Lecture Environmental Anthropology: Introduction - Dr. Annuska Derks

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Lecture Environmental Anthropology: Introduction of Dr. Annuska Derks presented What is Anthropology? Sociology vs. Anthropology, Social / Cultural Anthropology, Culture vs Nature, What does Anthropology contribute to the study of the environment?

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Environmental Anthropology: Introduction - Dr. Annuska Derks

Environmental Anthropology: Introduction Dr. Annuska Derks
What is Anthropology?  Anthropos = human  Logos = reason (science) Study of humanity
Sociology vs. Anthropology Wrong assumptions:  industrialized vs smallscale societies  quantitative vs qualitative methodology  society vs culture
Social / Cultural Anthropology Approach:  Holistic approach  Comparative perspective  Principle of relativism  Value of fieldwork Focus:  social and cultural variations (particular)  similarities between social systems and human relationships (universal)
Culture vs Nature Nature = The natural physical world including plants, animals, and landscapes, particularly those parts that remain in a primitive state, unchanged by humans. (A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2007) Culture = The way of life of a people, including their attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, sciences, modes of perception, and habits of thought and activity. (The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2008)
What does Anthropology contribute to the study of the environment? Crosscultural study of society and environment Influence Environment on Society vs Influence Society on Environment
Why are people different? Aristotle (300 B.C) Cold climate = energetic but not very intelligent people Cold climate = intelligent but lazy people Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clime
Environmental determinism does not take into account:  Diversity among peoples / cultures living in same climate zone  Migration movements  Historical developments
Environmental Anthropology or Ecological Anthropology seeks to understand the complex relationships between humans and the environment in which they live in space and time.
Environment The complete range of external conditions, physical and biological, in which an organism lives. Environment includes social, cultural, and (for humans) economic and political considerations, as well as the more usually understood features such as soil, climate, and food supply. (A Dictionary of Ecology. Oxford University Press Inc., 2010)
Ecology = Biological study of relationships of organisms to their environment and to one another. (World Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press, 2008) = The scientific study of the interactions that determine the territorial distribution and abundance of organisms. (A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2009)
Ecosystem = A community of plants and animals within a particular physical environment that is linked by a flow of materials through the nonliving (abiotic) as well as the living (biotic) sections of the system. (A Dictionary of Geography. Oxford University Press, 2009)
Understanding relationships with nature  Adaptation  Biology  Ecology  Interaction  Adaptation  Alteration
Human relationships with ecosystem differ according to mode of subsistence  Hunters and gatherers  Horticulturalists  Agriculturalists  Pastoralists  Peasants  Industrial societies
Example sustainable society: Mbuti pygmies in North-Eastern Congo  Hunters and gatherers  Small groups  Social differentiation  Rites de passage and rituals Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38076131/ Source: http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~epsadm03/mbuti.html
Changes into Mbuti society’s relation with the environment  Deforestation  Hunting Source: http://www.bonoboincongo.com/2009/11/28/who%E2%80%99sillegalloadbustedcongo %E2%80%99sbridge/
Anthropology and contemporary environmental issues Focus on effects of globalization and economic development upon the relationship between human communities and their environments, including:  Biodiversity conservation  Deforestation  Communitybased natural resource management  Ecotourism  Climate change  Pollution  Genetically modified organisms  Environmentalist movements