Management - Chapter 13: Motivation Theory and Practice

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How do individual needs influence motivation? What are the process theories of motivation? What role does reinforcement play in motivation? What are the alternative approaches to job design?

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PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany Management, 10/e John R. Schermerhorn, Jr. Chapter 13: Motivation Theory and Practice Prepared by: Jim LoPresti University of Colorado, Boulder Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planning Ahead — Chapter 13 Study Questions  How do individual needs influence motivation?  What are the process theories of motivation?  What role does reinforcement play in motivation?  What are the alternative approaches to job design? Management 10/e Chapter 13 2
Study Question 1: How do individual needs influence motivation?  Types of content theories:  Hierarchy of needs theory  ERG theory  Twofactor theory  Acquired needs theory Management 10/e Chapter 13 3
Study Question 1: How do individual needs influence motivation?  Motivation and individual needs  Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.  Needs  Unfulfilled physiological and psychological desires of an individual.  Explain workplace behavior and attitudes.  Create tensions that influence attitudes and behavior.  Good managers and leaders facilitate employee need satisfaction. Management 10/e Chapter 13 4
Figure 13.1 Opportunities for satisfaction in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Management 10/e Chapter 13 5
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Hierarchy of needs theory  Deficit principle  A satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior.  Progression principle  A need at one level does not become activated until the next lowerlevel need is satisfied. Management 10/e Chapter 13 6
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Hierarchy of needs theory  Developed by Abraham Maslow.  Lowerorder and higherorder needs affect workplace behavior and attitudes.  Lowerorder needs:  Physiological, safety, and social needs.  Desires for physical and social well being.  Higherorder needs:  Esteem and selfactualization needs.  Desire for psychological growth and development. Management 10/e Chapter 13 7
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  ERG theory  Developed by Clayton Alderfer.  Three need levels:  Existence needs — desires for physiological and material wellbeing.  Relatedness needs — desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.  Growth needs — desires for continued psychological growth and development. Management 10/e Chapter 13 8
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  ERG theory  Any/all needs can influence behavior at one time.  Frustrationregression principle.  An already satisfied lowerlevel need becomes reactivated when a higherlevel need is frustrated. Management 10/e Chapter 13 9
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Twofactor theory  Developed by Frederick Herzberg.  Hygiene factors:  Elements of the job context.  Sources of job dissatisfaction.  Satisfier factors:  Elements of the job content.  Sources of job satisfaction and motivation. Management 10/e Chapter 13 10
Figure 13.2 Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Management 10/e Chapter 13 11
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Acquired needs theory  Developed by David McClelland.  People acquire needs through their life experiences.  Needs that are acquired:  Need for Achievement (nAch)  Need for Power (nPower)  Need for Affiliation (nAff) Management 10/e Chapter 13 12
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Acquired needs theory  Need for Achievement (nAch)  Desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.  People high in (nAch) prefer work that:  Involves individual responsibility for results.  Involves achievable but challenging goals.  Provides feedback on performance. Management 10/e Chapter 13 13
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Acquired needs theory  Need for Power (nPower)  Desire to control other persons, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for other people.  Personal power versus social power.  People high in (nPower) prefer work that:  Involves control over other persons.  Has an impact on people and events.  Brings public recognition and attention. Management 10/e Chapter 13 14
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Acquired needs theory  Need for Affiliation (nAff)  Desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with other persons.  People high in (nAff) prefer work that:  Involves interpersonal relationships.  Provides for companionship  Brings social approval. Management 10/e Chapter 13 15
Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs?  Questions for summarizing the content theories of motivation: How many different individual needs are there? Can a work outcome or reward satisfy more than one need? Is there a hierarchy of needs? How important are the various needs? Management 10/e Chapter 13 16
Study Question 2: What are the process theories of motivation?  Process theories of motivation …  How people make choices to work hard or not.  Choices are based on:  Individual preferences.  Available rewards.  Possible work outcomes.  Types of process theories:  Equity theory.  Expectancy theory.  Goalsetting theory. Management 10/e Chapter 13 17
Study Question 2: What are the process theories of motivation?  Equity theory  Developed by J. Stacy Adams.  When people believe that they have been treated unfairly in comparison to others, they try to eliminate the discomfort and restore a perceived sense of equity to the situation.  Perceived inequity.  Perceived equity. Management 10/e Chapter 13 18
Figure 13.3 Equity theory and the role of social comparison. Management 10/e Chapter 13 19
Study Question 2: What are the process theories of motivation?  Equity theory  People respond to perceived negative inequity by changing …  Work inputs.  Rewards received.  Comparison points.  Situation. Management 10/e Chapter 13 20