Luật Người cao tuổi: Thực tiễn triển khai sau 8 năm ban hành

Xd hpi hpc. sd 1 (137), 2017<br /> <br /> 63<br /> <br /> LUAT NGlTCil CAO TUOI:<br /> T H U C TIEN TRIEN KHAI SAU 8 N A M BAN HANH<br /> NGUYEN VAN D6NG'<br /> Tdm tat: Lugt Ngudi cao tudi dupe Qudc hpi khoa XII thong qua ngdy 23/11/2009,<br /> Ludi dd quy dinh ro vi quyin vd nghTa vg cua nguoi cao tudi. trach nhi^m cua gia dinh.<br /> Nhd nude vd xa hgi Irong viec chdm soc. Irg giiip vdphdt huy vai tro ngudi cao tudi. Su<br /> ra ddi cua Ludt Ngudi cao tudi dd tgo nin tdng phdp ly thiic ddy hogt dgng Irg giup<br /> ngudi cao luoi diin ra thugn Igi hem. thuang xuyen vd sdu rgng hon Bdi viit ndy dua ra<br /> nhirng phdn lich, ludn gidi sdu sac vi thuc tiin cdng ttic triin khai Lugt Ngudi cao tudi<br /> sau khi ban hdnh; tdng kit nhirng kil qud vd kinh nghiem sau 8 ndm Lugt ban h^nh<br /> (2009-2017).<br /> Tir khda: ngudi cao tudi, lugt ngucri cao tuli, Irg gJiip ngudi cao tuoi.<br /> <br /> 1. D^t van dc<br /> Cham soc, trg giiip ngudi cao tuoi la mgt chii trucmg ludn dugc Ddng vd Nhd<br /> nude la quan lam. Ngay tir Hien phdp dau lien dugc ban hdnh ndm 1946 cua Nhd nude<br /> Vift Nam Dan chii Cdng hod, Igi Dieu 14 dd khdng dinh: "Nhiing ngudi cdng ddn gid<br /> cd hogc tdn tgt thi dupe giiip dd"; den Hien phap ndm 1992 Igi Difu 64 quy djnh rd:<br /> "Con chdu co bon phdn kinh trgng va chdm soc 6ng bd. cha m? " va Dieu 67 quy<br /> dinh: "Ngudi gid, ngudi tdn tgt, tre mo cdi khong nai nuong tua dupe Nha nuoc vd xd<br /> hgi giup da". Den Hifn phap ndm 2013 lai Dilu 37 khdng dinh: "Ngudi cao tudi dugc<br /> Nhd nude, gia dinh vd xd hpi ton trgng, chdm soc vdphdt huy vai tro trong s^t nghi?p<br /> xdy difng vd bdo v4 Td qudc " va Dieu 59 ciing neu ro: "Nhd nude tgo binh ddng ve ca<br /> hpi di cong ddn thu hudng phuc tgi xd hpi. phai triSn h? thdng an sinh xd hgi, co<br /> chink sdch tmr giup ngudi cao tudi.. " (Quoc hgi, 1946, 1992, 2013). Khdi qudt nhihig<br /> quy dinh vf cdng Idc ngudi cao tuoi trong bg luat cao nhat ciia Nhd nude Vift Nam tir<br /> Ijch su l^p hifn cho thdy, cdng lac chSm soc va Irg giiip ngudi cao tudi ludn dugc chd<br /> trgng thyc hifn, dugc thl chl hda, cy thl hoa trong hang loat ede vdn ban phap lugt<br /> ban hanh qua cdc giai doan.<br /> <br /> ' Trudng Dpi hpc Lugt Hd Npi.<br /> <br /> Hifn tgi, Vift Nam dang trong qud trinh chuyen doi nhan khdu hgc vdi ty* If va quy<br /> md ngudi cao tudi tdng nhanh. 6 thdi diera cudi ndm 2011, Vift Nam da chinh thiic budc<br /> vdo giai doan gid hda dan sd, nhom dan s6 cao tuoi ldng nhanh vl so lugng. Theo so lifu<br /> ciia Uy ban Qudc gia vl Ngudi cao ludi Vift Nam, tinh den hit ndm 2016, cd nude cd<br /> 10.025.578 ngudi cao tudi (chifm 10,9% dan sd cd nude), trong dd cd 50,7% la ngudi cao<br /> tuoi nii; 65,7% ngudi cao tuoi hifn dang sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn vd gdn 10% sS ngudi<br /> cao tudi Id ngudi dan tgc thilu sd. Ty If ngudi cao tuoi thugc hd ngheo chiem 22,4%<br /> (trong tdng sd 8,4% ho nghfo chung Irfn cd nuoc ndm 2016) (Uy ban Qudc gia vl Ngudi<br /> cao tudi, 2016:3-10).<br /> Tuoi thg cua ngudi cao tuoi tdng len phan anh nhihig thdnh tyu to ldn ciia sir<br /> phdi trien kinh te - xa hgi vd ITnh vyc y te, song gid hda cQng dua den nhihig thdch<br /> thiic mdi nhu: tgo site dp len hf thdng an sinh xa hgi, luong huu... D$c bift, dieu kifn<br /> song vd miic sdng ciia da phan ngudi cao tuoi con kha thdp, siic khde kem... Theo du<br /> bdo, dan so cao tuoi d Vift Nam se dat 20% vao nSm 2038. Tuy nhien, tuoi thg khde<br /> mgnh cila ngudi cao tudi nude ta chua cao, tnmg binh moi ngudi eao tuoi d nude ta<br /> phdi chiu 14 ndm bfnh tat trong eugc song; cd tdi 95% nguoi cao tuoi cd bfnh vd<br /> trung binh mgt ngudi mdc 2,69 bfnh. Nhdm dan sd ndy luy chi chilm hon 1/10 ddn sd<br /> cd nude nhung lai chiem tdi 70% tdng chi phi y te qudc gia (Tdng cue Ddn so - Ke<br /> hogchhda gia dinh, 2016: 23-29).<br /> TrSn CCT sd dg bdo xu hudng va tdc dg gia hoa dan so vd can cir vdo dac thu cila<br /> nhdm dan so cao tuoi d nude ta, Quoc hgi (2009) d3 ban hdnh Ludt Ngudi cao tuoi, Irong<br /> dd xac dinh ngudi cao tudi Id cdng ddn tir dii 60 tudi trd Ifn" va quy dinh r5 vl quyln vd<br /> nghta vy cda ngudi cao tuoi, trach nhiem cua gia dinh, Nhd nude va xa hgi trong vifc<br /> phyng dudng, chdm sde vd phat huy vai trd ngucri cao tuoi. Lu§t Ngudi cao tudi dd tgo<br /> nen tdng phdp ly quan trgng, bao ddm quyfn vd lgi ich co ban ciia ngudi cao tuoi, la cg sd<br /> de hinh thdnh chinh sdch vd giai phdp phii hgp vdi xu thf gid hda, loc dg gia hda dan so d<br /> nude ta.<br /> Sau 8 ndm ban hanh, cdc quy dinh ciia Luat Ngudi cao tudi dd tiing budc di vdo<br /> cufc sdng, phyc vu ddc luc cho cdng tdc an sinh xd hgi, chdm soc, trg gidp va phdt huy<br /> vai tro ngudi cao tuli. Tir kinh nghifm nghien ciiu thyc liln vd cdn cCt vdo mgt sd ket qua<br /> khdo sdt danh gid ciia Bg Lao dfng, Thuang binh vd Xa hgi (Bg LDTBXH), Quy Ddn so<br /> Lifn hgp quoc, Vifn Khoa hgc Lao dgng vd Xa hgi, Vign Chlnh sdch cdng va Qudn ly,<br /> Vifn x a hdi hgc cimg nhthig thong kf hdng ndm ve tmh hinh ngudi eao tuoi cOa Tong<br /> cyc Dan so - Kf hoach hda Gia dinh, bdi vilt ndy phdn tich nhiing kit qua chdih dat dugc<br /> sau giai doan ddu thyc hifn Lugl Ngudi cao tudi ve cdng ide chdm sde siic khde, chdm<br /> sde ddi sdng vat chdt, ddi sdng linh than cho ngudi cao tudi; ve hilu biet chinh sdch phap<br /> ludt lien quan dfn ngudi cao tudi cung nhu sy tham gia cila todn xd hgi trong cdng tdc Irg<br /> giiip ngudi cao tuoi.<br /> <br /> Nguyin Vdn Ddng 65<br /> 2. Kit qua triln khai Ludi Ngirfri eao tuli trong Ihvc tiln dbi sing<br /> <br /> ngJcao Zf""<br /> <br /> ' ' ' ' " '"''<br /> <br /> ' ' " " ''" "^ '^"' "'' "'^'- ^ ^^"^ ''"" ' * - '^*''<br /> <br /> Sau thyc tiln 8 nam thyc hifn Lu^t, da cd nhilu chugng trhih hoat dong tu vin vd<br /> chdrn soc sue khoe^cho ngudi eao tuoi cd nuoc dugc thyc hifn, cdc chuong trinh da khdm<br /> W van cac benh ve mdt cho hon 2 trifu ngudi eao mii, trong dd hon 200 nghin ngudi<br /> duge mo tiiay thuy iinh tha vdi tdng sd tiln miln phi gdn 400 ty d6ng; cdc hogt dgng<br /> kham sue khoe d,nh ky cho ngudi cao tudi thdng qua bdo hilm y tl dugc thuc hien cd<br /> hifu qua hon, hogt dgng cham sde sire khoe cho ngudi cao tuli dugc thuc hifn ldng ghdp<br /> o ba hmh thuc chinh: cham sde lai nhd, chdm soc tai co sd tgp tnmg (cac tnmg tdm bdo<br /> trg xd hgi, nha dudng ldo, nhd xd hgi) vd chdm sde dua vdo cgng ding (cau lac bd lifn thl<br /> hf ty gmp nhau, cau Igc bg tmh nguyfn vien chdm soc ngucri cao mdi) (HAL 2015: 9-14).<br /> ^ Tgi cdc Trung tam Bdo trgxa hpi. Cae tnmg tam bdo Irg xd hgi nhan chdm soc cac<br /> dot tugng la ngudi cao tudi co don, khdng noi nuong tya, ngudi cao tuli Idn tdt... Ngoai<br /> ra, cdn cd cac co sd tir thifn, nha chiia nhgn cham sde ngudi cao tuli. Tuy nhifn, hogi<br /> dgng cua cdc co sd nay mang lai hifu qua chua cao do cdn gap nhilu khd khan vl tdi<br /> chinh, ddi ngu cdn bg nhan vifn cd ehuyen mdn nghifp vu, eo sd vgl chat Ihifu thin, Hifn<br /> nay, Bg LDTBXH dang nghien ciiu dl lifn hdnh chuyin dli logi hinh tning idm bdo trg<br /> xd hgi thdnh cac trang tam cung cip djch vy cdng tdc xa hgi va day mgnh cdc hinh thiic<br /> chdm sde cdc doi tugng tai trung tam dya vdo cgng ddng dl thay thl md hinh cu (HAI<br /> 2015: 9-14).<br /> Ca sa dudng ldo. Nhd dudng ldo chdm sde ngudi cao luoi cd cong, nhdn chdm s6c<br /> ngudi cao tudi cd cdng vdi each m^uig nhu: m? Viet Nam anh himg, cha, m§ lift sj; ngudi<br /> cao tuoi Id thuong binh, Ihanh nien xung phong vd nhiing ngudi cao tuoi cd lifu chuan.<br /> Hinh thiic chdm sde thong qua cdc co sd dudng ldo do Nhd nude qudn ly, gidm sat va<br /> cung cip kinh phi hoat dgng (HAI, 2015: 9-14).<br /> Cdc CO sd cung cdp djch vy chdm soc ngudi cao tudi cd thu phi: Cdc tnmg lam, cdc<br /> cdng ty chdm sde nguoi cao tuoi cd thu phi dfu la cdc co sd tu nhdn, cung cap djch vy<br /> nhan vien chdm soc ngudi cao luoi tai gia dinh nen hg hogt dgng cd linh chuySn nghifp<br /> vd dugc tra luong. Moi ngdy cdc nhan vien dich vy sS din nhd Ihyc hifn cdc cdng vifc<br /> trong nom, chdm soc ngucri cao tuoi Iheo yfu cau vd thda thuan giua hai bSn. Ddng chii y<br /> Id cdc CO sd ndy dugc thdnh lap dya tren nhu cau ciia xa hgi, nf h cdc co sd ndy hudng dfn<br /> myc dich phyc vy nhihig ngucri cao tudi cd dilu kifn kinh te, con cdi cd dilu kifn nhung<br /> bgn Iam Sn... Miic phi phy thugc vdo chdt lugng vd miic dg chdm sde. Cac co sd cung cip<br /> djch vy chdm soc ngudi cao tuoi cd thu phi dat tifu chudn bao gdm niri dn o, bg phan<br /> chdm sde y tf khdm bfnh, khu thf dye thf thao, phyc hoi chiic ndng cho ngudi cao tuoi.<br /> Ngodi ra, cdc co sd ndy ciing phoi hgp vdi cdc bfnh vifn df kham chiia bfnh cho ngudi<br /> cao tuoi. Hifn nay, so lugng co sd dudng lao tu nhan cdn rat hgn che Id thlfu co chf<br /> <br /> 66<br /> <br /> Lugt Ngudi cao tuoi: Thpc lien trien khai...<br /> <br /> quan IJ nen chua cd cdc quy dmh ve tieu chuan, chua cd sy gidm sat chjt chS cila cac co<br /> quan qudn ly nen chat lugng cdn nhieu han che (HAI, 2015: 9-14).<br /> Chdm soc ngudi cao tudi dira vdo cgng ddng' Ban dau md hinh dugc nhen nhom tit<br /> hinh Ihiic Nhd xa hgi do Bg LDTBXH tdi trg va Trung uong Hgi Ngudi cag tudi Vift<br /> Nam, Trung tam Trg giiip ngudi cao tuoi vd Phdt triln cgng ddng thyc hifn nham chdm<br /> sde ngudi cao tuoi cd don khdng noi nuong tya tai 3 tinh Nam Dinh, Hue, Ben Tre. Den<br /> nay, md hinh nay phdt triln thanh Md hlnh lien thl hf ty giiip nhau, gdp phdn tich cyc<br /> vao vifc cai thifn cugc sdng ciia ngudi cao tudi ngheo, can ngheo, ngudi eao tudi cd don,<br /> khdng noi nuong tya; giup hg 16 chiic cac hogt dgng cham soc siic khod, cai thien ddi<br /> song vgt ehdt, tinh thdn va bdo ve quyen lgi... Day la md hinh duge ddnh gid Id rdt thdnh<br /> cong, cd tinh uu vift cao va cd nhieu tdc dgng tich eye dfn hogt ddng cham sde, trg giiip<br /> vd phdt huy vai tro ngudi cao tudi, do vgy md hinh ndy dang tich cyc dugc xay dyng vd<br /> nhdn rgng trong phgm vi cd nude. Sau khi cd Luat Ngudi cao tudi trong khodng thdi gian<br /> tii 2009 - 2015, loai md hinh cau Igc bg da dugc trien khai tai 12 tinh/thdnh gom: Hd Ngi,<br /> Thdi Nguyfn, Nam Djnh, Hdi Duong, Quang Ninh, Hod Binh, Thanh Hod, Hai Phdng,<br /> Nghf An, Hd TTnh, Qudng Binh vd Bfn Tre vdi hon 600 cdu Igc bd va sy tham gia tryc<br /> tiep ciia hon 30.000 thdnh vien. Md hinh lifn the he ty giiip nhau hao ddm chat lugng, chi<br /> tifu Iheo quy dinh nhu: 70% Id ngudi cao tudi (til 55 tudi trd len), 60-70% la phy nii,<br /> 60%-70% id ngudi ngheo, can ngheo hoac cd hodn ednh khd khdn; cd it nhat 50% thdnh<br /> vifn dugc vay vdn bdng lien hoac hifn vat vd cai thifn thu nhap; 80% cau lac bg hfn thf<br /> hf ty giilp nhau dugc tap hudn vd gidm sdt Iheo quy chl (Nguyin Van Ding, 2015: 2129); ngudi cao tudi cd don, ngheo khd dugc tinh nguyfn vien den nhd chdm sde, khi Im<br /> dau s5 dugc dua dfn nha xa hdi, dugc nhan vi6n y te cham sde va dugc nudi dudng dfn<br /> khi khdemanhlrdvf nhd (HAI, 2015: 9-14).<br /> Ddnh gid sau giai dogn dau thyc hifn Ludt Ngudi cao tudi, miic dg ddp iing eac<br /> quyln vf kinh tl - xd hgi cua ngudi cao tudi dgt 50-60% nhu cau theo danh gia eiia<br /> ngudi cao tudi, cd gan 90% ngudi cao tuoi dugc bdo ddm nhu cau ve dn, mdc, d. Tinh<br /> dfn ndm 2016, canude cd hon 1,5 trifu ngudi cao ludi dugc hudng chinh saeh bdo Irg<br /> x3 hgi hdng thdng, chifm ty le cao Irong tdng sd ddi tugng hifn dang nhan trg cap<br /> (77%) (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25). Miic Irg edp xa hgi dang dugc tdng<br /> dan nham bu ddp nhiing thif u hyt df dam bao nhu cau loi Ihieu cho ngudi cao tuoi;<br /> hdng nghin ngudi cao luoi ngheo dugc ho trg xda nhd tam, siia chiia ndng cdp nhd d;<br /> to chiic chuc Ihg, mirng thg cho trfn 1 trifu ngudi cao tuoi; tham hdi, dgng vifn liic<br /> dm dau bfnh tat cho hem 900 ngdn ngudi cao tudi. Ddi sdng vdt chat, ddi sdng tinh<br /> than cua ngudi cao tudi dugc nang len, di doi vdi quan tdm cham sde ddi song vgt chat<br /> vd site khde, cdc dia phuong trfn cd nude da quan tdm phat trifn cac hogt dfng van<br /> hda tinh thdn cho ngudi cao tuoi. Cdc hogt dfng vdn hda thf Ihao, vui choi gidi trf,<br /> tham quan phdt trien mgnh. Tinh den het ndm 2016, cd nude cd 58.099 cdu lac hg<br /> ngudi cao ludi, thu hiil 2,6 trieu ngudi cao tudi tham gia, vira gdp phin ndng cao sire<br /> <br /> Nguyin Van Ddng 67<br /> khde, dong thdi gop phan bdo tin va giii gin ban sic van hda truyin thong ciia dan tdc<br /> (Uy ban QuIc gia ve ngudi cao tuli, 2016: 3-7).<br /> Trg cap xS hoi la mot trong nhihig bien phdp bdo ddm ddi sing vdt chdt cho ngudi<br /> cao tuli, d$c bift la ngudi cao tudi ngheo. Vdi sy phdi hgp chdt ch5 giiia ngdnh Lao dgng<br /> - Thuong binh vd Xa hgi vd Hdi Ngucri cao tuli, da phdn chinh saeh trg giiip xK hgi da<br /> dugc Ihyc hifn tuong ddi tit d cdc dja phuong trfn cd nude. Hdng ndm chinh sdch ndy dd<br /> thyc hien trg edp cho trfn 1,5 trifu ngudi cao tudi, vdi tinh thdn kjp thdi, diing doi tugng<br /> vd mmh bgch, gdp phan gidm bdt khd khdn cho ngudi cao tudi. Chinh sdch Ug cdp cho<br /> ngudi cao tuoi da co tac dgng tich eye trong vifc cdi thien ddi sdng vdt chat, tinh thdn cho<br /> ngudi cao tudi (cd 27,0% ngudi cao ludi ddnh gia chinh saeh trg cap xa hgi vira cd gid Iri<br /> ve vat chat, viracd gia tri ve tinh thdn) (Vifn Khoa hgc Lao dgng vd Xd hgi, 2016: 2-11).<br /> 2.2. Vephdt huy vai tro cua ngirdi cao tuoi Irong dM sdng<br /> Dieu dang chd -y la ket qud khdo sdt ddnh gid cho thay, cd hon 2,5 trifu ngudi cao<br /> tudi vln cdn tham gia lao dgng sdn xuat, kinh doanh; hon 95 nghin ngudi eao moi lam<br /> chfi trang trd, co sd san xuat, kinh doanh; hon 300 nghin ngudi cao mdi idm kinh tl gidi;<br /> trong dd gdn 1 trifu gia dinh cd ngudi cao mii dgt tifu chuan "Gia dinh vdn hda" (Bg<br /> LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25).<br /> CCing sau 8 ndm thyc hifn Lugt, vai trd vd vi the cila ngudi cao tuoi trong gia<br /> dinh vd xa hgi dugc ndng Ifn, Ludt Ngudi cao tudi dd thiic ddy tgo mdi Irudng vd dilu<br /> kifn thugn lgi dl ngudi cao tudi phdt huy sy sang lao, ddng gdp kien thiic, k)> ndng va<br /> kinh nghiem cho cac hogt dgng kinh tf - xa hdi, vdn hda - giao dye tgi dia phuong.<br /> Nhiing ngudi cao tuoi cdn khde manh dang tham gia san xual - kinh doanh thi dugc<br /> Nhd nude ho irg phuong tifn sdn xudt, chuyen giao cfng nghf, tgp hudn ky thuat sdn<br /> xuat - kinh doanh. D^c bift, cdc khda tap hudn Ludt Ngudi cao mdi tai cdc dia phuong<br /> thudng xuyfn dugc td chiic vdi su tham gia ciia edn bg Hgi Ngudi cao tudi, cdn bg<br /> ehinh quyfn dja phuong vd can hf ndng cdt d cdc thdn bdn. Bfn canh do, cdc dja<br /> phuong cdn t l chiic cdc hoat dgng tilp xuc, gap m?!, trao ddi vd chia se thudng xuyen<br /> dl ngudi cao tudi bdy td y kiln, tam tu, nguyfn vgng kiln nghj vdi cdc eo quan, tl<br /> chdc dia phuong vl nhiing van df md ngudi cao tuli vd cgng dong dang quan tdm (Bg<br /> LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25).<br /> 6 nhdm ngudi cao mii lham gia cdng tdc chinh quyln, du dd nghi huu theo che dg<br /> chinh sdch nhung cd 1,24 trifu ngudi cao tudi tren ca nude vln tilp luc tham gia cdng tdc<br /> Ddng, chinh quyln, Mat trgn Td quIc vd cac tl chiic dodn thl d noi cu tni. Mgt sd dja<br /> phuong cd din 70-80% ngudi cao tuli 1dm bi thu chi bg, trudng thon, Irudng bdn (Vifn<br /> Chhih saeh Cdng vd Qudn ly, 2013). Sau khi nghi huu, bdng kinh nghifm von cd va dugc<br /> c^ng dong tin nhifm, da phan ngucri cao mdi tilp tyc tham gia cong tdc tai co sd nhu:<br /> phoi hgp vdi cac lyc lugng ciia Dodn Thanh nien, Hfi Phy nii, Hgi Cyu chiln binh lam<br /> tot cong tdc tham gia phong trdo xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi, gido dye va chia se kmh<br /> <br />