. The HAVING clause works in much the same way as the WHERE clause, except that it applies to groups within a returned result set, rather than to the entire table or group of tables forming the subject of a SELECT statement. To filter groups, apply a HAVING clause after the GROUP BY clause. The HAVING clause lets you apply a qualifying condition to groups so that the database management system returns a result only for the groups that satisfy the condition. Incidentally, you can also apply a HAVING clause to the entire result set by omitting the GROUP BY clause. In this case, DBMS treats the entire table as one group, so there is at most one result row. If the HAVING condition is not true for the table as a whole, no rows will be returned. HAVING clauses can contain one or more predicates connected by ANDs and ORs. Each predicate compares a property of the group (such as COUNT(State)) with either another property of the group or a constant. Figure 8-4 shows the use of the HAVING clause to compute a count of customers by state, filtering results from states that contain only one customer. -266 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes Figure 8-4: Using the HAVING clause The main similarity between the HAVING clause and the WHERE clause is that both allow you to use a variety of filters in a query. The main difference is that the HAVING clause applies to groups within a returned result set, while the WHERE clause applies to the entire table or group of tables forming the subject of a SELECT statement. Using Indexes to Improve the Efficiency of SQL Queries You can improve database performance significantly by using indexes. An index is a structure that provides a quick way to look up specific items in a table or view. In effect, an index is an ordered array of pointers to the rows in a table or view. When you assign a unique id to each row as a key, you are predefining an index for that table. This makes it much faster for the DBMS to look up items by id, which is commonly required when you are doing joins on the id column. SQL's CREATE INDEX statement allows you to add an index for any desired column or group of columns. When you need to do a search by customer name, for example, the unique row id buys you nothing; the DBMS has to do a brute-force search of the entire table to find all customer names matching your query. If you plan on doing a lot of queries by customer name, it obviously makes sense to add an index to the customer name column or columns. Otherwise, you are in the position of someone working with a phone list that hasn't been alphabetized. The SQL command to add an index uses the CREATE INDEX keyword, specifying a name for the index and defining the table name and the column list to index. Here's an example: CREATE INDEX STATE_INDEX ON MEMBER_PROFILES(STATE); To remove the index, use the DROP INDEX command. DROP INDEX MEMBER_PROFILES.STATE_INDEX; Notice how the name of the index has to be fully defined by prefixing it with the name of the table to which it applies. -267 - Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
Chapter 8:Organizing Search Results and Using Indexes The example in Listing 8-1 is a simple JDBC, with a couple of lines of additional code that calculate the start and stop times of the query so that the elapsed can be calculated. By commenting out the CREATE INDEX and DROP INDEX lines, speed improvement can easily be calculated. Listing 8-1: Creating and dropping indexes package java_databases.ch04; import java.sql.*; public class PrintIndexedResultSet{ public static void main(String args[]){ String query = "SELECT STATE, COUNT(STATE) FROM MEMBER_PROFILES GROUP BY STATE"; PrintIndexedResultSet p = new PrintIndexedResultSet(query); } public PrintIndexedResultSet(String query){ try { Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:odbc:Members"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX STATE_INDEX ON MEMBER_PROFILES(STATE)"); java.util.Date startTime = new java.util.Date(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query); ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData(); int nColumns = md.getColumnCount(); for(int i=1;i