Lịch sử quan hệ Việt Nam - Trung Quốc thế kỷ XIX thể chế triều cống, thực và hư

LjCH SUT QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX<br /> THE CHE TRIEU CONG, THt/C VA HW<br /> <br /> YUINSUN'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Ldi noi dau trieu dinh Viet Nam da giii ngay sii gia<br /> sang Trung Quo'c n h a m no liJc khoi phuc<br /> Lich sxl Viet Nam trong giai doan hai quan he hQu hao va t r a n h xung dot. Ngi<br /> nghin nam trvtdc can dai khong the K giai dung nghien ciiu nay lay trgng tam la "giai<br /> chinh xac ne'u khong gan v6i quan he ve dogn quan he trieu co'ng" ma Viet Nam<br /> mat chinh tri v6i Trung Quoc. Chung ta co trieu co'ng Trung Quo'c, dac biet la du6i<br /> the hieu ve dieu nay mot each de dang tii trieu Nguyen (1802-1945) dildc lap nen dau<br /> quan he hai nu6c dildc trinh hay dtfSi day. the ky XIX, n h a m xem xet quan he ciia<br /> Til cuoi the ky thii II trildc Cong nguyen Viet Nam vdi Trung Quoc tren quan diem<br /> de'n niia dau the ky thii X sau Cong cua Viet Nam.<br /> nguyen, Viet Nam chiu sU thong tri triic<br /> tiep cua Trung Quo'c trong mot nghin nam Thuc te, nhieu nildc phvJdng Tay dUdc<br /> cho den khi gianh dildc dgc lap. Mot nghin biet rang, quan he quo'c te cua Dong A giai<br /> nam nay trong lich sii Viet Nam thUcfng doan trudc Can dai, tril6c khi tie'n len chu<br /> dUdc goi la "thdi ki Bde thuoc". Tii sau khi nghia de quo'c, ton tai t r a t tU quo'c te dUdc<br /> thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri cua Trung Quo'c thie't lap bdi quan he trieu cong giQa Trung<br /> gianh doc Islp vao niia d i u the ky thCl X de'n Quo'c va cac nudc xung quanh, lay Trung<br /> trU6c khi rdi vao ach tho'ng tri ciia thUc dan Quo'c lam t r u n g tam. Quan he trieu co'ng,<br /> Phap vao niia sau the ky XIX, trong mot khong can noi ciing co the thay, diidc hinh<br /> nghin nam, Viet Nam da thie't lap quan he t h a n h tren nen tang Uu viet ve chinh tri,<br /> trieu co'ng dudi hinh thai nildc phien thuoc van hoa ciia Trung Quo'c. Cac nU6c xung<br /> cua Trung Quo'c, viia duy tri quan he than quanh cong nhan tinh Uu viet nay cua<br /> thien ve chinh tri viia dong thSi tie'p nh&n Trung Quo'c va bang viec dap iing nhiing<br /> van hoa Trung Quo'c trong "trat tii the'gidi yeu cau ciia Trung Quo'c da tao nen tr^t tU<br /> kieu Trung Hoa", theo each noi ciia ngifdi the gidi truyen tho'ng lay Trung Quo'c lam<br /> Trung Quo'c. Chiing ta co the goi giai doan trung tam.<br /> nay la "giai dogn quan he trieu co'ng". Ta't Tuy nhien, co mgt van de ma chiing ta<br /> nhien, d giai doan nay, Viet Nam da bi khong the bo qua, do la, t r a t tU the gidi<br /> Trung Quoc xam lUdc nhieu lan, nhUng kieu Trung Hoa, tren phUdng dien nao do,<br /> ngay sau khi day liii cac cuoc xam lUdc nay, chang qua chi la tU tucing ddn phUdng ciia<br /> <br /> <br /> 'GS. Dai hge Quo'c gia Seoul Han Quo'c<br /> Tmli hinh ruQng d a t 6 h u y e n Chiam I;6a.. 39<br /> <br /> <br /> (12). Ddi Xd xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8075F1:10, 8092F1:10, 8083F1:8, 8099F1:8,<br /> 8079Fl:7. 8076F1:10, 8098F1:10.<br /> (13). Kim Tuang xd. Yen Viin xd. Con Lon xd, (14). Xudn Huang xd, Gia Than xd, Bia bg Gia<br /> Bd Vi xd, Khdc Phu xd, Xudn Huang xd, Thd Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8089F1:8, 8093F1:8.<br /> Hodng xa, Hd Ldang xd. Mien Ddang xd, Vi sdn xd,<br /> (15). Kim Tdang xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4,<br /> Binh Long xd. An Ldng xd, Kim Md xd, Kim Bai<br /> TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9.<br /> xa, Ninh Duang xd, Khdnh Ninh xd, Khuon Hd xd,<br /> Thdn Xd xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, (16). Do Danh Huli'n. Nghien cdu ve ldng xd d<br /> 8081F1:9, 8097F1:8, 8084F1:8, 8088F1:8, chdu thd Bde Bo tren Tgp chi Nghien cdu Lich sd<br /> 8074F1:10, 8089F1:8, 8096F1:10, 8073F1:10, (1954 - 2008), Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 393-<br /> 8082F1:10, 8080F1:10, 8077F1:7, 8086F1:8, 2009, t r 64, 65.<br /> <br /> <br /> LjCH Sir QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX<br /> (Tiep theo trang 29)<br /> <br /> (31). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 37, (37). Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd (ban hieu hop)<br /> p. l i b ; quyen 55, pp. 6b~7a; Takeda Ryoji, p. 497. DUdng Tru5ng dai hdc Dong Kinh, 1986), p.<br /> 845.<br /> (32), Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, H, quyen<br /> 220, pp. 8a~b; Takeda Ryoji, pp. (38). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen<br /> 496-497. 50, p. 8a.<br /> <br /> (33). Phan Huy Le, "Tinh tho'ng nha't trong da (39)- Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 54,<br /> dang ciia lich s\l Viet Nam" cua Phan Huy Le, Tim p, 9b; Takeda Ryoji, p, 532.<br /> vi coi ngudn, Tftp I. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Noi, 1998, p.<br /> (40). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien. II, quyen<br /> 495.<br /> 65, pp. 9b-10a; Takeda Ryoji, p.<br /> (34). Dgi Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, I, quyen 58, 498.<br /> pp. l l a ~ b ; Takeda Ryoji, p. 498.<br /> (41). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen<br /> (35). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, 11, quyen 1, pp. 31b-32a.<br /> 79, pp. 17~18b; Woodside, op. cit, pp. 118-119;<br /> (42). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen<br /> Takeda Ryoji, p. 498.<br /> 218, pp. 33a~34a.<br /> (36). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen<br /> 85, p. 30a; Takeda Ryoji, p. 499. (43). Woodside, op. cit., p. 267.<br />  Lich 5iir qutin he Viet Ram - Trung Qu6c.. 21<br /> <br /> ngUdi Trung Quo'c, lay ban than minh la nen trat tU the gidi ciia rieng minh.<br /> trung tam. Vi de dieu do trd thanh "sit that<br /> Ngay ca vdi thUc te nhu vay, song do cd<br /> chinh tri mang tinh khaeh quan" thi cac<br /> ra't nhieu nghien cQu tQ trUdc de'n nay la'y<br /> nu6c trieu co'ng phai co ciing suy nghi vdi<br /> Trung Qud'c lam trung tam (4), nen cd<br /> ngUdi Trung Quo'c, nhUng tren thUc te lai<br /> khong it khuynh hudng li giai khong diing<br /> khong nhu vay (1). NgUdi Trung Quo'c noi<br /> ve nudc ba chu va nude thuoc dia ndi de'n<br /> rang, do hg co nen van hoa Uu viet va san<br /> trong che do trieu cd'ng, r i n g mdi quan he<br /> vat phong phii nen cac nUdc nho xung<br /> nay tUdng tU nhu quan he cua nUdc ba ehii<br /> quanh da phai tU de'n chau. NhSn dinh nay<br /> thUe dan va nude thuge dia thUc dan trong<br /> khong phai la khong co li, nhUng tren thUc<br /> thdi hien dai. Ngi dung nghien cQu nay de<br /> te dieu nay co quan he mat thie't hdn vdi<br /> cap de'n va'n de quan he trieu co'ng giiJa<br /> sQc manh quan sU ciia Trung Quo'c (2). Co<br /> Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c the ky XIX,<br /> the ndi rang, ne'u Trung Quo'c ye'u di thi the<br /> nhUng tdi tin r i n g cung se cd ich trong viec<br /> che' trieu co'ng da khd cd the duy tri. Trong<br /> 11 giai diing dSn ve quan he chinh tri giQa<br /> trUdng hdp dd, cai ggi la trat tU the gidi<br /> Han Qud'c va Trung Qud'c d cung thdi dai<br /> kieu Trung Hoa chi la hU ca'u. Xin dSn ra<br /> vdi bdi canh tUdng dong.<br /> mgt vi du: trong cugc chie'n Thanh - Phap<br /> nam 1884 - 1885 va cugc chie'n Thanh - 2. Svf tiep n h a n the che trieu cong<br /> Nhat nam 1894, trieu dinh nha Thanh bai nha Thanh ciia trieu dinh nha Nguyen<br /> tran da phai ki hi'ep Udc vdi Phap va Nhat, Lich sii Viet Nam the ky XIX bat dau<br /> bie'n Viet Nam thanh nUdc bao hg ciia Phap bang viec Nguyen Phuc Anh dap tat phong<br /> va cong nhan nen dgc lap hoan toan ciia trao Tay Sdn, phong trao ndng dan cd quy<br /> Trieu Tien. Mac dau vay, trong Dgi Thanh md ldn nhat trong lich sii Viet Nam, nSm<br /> hdi dien, ban nam 1899, ghi lai rSng hai 1802, lap nen trieu Nguyin. Chi de'n khi<br /> • nudc v i n la nudc trieu co'ng ciia nha Thanh a'y, Viet Nam mdi la da't nUdc cd lanh tho<br /> (3) cho tha'y ro rang tinh hu ca'u ciia trat tU nhu chung ta tha'y ngay hdm nay. Sau khi<br /> the gidi kieu Trung Hoa ndi tren. Mac Dang Dung cUdp ngdi nha Le (1428 -<br /> Nhu vay, de li giai tinh cha't cua trat tU 1789) nam 1527 roi bi danh dud'i bdi the'luc<br /> the gidi Dong A giai doan trudc Can dai, phu Le nam 1592, Viet Nam budc ngay vao<br /> viec khao sat quan he trieu co'ng ciia Viet thdi ky Nam - Bae phan tranh ciia hai nha<br /> Nam doi vdi Trung Qud'c tren thUc te nhu hg Trinh va hg Nguyen, vdn la hai the lUc<br /> the nao, theo tdi, la dieu het sQc can thie't. ldn cua phong trao phii Le. Ta'm man Nam<br /> Thuc te, cac vi vua nha Nguyin Viet Nam - Bae phan tranh nay dUde keo xudng bdi<br /> chinh thQc cdng nhan minh la nUdc trieu ba anh em hg Nguyen, nhQng ngUdi da gay<br /> co'ng cua nha Thanh, xUng la ha than, con d dung phong trao ndng dan d Tay Sdn, mgt<br /> trong nudc thi tU xUng la hoang de'. Cd liic vung da't d Nam Trung Bg Viet Nam nam<br /> di xa hdn, hg coi nha Thanh la vUdng trieu 1771. Ngudi eua nha Nguyen cdn sdng sdt 6<br /> di tgc, tham chi chi trich tinh di dich ciia Phu Xuan (nay la Hue), sau vu tham sat<br /> che do a'y. Khong nhQng the con mo phong bdi phong trad nong dan luc ba'y gid, la<br /> tu tudng thien ha kieu Trung Qud'c, ve mat Nguyen PhQc Anh d? cliay den vung Me<br /> ddi ngoai, vdi tU each la nUdc ba chu, tho'ng Kong lanh nah va da ben hi xay dung lyc<br /> tri cac nUdc nhd xung quanh, hinh thanh ludng trong sud't hai mUdi nam gian kho'.<br /> 22 HghiSn cijru Lich si!r. s6 9.2009<br /> <br /> De'n thang 6 nam 1801, cud'i ciing, dng ciing Mdt va'n de nQa la ve qudc hieu Nam<br /> danh chiem dUdc t h a n h Phu Xuan la cd' do Viet. Viec ggi la Nam Viet bao quat ca<br /> cua to' tien. Thang 6 nam sau dng tien ra vUdng trieu mdi An Nam (la each ggi Viet<br /> Bae, chi trong vdng mot thang, de'n ngay 20 Nam cua Trung Qud'c, ndi den khu vUc chiu<br /> thang 7, da hoan t h a n h viec thd'ng nha't da't anh hudng ciia hg Trinh liic ba'y gid) va<br /> nudc bang viec chiem t h a n h Thang Long. Viet Thudng (la lanh thd' ciia nha Nguyin,<br /> bao gdm tQ phia Bae cua Hue' hien nay kdo<br /> Trudc khi ra Bae, thang 5 nam 1802,<br /> dai tdi vung Nam Bd) cd tQ y nghia se<br /> Nguyin Phiic Anh da len ngdi vua d Phu<br /> thd'ng tri khu viic rdng ldn hdn nhieu so vdi<br /> Xuan, la'y nien hieu la Gia Long (5). Gia<br /> nha Tran (1225 - 1400) hay nha Le trude<br /> Long la chi tQ Gia Dinh (vung da't bao gdm<br /> dd (10).<br /> thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh hien nay va khu<br /> VQc lan can) de'n Thang Long, mang y • The nhung, khi Trinh Hoai DQc de'n<br /> nghla la toan bg Viet Nam (6). Viec la'y Quang Dong, trieu dinh n h a Thanh khdng<br /> nien hieu nay cho tha'y y chi quye't tam de cap de'n va'n de qud'c hieu (11), chi cho<br /> thdng nha't da't nUdc tQ trUdc dd ciia ong. biet rang hg N g u y i n chUa thorig nha't da't<br /> nudc, cung khdng thuge nUde phien thuge<br /> Mgt mat xUng de, lap nien hieu, mat<br /> nen khdng the n h a n cd'ng vat. Vi vay,<br /> khac vao thang 5, Nguyin Phiic Anh da cii<br /> Nguyin Phiic Anh lai cQ Nguyin Quang<br /> Trinh Hoai DQc lam chanh sQ sang Quang<br /> Dinh vdi tU each la sQ cau phong xin nha<br /> Ddng de cau nha Thanh giup dd trong van<br /> Thanh phong qud'c hieu la Nam Viet va<br /> de Tay Sdn cdn chUa giai quye't xong. Khi<br /> phong VUdng cho minh. Ddi vdi trieu dinh<br /> a'y, Trinh Hoai DQc da mang theo qud'c thu<br /> nha Thanh, viec sic phong khdng thanh<br /> cua Nguyin Phuc Anh va vat pham, bao<br /> va'n de, n h u n g tuyet dd'i khdng the cha'p<br /> gdm ca sac thu va kim a'n dUdc nhan tQ<br /> nhan dUdc ten nUdc Nam Viet. Li do, la.<br /> trieu Thanh ma Nguyen Van Toan ciia<br /> Nam Viet trung vdi ten Nam Viet ma Trieu<br /> trieii dinh Tay Sdn bd lai khi n i t lui, dong<br /> Da diing nude trUde dd (207 t r . C n ~ l l l<br /> thdi giai theo ba hai tac ciia nha Thanh bi<br /> tr.Cn), ngam hieu la khu vUc bao gdm tinh<br /> bat lam tu binh. Hg dat chan den Quang<br /> Quang Ddng den tinh Quang Tay nen<br /> Ddng vao thang 7 (7). Day la ldn tie'p xuc<br /> mang nghia khdng lanh. Sau khi ban bae,<br /> chinh thQc dau tien giQa trieu Nguyin va<br /> nha T h a n h dd'i cho hai chfl va de nghi ten<br /> trieu Thanh.<br /> Viet Nam. B i n g viec nay, nha T h a n h mud'n<br /> Ndi dung qud'c thu giii luc bay gid dUdc the hien uy quyen la nUdc ba chii. Phia nha<br /> dich ra tie'ng Phap. Theo ndi dung nay, Nguyen hai long vdi cai ten nay vi chii<br /> Nguyin Phuc Anh tU xUng la "Nam Viet "Viet" cua Viet Thudng la da't cua to' tien<br /> qudc viiOng" (roi du royaume de Nam-Viet) truyen lai dQng trUde, chQ "Nam" ddng sau<br /> (8). Suzuki Chusei cho rang, dich la "vUdng" nen cha'p thuan. Va'n de qudc hieu da dugc<br /> la sai va cd le trong nguyen van dUdc viet la giai quye't xong (12).<br /> Nam Viet qud'c chiia hay Nam Viet qud'c<br /> va'n de qud'c hieu dudc giai quye't cung<br /> trudng (9). Vi khi a'y Nguyin Phiic Anh chUa<br /> la liic quan he hQu hao giQa hai nude dUdc<br /> chinh thQc dUde nha Thanh sic phcng nen<br /> chinh thQc hda. Theo Dgi Nam thiic luc thi<br /> chua the xUng la vUdng, nen tdi nghi r i n g<br /> tQ khi dd (nam 1803), "Li bang giao" da<br /> nhan dinh cua Suzuki Chusei cd li.<br /> dUdc hinh t h a n h (13). Trieu dinh nha<br /> Ljch 5i> quan he Viet Ram - Trung Quoc. 23<br /> <br /> <br /> Thanh ngay lap tQc da cQ sQ gia di tuyen giam sc vdi thdi ki dau, song quan he trieu<br /> phong. Nguyen Phiic Anh da tie'n hanh cd'ng binh thudng giQa hai nUdc khdng thay<br /> nghi thQc tuyen phong tai Ha Ndi ngay nay dd'i. Nhung khi vu loan Thai Binh thien<br /> vao thang 1 nam 1804 va len ngdi "Viet qud'c nd ra (1851-1864), nha Thanh da yeu<br /> Nam qud'c vUdng" (14). Mac du thii dd eiia c i u ngQng trieu cd'ng va trong vdng mUdi<br /> trieu Nguyen khi dd la Hue nhUng viec sic sau nam sau dd khdng cd sQ gia nao dUde<br /> phong dude tie'n hanh d Ha Ndi, sau nay trd cQ di (18). Cu the, quan he trieu cd'ng tam<br /> thanh thdng le. De'n thdi vua Tii DQc ngQng sau khi nha Nguyen cii sQ gia sang<br /> (1848-1883), theo thinh cau ciia vua T Q theo quy dinh vao nam 1852, nam ngay sau<br /> DQc, nghi l l sac phong dUde nha Thanh vu loan xay ra, de'n nam 1868 thi dUdc ndi<br /> cha'p nhan cho cQ hanh tai Hue. lai (19). TQ sau dd, nha Nguyen cii sQ than<br /> sang nha Thanh bdn l i n vao cac nam 1870,<br /> Quan he giiia trieu dinh nha Nguyin va<br /> 1872, 1876 va 1880 (20). Sau nay, vao nam<br /> trieu Thanh dUdc giai quye't d'n thda, "bang<br /> 1883, giQa lue ngi cung Hue cd bie'n, Hiep<br /> giao" dUde quy dinh rang: Viet Nam phai<br /> Hda (7-11/1883) dinh cQ sQ gia sang nha<br /> trieu cd'ng hai nam mdt lan, 4 nam phai cii<br /> Thanh eau phong de cung cd' dia vi ciia<br /> sQ gia sang chau mgt l i n hoae gdp hai lin<br /> minh. Van de la, vung Ddng Kinh luc ba'y<br /> trieu edng lam mdt. Dieu nay cung gidng<br /> gid bi quan ddi Phap chiem giQ nen da<br /> nhu ddi vdi trieu Tay Sdn (15). Ta't nhien,<br /> khdng the sQ dung dudng bd nhU trUde day.<br /> ngoai sQ than chinh quy, cac sQ gia lam Vi vay, Hiep Hda da thinh cau nha Thanh<br /> thdi phu trach viec chiic mQng, cau phong, cho di bang dudng bien va dUde chip<br /> ta an, dieu va'n, cung dUde cii sang. Nha thuan. Song ngay sau dd dng da bi quyen<br /> Thanh da yeu c i u nha Nguyen cQ sQ than than la Tdn That Thuye't va Nguyin Van<br /> va b i t d i u trieu cd'ng tQ nam 1803. Theo Tudng ha ddc nen khdng thiie hien dUde<br /> yeu cau ciia nha Thanh, nam 1803 va 1805, (21). SQ gia cudi cung cua nha Nguyen sang<br /> sQ ta an dUdc thay the bang sQ trieu cdng nha Thanh la sQ gia sang xin sic phong<br /> nam 1804. Nha Nguyen da theo dd ma lam cho Kien Phiic (1883-1884), ngay sau ddi<br /> (16). Song cd luc sQ trieu cd'ng kiem ludn sQ vua Hiep Hda (22). Tuy nhien, Kien Phiic<br /> ta an, khi so' lUdng sQ gia lam thdi khdng cung khdng dUdc sac phong vi chi sau<br /> nhieu do cd khi nha Thanh yeu cau ngQng khoang nQa nam tren ngdi vi da chet vi<br /> cii sQ chuc mQng va sQ die'u va'n. Cho de'n benh tat. Ket cue, quan he trieu cd'ng giQa<br /> nam 1839, nam cud'i ddi Minh Mang (1820- nha Nguyen va nha Thanh dUdc tie'n hanh<br /> 1840), do trieu cd'ng dUdc quy dinh thanh lien tuc trcng tam mUdi nam, tQ nam 1803,<br /> bd'n nam mdt lan gid'ng nhu dd'i vdi Luu da cha'm dQt khi Viet Nam hoan toan trd<br /> Ciu va Xiem La nen eon sd' nay cang giam. thanh thudc dia ciia thiie dan Phap theo<br /> Mat khac, dd'i vdi cac vat p h i m trieu cd'ng; Hiep Udc Pa-td-nd't (cdn ggi la hiep udc Hue<br /> trieu Thanh da eat giam ra't nhieu cho l i n thQ hai hoac hiep Udc Giap Than) ky<br /> VUdng trieu Tay Sdn va nha Nguyin so vdi vao nam 1884.<br /> nha Le, chi bang nila gia tri trudc day, nen<br /> gia tri vat cha't cua trieu cd'ng cang trd nen Vay, tai sao vua nha Nguyin lai edng<br /> md nhat (17). nhan quyen liic cua hoang de nha Thanh,<br /> Sd' lUdng sQ gia va gia tri vat p h i m trieu tu XUng la ha t h i n va duy tri quan he trieu<br /> cd'ng cua nha Nguyin vdi nha Thanh da cd'ng? (23). NhQ tdi da trinh bay d tren, vi<br /> 24 Rghien CLTU Lich sJr, sef 9.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> ngUdi Trung Qud'c cho rang hg cd nen van thiic te trQ mdt p h a n ra't nhd, ndi dung h i u<br /> hda Uu viet va san vat phong phu. The n h u nguyen m l u eiia Dai Thanh luat.<br /> nhUng, dQng tren lap trUdng ciia Viet Nam Ve mat van hda;, nhiem vu chinh khac<br /> thi nhan dinh nay khdng cd can cQ. DUdng<br /> ciia sQ t h a n di sQ n h a T h a n h la truyen ba<br /> nhien khdng the phii n h a n hoan toan ve<br /> nudc minh la mdt nudc van hda. Vi vay khi<br /> mat van hda.<br /> tuyen chgn sQ t h a n di sQ nha Thanh, nha<br /> Cac vi vua trong dd cd vua Gia Long va Nguyin de cao tai ngoai giao cung nhU tri<br /> ca t i n g Idp tri thQc, deu thich Nho hge, thQc ve van hda. Chung ta ed the thay dieu<br /> nghi rang Trung Qud'c la nggn ngudn cua nay qua mgt sac lenh ma vua Minh Mang<br /> tri thQc. Xin ddn cii mgt dan chQng. Vua ban nam 1840 (28). Theo vua Minh Mang,<br /> Gia Long vao budi chau sang thudng ban sQ t h i n di sQ n h a T h a n h phai la ngUdi gidi<br /> luan vdi cac quan trong trieu ve sU tieh van hge va ngdn ngii, neu la ngUdi k6m coi<br /> quan t h i n ddi Han, Dudng va che do eac thi chi chud'c la'y sQ k h i n h miet ciia nudc<br /> trieu dai. Sau budi c h i u thi cho xem Minh khae. Bdi vl, nhQng ngUdi nay khdng chi<br /> sCc va ban luan de'n khuya (24). Cdn viec phai ddi dap thd van mgt each binh dang<br /> vua Minh Mang chu trgng de'n vi$e Nho vdi cac quan lai n h a T h a n h ma hg cdn phai<br /> hge hdn ba't cQ vi vua nad cua nha Nguyin<br /> thi t h d van chUdng vdi cac sQ t h i n de'n tQ<br /> thi ai cung biet (25). Sau ddi vua Minh<br /> Trieu Tien (29). Viec can n h i c tai van<br /> Mang, vua Thieu Tri (1841-1847) cung coi<br /> chudng cua sQ gia di sQ Trung Qudc khdng<br /> trgng Nho hge va van si, t h a m chi edn tQ ra<br /> chi d trieu Nguyen ma cac trieu dai trUdc<br /> di thi khoa eii. Cho nen, mgt trong nhQng<br /> day cung the (30).<br /> nhiem vu quan trgng sQ t h i n khi di sang<br /> nha Thanh la mang ve cac thQ tich Trung Mat khac, cac vua nha Nguyin ciing lo<br /> Qudc, nha't la thu tich mdi phat hanh. Dieu lang khdng biet sQ gia dUde cii di sQ nha<br /> nay ed the thay qua chi du cua vua Minh Thanh cd lam x i u the dien qudc gia hay<br /> Mang ddi vdi sQ gia di sQ nha Thanh nam khdng. Nam 1809 va 1817, khi sQ t h i n<br /> 1829. Ong yeu c i u tim mua cd' thi, cd hga c h u i n hi di sQ nha Thanh, dieh than vua<br /> va cd nhan ky thu. Dong thdi, ne'u cd the 4Bia Long da vdi cac sQ t h i n vao va ra<br /> tim dUdc thiic luc cua nha Thanh thi du ehi nghiem lenh rang, cdc ngUdi phdi giii gin<br /> la ban thao cung bang mgi gia phai mua ve qudc the vd lam sao cho moi bang giao dUdc<br /> (26). viing chdc. Viee chii trgng de'n sQ gia bang<br /> giao, theo n h a n dinh cua Takeda Ryoji,<br /> Viec mua t h u tich Trung Qudc khdng<br /> khdng phai xua't p h a t tQ Idng tdn kinh doi<br /> phai chi de lam giau vd'n tri thQc. NhQng<br /> vdi nha T h a n h ma la de khdng hi chuoc la'y<br /> thu tieh nay edn la tai lieu tham khao quan<br /> sii ghdt bd hay khinh miet cua nha Thanh<br /> trgng cua trieu dinh nha Nguyen de xay<br /> (31). NhQng dieu sau day se cho tha'y, vua<br /> dUng cae che do phap luat hay che do chinh<br /> nha Nguyin ed xu hUdng khdng nhQng<br /> tri,... Xin la'y mdt vi du. Vua Gia Long da<br /> khdng kinh trgng nha T h a n h , ma ngUdc lai<br /> bien soan va ban h a n h bg luat Quoc trieu<br /> edn coi nha T h a n h la di dich.<br /> lugt le, dUdc biet de'n nhieu hdn vdi cai ten<br /> Hodng Viet lugt le vao nam 1815. Bd luat Nha Nguyin da tu coi minh la nUde van<br /> nay tuy ndi la t h a m khao Hong Diic lugt le hda nen ne'u n h a T h a n h khdng doi dai<br /> va Dgi Thanh dieu lugt (27) nhUng tren tUdng xQng thi n h a N g u y i n the hien thai<br /> Ljch sij- quan he Vief Ram - Trung Qud'c. 25<br /> <br /> do ba't man. Nam 1840, Bd L l bao cao vdi sii va xay diing quan he than thien vdi nha<br /> nha vua ve viec sQ than di sQ nha Thanh Thanh. Theo Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Viet<br /> nam trudc da bi nha Thanh xep hang sau Nam da mUdi lam lan hi ngoai qud'c xam<br /> sQ t h i n cac nUdc Cao Ly (Trieu Tien), Nam lUdc (33). Trong so' 11 l i n bi ngoai xam tinh<br /> Chudng (Lao), Xiem La (Xiem), LUu Cau va cho de'n trudc the ky XIX thi trQ l i n bi<br /> hdi rang phai ddi Qng the nao. Vua Minh Xiem xam lUdc nam 1785, mUdi l i n cdn lai<br /> Mang tra ldi rang, viec ndy do sd sudt cila deu la cac cudc chie'n tranh vdi Trung Qud'c.<br /> bg Le nhd Thanh, Cao Ly la nUdc vdn hie'n Vi nha Nguyin chUa tQng hi nha Thanh<br /> thi da ddnh, Nam Chudng la nUdc triiu xam ludc l i n nao, trUde dd khi lap vUdng<br /> cong cua chiing ta, Xiem La vd Liiu Cdu la trieu da mUdi l i n Trung Qud'c xam lUdc<br /> niidc Di dich nen khdng the nhU vay diidc. Viet Nam, khdng nhQng the, trUde khi nha<br /> Ong ndi them rang, sau ndy cdn cd chuyen Nguyen dUde lap nen khoang mUdi nam,<br /> nhu vay, cdc ngiidi hay ra khoi hdng, thd bi nam 1788, nha Thanh da xam lUdc Viet<br /> trdch phgt cdn dd hdn (32). Bdi the, tdi cho Nam, nen tdi cho rang day la mdi lo khdng<br /> rang, vdi vua Minh Mang, hdn ba't cQ vi nhd ddi vdi cac vua nha Nguyin. Viec<br /> vua nao cua Viet Nam tin r i n g Viet Nam Nguyin Phuc Anh cQ Trinh Hoai DQc di sQ<br /> la da't nudc van minh thi khdng cd sU si trude khi ta'n cdng Ha Ndi da ndi len dieu<br /> nay. Nd xua't phat tQ y dd ngan chan sii can<br /> nhuc nao ldn hdn the. Khdng biet nguyen<br /> thiep ciia nha Thanh b i n g viec the hien ro<br /> do vi dau ma bd L l nha Thanh da xep sQ<br /> rang se trieu cd'ng nha Thanh. Tuy nhien<br /> gia nha Nguyin tha'p hdn so vdi Nam<br /> tren thiic te', nha Thanh luc ba'y gid da budc<br /> Chudng, nhung dung nhu ldi vua Minh<br /> vao thdi ky suy thoai nen sau vu loan Bach<br /> Mang, day rd rang la sQ n h i m lan. Vi theo<br /> Lien giao (1796-1805),... da khdng edn sQc<br /> danh sach cae nudc phu thuge trong Thanh<br /> de can thiep vao Viet Nam. Day la li do<br /> sU cdo, thQ tii cae nQdc dUdc ghi la Trieu<br /> khie'n trieu cdng ciia Nguyin Phuc Anh<br /> Tien, Luu Ciu, Viet Nam, Mien Dien<br /> cung nhu viee sic phong dng la Viet Nam<br /> (Mianma), Xiem La, Nam Chudng,... Mot<br /> qud'c VUdng de dang dUdc cha'p thuan.<br /> sii that ra't thu vi d day la, trong Ngogi<br /> qudc truyen ciia Minh sit, thQ tii cac nUde la Vi trieu Nguyen nghi r i n g nha Thanh la<br /> Trieu Tien, An Nam (Viet Nam), Nhat Ban, sii tdn tai mang tinh uy hiep nen cac ddi<br /> Luu Ciu, La Td'ng (Phi-lip-pin).... An Nam vua quan tam de'n tinh hinh nha Thanh la<br /> dUdc dat trudc LUu C i u nhung nha Thanh dieu dudng nhien. Do dd, da thanh thdng<br /> lai dat Viet Nam sau Luu Ciu. Dieu nay le, khi cac sQ t h i n di sQ Thanh ve nha vua<br /> khien tdi nghi rang, quan he giQa nha thudng vdi ngay vao va hdi ve tinh hinh<br /> Thanh va trieu dinh nha Nguyen khdng nha Thanh. Thang 12 nam 1818, ngay khi<br /> gin gui nhu chung ta tudng. eac sQ t h i n di sQ nha Thanh ve, vua Gia<br /> Long da hdi ve tinh hinh nUdc Thanh (34).<br /> Dieu ma chung ta phai ehii y d day la,<br /> Khdng c i n ndi cung biet vua hdi de xem<br /> phudng dien van hda ndi tren ehi la mdt<br /> nhQng bie'n ddng chinh tri, xa hdi ciia nha<br /> p h i n cua 11 do khie'n trieu dinh nha<br /> Thanh cd anh hUdng de'n Viet Na.m hay<br /> Nguyin tiep nhan the che trieu cd'ng eua<br /> khdng.<br /> nha Thanh. Li do quan trgng hdn la nha<br /> Nguyin mud'n duy tri sii an toan cua vUdng Hdn ai het, vua Minh Mang la ngUdi<br /> trieu bang each tranh ddi d i u ve mat quan ludn quan tam sau sac de'n tinh hinh nha<br /> 25 Rghien cijru Lich sit. s6 9.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Thanh va ludn cd gang de cd dUdc nhQng ciia Nguyin Phiic Anh ngoai viec mud'n loai<br /> thdng tin a'y. Ong da yeu cau sQ than di sQ trQ sii can thiep cua n h a T h a n h edn cd ca d<br /> nha Thanh viet SU trinh nhat ky va phai li do tren.<br /> viet chi tie't nhQng dieu m i t tha'y tai nghe d Viec dUde vua Trung Qudc sic phong cd<br /> Trung Qudc. Thang 4 n a m 1832, vua Minh y nghia quan trgng de'n mQc nao se dUde<br /> Mang khien trach ba sQ gia dUdc cii di da tha'y qua cac vi du sau day. Sau khi cUdp<br /> ghi lai het sQc dai khai ve tinh hinh nha ngdi n h a Le n a m 1527, Mac Dang Dung<br /> Thanh khdng nhu y dd cila dng. Ong ra<br /> dQdc nha Minh thQa n h a n va ehinh quyen<br /> lenh, sau nay cac sQ gia phai ghi lai chinh<br /> dd da duy tri quyen iQc trong mdt thdi gian.<br /> xac tinh hinh nha nUdc va dan tinh nha<br /> Sau nay du b i t h e liic phil Le danh dud'i<br /> Thanh cdn nhQng dia danh,... da biet thi<br /> khdi Thang Long n a m 1592, Mac Dang<br /> khdng c i n phai ghi lai (35). Theo Dgi Nam<br /> Dung lap can cQ d vung giap Trung Qudc la<br /> thiic luc, khi tha'y nhQng thdng tin ma cac<br /> Cao Bang, dUdc n h a Minh, sau dd la nha<br /> sQ t h a n di sQ nha Thanh mang ve ehUa dii,<br /> Thanh bao hg, tuy chi la ehinh quyen dia<br /> thang 10 cung nam, dng yeu c i u eac quan<br /> phQdng n h u n g da duy tri dUdc vUdng quyen<br /> lai d Ha Ngi mua "kinh sao" (cdng bao cua<br /> nha Mac de'n nam 1677. Dieu nay ed the<br /> nha Thanh) tQ eac thUdng nhan nha Thanh<br /> tha'y qua viec chinh quyen Ho Quy Ly<br /> va dang len (36). Luc a'y, trong "kinh sao"<br /> (1400-1407), do khdng dUdc nha Minh cdng<br /> khdng ghi lai vu tuyet ldn d Nam Kinh hoi<br /> n h a n da sup do' n h a n h chdng. Mat khae,<br /> thang 1 nam dd khie'n dan chung chet edng<br /> nhung Minh Mang da nghe dUdc tin dd va khi nha Mac cUdp ngdi, the lUc mudn khdi<br /> ha lenh phai ghi lai ngay, cho thay dng chu phuc trieu dinh hg Le da cit sQ gia sang<br /> trgng de'n viec thu thap tin tQc nha Thanh nha Minh to' cao sQ sai trai cua chinh<br /> de'n mQc nao. Tdm lai, viec trieu cd'ng nha quyen nha Mac va cau quan thao phat (37).<br /> Thanh ciia trieu Nguyen ngoai viec giam Dieu nay thiic ra xua't p h a t tQ y dd xac lap<br /> nhe sU uy hiep ciia nha Thanh b i n g viec chinh quyen hdp phap cua minh ve mat ddi<br /> ket t h a n vdi nha Thanh, cdn cd y dd de ndi.<br /> phdng sii uy hiep cd the xay ra sau nay. Viec vua Hiep Hda cua trieu Nguyin<br /> dinh xin nha T h a n h sac phong nham ciing<br /> Mdt li do quan trgng khac ma cac ddi<br /> cd dia vi ciia minh n h u da dUde de cap de'n<br /> vua nha Nguyen mud'n duy t n quan he<br /> d tren. Luc ba'y gid, dng dang rdi vao the<br /> trieu cd'ng la mud'n xac lap quyen uy ve mat ngan can treo sgi tdc. Sau ddi vua TU DQc<br /> ddi ndi tQ viec dUdc s i c phong bdi vua nha la ddi vua Due DQc (1883), nhQng vua Due<br /> Thanh. Vi Viet Nam chiu anh hudng ciia DQc hi phe chi trong ba ngay ke tQ khi len<br /> van hda Trung Qud'c ra't lau nen cac ddi ngdi bdi Ton T h a t Thuye't va Nguyen Van<br /> vua deu nghi r i n g viec dUdc vua Trung Tudng. Vua Hiep Hda dUde hg lap len<br /> Qud'c sac phong la dieu dUdng nhien, do dd nhUng quyen dieu h a n h lai nani trong tay<br /> Nguyen Phue Anh khdng the khdng trgng ciia hai ngUdi nay, cdn vua, da khdng he cd<br /> thi thdng le dd. Thiic ra, viec dUde sic quyen liic lai cdn n i m t r o n g ' t i n h trang cd<br /> phong tQ vua Trung Qud'c hay khdng ed the bi phe ba't cQ luc nao. TrQdc tinh hinh<br /> anh hudng tuyet ddi de'n tinh hdp phap va a'y, dng mudn dUdc n h a T h a n h sac phong.<br /> quyen liic cua vua Viet Nam. Viec vdi vang Vi Viet Nam dUdc cdng n h a n la quoc gia<br /> sic phong trUde khi thd'ng nha't da't nUde ddc lap hoan toan theo dieu 2 cua hiep Udc<br /> Ljch siif quan he Viet Ram - Trung Qud'c. 2T<br /> <br /> <br /> sai Gon l i n thQ hai (ten khae la Hiep Ude nha Thanh la t h u tich da de cap d p h i n<br /> Giap Tua't) dUdc ki giQa trieu Nguyin va tren. Ngoai ra cdn ed nhan sam, dUde lieu,<br /> Phap nam 1874 (38), nen viee dng cQ sQ gia tra Tau, gia'y,... Cae sQ t h i n ne'u khdng<br /> ciu phong hi coi la vi pham hiep Udc. Du mua day dii cac mat hang trieu dinh yeu<br /> vay, viec van cQ sQ gia c i u phong cho thay c i u khi ve nQdc se hi xQ phat. Dieu nay cd<br /> rd rang sac phong cd y nghia tUdng trUng the tha'y qua viec cac sQ t h i n di s Q n h a<br /> quan trgng nhudng nad. Thanh nam 1830 la Nguyin Trgng Vu,<br /> Muc dich kinh te cung la mgt nguyen Nguyen Dinh Tan, Dang Van Khai bi each<br /> chQc (40). Trudc khi di, hg dUdc lenh eua<br /> nhan quan trgng khie'n trieu Nguyin tie'p<br /> vua Minh Mang xin vdi Bd L l cua nha<br /> nhan the che' trieu cd'ng cua nha Thanh.<br /> Thanh rang, nUdc chung tdi it nhdn sdm<br /> Trong bdi canh liic ba'y gid, khi ma boat<br /> nen thay cho cdc vat phdm vua ban trUdc<br /> ddng mau dich tii do tU nhan nha Thanh va<br /> day bang nhdn sdm Quan Dong, ddng thdi<br /> nha Nguyin hi han ehe khdng nhu ngay<br /> phai mua thUdng bich, hoang tdng, hoang<br /> nay thi che do trieu cd'ng da ddng vai trd<br /> khue, thanh khue (cac vat p h i m bing<br /> quan trgng vdi tU each la mau dich ca'p nha<br /> ngge). The'nhung hg lam ma't the dien qud'c<br /> nudc thdng qua viec qua lai eua eac sQ<br /> gia vi ndi rang can nhan sam vao viee hie'u<br /> t h i n . Nha Thanh du sao cung cho phep<br /> dudng. Them vao dd, ta't ca eac vat pham<br /> thudng nhan cua nha Thanh tham gia vao<br /> b i n g ngoc hg phai mua deu la thuy tinh.<br /> boat ddng mau dich vdi Viet Nam mdt each<br /> Dd la nhQng li do khie'n hg hi xQ phat. Viee<br /> han ehe nhUng tuyet ddi khdng cho phep mua nguyen vat lieu khdng chi diin ra khi<br /> cac thudng nhan Viet Nam dUde sang sQ t h i n di sQ theo dinh ky ma ta't nhien<br /> Trung Qud'c. Nha Nguyin thi khac vdi nha khi sQ gia lam thdi di sQ cung vay. Thang<br /> Thanh, ngay tQ d i u , trieu dinh da ca'm dan 12 nam 1847, khi cQ sQ t h i n sang thdng<br /> chung x u i t canh vi muc di'ch ca nhan. Lenh bao cho nha Thanh viec hoang de Thieu Tri<br /> ca'm nghiem k h i e d i u tien dUde ban ra cd qua ddi, vua mdi len ngdi la Tii DQc da dQa<br /> cai ten Lugt cam van dUdng bg vd dudng danh sach cac vat pham phai mua nhu cac<br /> thuy vao nam 1816 dudi thdi vua Gia Long dd dung bang ngge, dd chdi, dd cd', dd sanh<br /> (39). Sd di ed lenh ca'm nay la do cac vat sQ va cac dd quy hiem khac. The nhUng,<br /> pham ca'm xua't khau nhu gao, mudi, vang, mdt vien quan giam sat da tau vdi vua<br /> bae, ddng, sQng trau, nga voi,... "chay" sang rang, vua mdi len ngdi nen can phai gian<br /> Trung Qud'c thdng qua con dudng budn lau. di, hdn nQa sQ t h i n di sQ de bao viec tang<br /> Nha Thanh cung nghiem cam xua't thep, nen khdng the mua xa xi pham. Vi vay,<br /> chi, luu huynh,... TrQdc tinh hinh nay, viec nay da bi dinh lai (41).<br /> trieu dinh nha Nguyin khdng cdn each nao<br /> khae phai mua vat pham thdng qua cac sQ Cd mdt va'n de c i n de cap de'n d day, dd<br /> thin. la mau dich cap nha nUdc thdng qua eac sQ<br /> Trudc khi cae sQ t h i n chuan bi di sQ, t h i n di sQ nha Thanh khdng phai xua't<br /> nha Nguyin dUa cho danh muc cae vat phat tQ li do Trung Qud'c "ddt rgng, sdn vat<br /> p h i m dUdc vua nha Thanh ban hoac cac nhieu" nhU suy nghi cua ngudi Trung Qud'c.<br /> mat hang phai mua, va cae sQ t h i n chi Theo vua Minh Mang, hang hda dUdc lam<br /> dUde phdp tuan theo. Mdt trong nhQng thQ ra tQ cac ndi khac nhau, viec ddi chae cac<br /> quan trgng trong sd' cac mat hang mua tQ do vat minh cd la'y do vat minh khdng cd tQ<br /> 2S Rghien cihi Ljch siir. s g 9.2009<br /> <br /> Nam hoac ngUdc lai, khdng c6 cl Trung Nguyin tiep nhan the chg' t r i i u cong cua<br /> Qudc ma cd d Vi$t Nam thi co the trao ddi nha T h a n h chi cd lgi. N h a T h a n h coi trgng<br /> nhQng hang hda nky cho nhau. quan he quan t h i n nhUng ddi vdi nha<br /> Mgi vat p h i m ma cac sQ t h i n mua ve tQ Nguyin, diiu dd chi m a n g •f nghia hinh<br /> nUdc Thanh dUdc ca't giQ tai cd quan phu thQc. Cac vua nha Nguyen ve m9t doi ndi<br /> trach viec tieu dQng va chi tra ciia hoang xQng la vua, la'y nien hieu, sau dd nhu<br /> tha't. Viec ca't giQ nay khdng chi de hoang chung ta tha'y, ddi vdi cac nU6c lang gieng<br /> tha't sQ dung. Nha vua cdn dQng nhQng vat khac coi minh la nUdc ba chu, coi cac nQdc<br /> quy hiem nay de ban thudng hoac tang qua dd la nUdc thudc dia, lap ra t r a t tu the gidi<br /> cho cac quan lai, cac sQ t h i n di sQ nha rieng cua minh. X6t cho cQng, Viet Nam<br /> Thanh, ddi khi, cdn dUde dung de bd' sung khdng phai la nUdc thudc dia cua nha<br /> cho ngudn tai chinh dia phUdng. X6t cho Thanh ma la mgt qudc gia ddc lap.<br /> cung, cac vat p h i m nay dUdc cac ddi vua sit<br /> dung nhu mdt phUdng tien nang cao quyen (Cdn niia)<br /> luc eua minh (43). Tdm lai, trieu dinh nha<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Benjamin I. Schwartz, "The Chinese la'y Trung Quoc lim trung tam mi tit lap trU&ng<br /> Perception of World Order: Past and Present" in cua cac nu6c xung quanh. Luan vin niy da ducjc<br /> John K. Fairbank ed. T?ie Chinese World Order: si^ giiip dd ldn cua npi dung hai ph&n trong cu6ii<br /> Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, sach la "Quan h$ cl sd ki triiu Nguyin vdi nha<br /> Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 276. Thanh" cua Takeda Ryoji vk "Quan h$ cl trung ki<br /> trieu Nguyin vdi nha Thanh" cua Wada Hironori.<br /> (2). Chun Hae Jong, "Khao sat quan h? Hin -<br /> Trung thcli ky nhk Thanh - V6' sil bien thien trong (5). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bign, I, quyin 17<br /> thai dp cua nhi Thanh nhin tU che d? trieu cong" (Tokyo; Institute of Cultural and Linguistic<br /> (ban tie'ng Hin Quoc), Ddng DdOng hoc, 1 (1971), Studies, Keio University, 1961-1981), pp. la~2a;<br /> pp. 235-238; Inokuchi Takashi, "Thit bin vl trfit Quo'c sU di biin (Hong Kong: New Asia Research<br /> til the giai Dong A truyen tho'ng - Vdi trpng tam \k Institute, The Chinese Univertity of Hong Kong,<br /> sil can thi$p vko Vi$t Nam cua Trung Quoc cuoi 1965), p. 7.<br /> thjfky XVIII" (ban tieng Nhat) Tap chi Ngogi giao (6). ChiJ«^(rdng) va cha?.^(sij thinh vUqIng)<br /> qudc