D D D MOI TRiraNG KINH DOANH<br />
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MOT S6 K\in NGH! N A N G CAO SCTC CANH TRANH - P H A T T R I ^ N<br />
CCiA NiN KINH T^ V I E T NAM<br />
V u M i n h Khifofng*<br />
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Viet Nam dd dgt dugc nhdng tien bg sd'ng ddng nay la ba lgi the ca ban cua<br />
dn tugng vi tdng trUdng kinh te trong hai Viet Nam: (i) Biiu kien dia ly vd nhdn<br />
thap ky qua, nhUng hieu qua tdng trUdng khau; (ii) On dinh chinh tri vd nd lUc cua<br />
vd sdc cgnh tranh phdt trien trong tUang Chinh phu trong hgi nhap qudc te vd<br />
lai cdn rdt thap do nin mong cho cong chuyen doi nin kinh te sang ca che thi<br />
cugc phdt trien chUa dugc tdng cUdng vd trUdng; vd (iii) Nguon lUc con ngUdi.<br />
ndng cdp mgnh me cho phu hgp vai ddi The mgnh thd nhdt cda Viet Nam Id<br />
hoi thUc te vd xu the thdi dgi. Nin mong diiu Men dia ly vd nhdn khau. Viet Nam<br />
ndy dUa tren nam tru cot: (1) Tdm nhin nam d vi tri trung tam cua Ddng Nam A,<br />
vd chien lugc phdt trien, (2) Hieu lUc the chung bien gidi vdi Trung Qude, nffdc cd<br />
che, (3) Sdc sdng dgng cua moi trUdng nen kinh te khdng Id vdi td'c do tang<br />
kinh doanh, (4) Chdt lugng nguon nhdn trffdng bung nd trong sudt nhieu t h a p ky.<br />
lUc, vd (5) Thuc luc cong nghe. Bo khudn Dia hinh dat nffdc hinh chff S nam dgc bd<br />
khd CO han, bdi viet ndy di xuat mot sd bien vdi dieu kien tff nhien tru phu ve<br />
kien nghi cu the dUa tren ba tru cot ddu ndng nghiep va thuan lgi cho giao thffOng<br />
tien trong no lUc tdng cUdng vd ndng cdp tren mgi vung lanh thd. Ky tich cua Viet<br />
mgnh me nin mong phdt trien cda nUdc Nam la tff mdt nffdc h i u nhff tach biet vdi<br />
ta trong thdi gian tdi. Muc tieu hiidng tdi: thi trffdng the gidi chi trong vdng 2 thap<br />
Mot qudc gia eo tdm nhin xa trong rgng; ky trd t h a n h nha xuat khau hang d i u ve<br />
Mot the che qudn ly co hieu lUc cao; Mot gao, cafe, thuy san. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam<br />
moi trudng kinh doanh sdng dgng; Mot vdi dan so' ldn thff 13 tren the gidi, vdi<br />
luc lugng lao dgng Uu td; Mot tliUc lUc sffe tre va dp thuan n h a t cao dang tao<br />
cong nghe vdng mgnh. nen Ipi the dac biet ve thi trffdng va<br />
ngudn n h a n Iffc tre.<br />
1. C o n g CUQC p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e<br />
ciia Vi$t N a m : Igfi t h e v a t h a c h thu'c Tiie mgnh thd hai cua Viet Nam Id sU<br />
1.1. Lgri the dn dinh chinh tri vd no lUc cda chinh phd<br />
trong hgi nhap quoc te vd chuyen ddi nin<br />
Vdi cdng cugc cai each kinh te khdi kinh te sang ca die thi trUdng. Mffc dp on<br />
dau vao nam 1986, Viet Nam da trai qua dinh chinh tri cua Viet Nam dffpc danh<br />
nhffng ddi thay an tffpng, tff mpt nen gia cao hon b a n so vdi h i u h e t cac nffdc<br />
kinh te kiet que t h a n h mdt nen kinh te dang phat trien d Chau A, trong dd cd<br />
nang dpng vdi td'c dp tang trffdng cao va Trung qud'c va An do (Dd thi 1).<br />
nhip dp hpi nhap nhanh chdng vao nen<br />
kinh te the gidi. Dgng lgc cho sff ddi thay Vu Minh Khuang, Dai hpc Q a Singapore.<br />
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QUAN U KiNH TE $635(8+9/2010)<br />
MOT SO KIEN NGHI NANG CAO SLfC CANH TRANH - PHAT TRIEN COA NgN KINH Tg VIET f MOI TRUOfNG KIHH DOANH { ^ I',{<br />
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Do thi 1. Tinh hinh on dinh chinh tri d mpt so quoc gia, 2008<br />
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<br />
SINGAPORE<br />
TAIWAN<br />
KOREA, SOUTH 59.8<br />
<br />
VIETNAM<br />
MALAYSIA 50.2<br />
<br />
CAMBODIA 1 34.4<br />
CHINA 1 33.5<br />
INDIA 116.7<br />
<br />
INDONESIA 1 15.11<br />
THAILAND 1 12.9<br />
PHILIPPINES 10.5<br />
<br />
BANGLADESH 19.6<br />
SRI LANKA 1 2.9<br />
<br />
PAKISTAN D1.4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />
<br />
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Nguon: World Bank Governance Indicators.<br />
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Dffa tren nen tang thuan lgi nay va Dd thi 1 cho thay Viet Nam, mac du khdi<br />
cffpng linh ddi mdi, Chinh phu da tien hanh diu cai each sau Trung Qud'c 8 nam nhffng<br />
hang loat cai each trong linh vffc phap ly, da cd nhffng cai each ve phap ly va chinh<br />
chinh sach va nd Iffc hgi nhap qudc te. So sach kha tffpng ddng va ngay cang b i t kip<br />
sanh giffa Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c trong vdi nhip dp cai each cua Trung Qud'c.<br />
<br />
Bang 1. Cac chi mo'c cai each: So sanh Vi^t Nam va Trung Quoc<br />
<br />
Chi moc cai e a c h Sut ki^n-Chinh sach-Quyet dinh Khoang<br />
(thofi gian x a y ra) e a c h thdfi<br />
gian<br />
Vi^t Nam (VN) Trung Quoc (TQ) VN-TQ<br />
<br />
Khdi d a u cai e a c h Dai hoi VI cong bo' CuOng Hoi nghi toan the lan 8 nam<br />
hnh "Ddi mdi" thff 3 khoa 11 cua Dang<br />
CS Trung Quoc cong bd<br />
(thang 12 nam 1986)<br />
Chuang trinh cai each<br />
"Bon Hien dai boa"<br />
V -: • .<br />
(thang 12 nam 1978)<br />
<br />
I. Cac thay ddi n e n inong<br />
<br />
Trien khai he thong Nghi quyet cua BCH Ttf Nghi quyet ciia BCT ve 8 nam<br />
"Khoan ho gia dinh" ve "tang cudng va cai cai each quan ly nong<br />
trong nong nghiep thien ban nffa he thong nghiep (1988)<br />
<br />
$635(8+9/2010) QUAN LY KINH TE ^<br />
VIM\Mdi TRirOTNG KINH DOANH MOT SO K|gN NGHI NANG CAO StfC CANH TRANH - PHAT TRIEN COA NSN KINH TE VIET NAM<br />
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B a n g 1. Cac chi m o c c a i e a c h : S o s a n h Vi$t N a m v a Trung Qud^c<br />
<br />
Chi m o c c a i e a c h S^X kien-Chinh sach-Quyet dinh Khoang<br />
(thofi gian xky ra) e a c h thofi<br />
gian<br />
Viet Nam (VN) Trung Quoc (TQ) VN-TQ<br />
<br />
khuyen khich he tho'ng<br />
trach nhiem san xuat<br />
nong nghiep" (1980).<br />
<br />
Hgp phat hoa sU phat Ban hanh Luat Doanh Tu chinh hien phap 8 nam<br />
trien cua kinh te tU nghiep tU nhan va Luat khang dinh kinh te tU<br />
nhan Cong ty (1990) nhan la mot t h a n h<br />
phan bd trp ciia nen<br />
kinh te XHCN (1982)<br />
<br />
II. Doanh n g h i e p n h a nvTdic (DNNN) v a c a i e a c h t a o s a n choli binh d a n g<br />
<br />
Giai doan 1: Tang 1987-1993 1979-1984 8 nam<br />
quyen tU chu ciia<br />
DNNN thong qua thu , • . • :<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
tieu tffng budc he<br />
tho'ng kinh te menh<br />
lenh va thi diem cd<br />
phan hoa<br />
<br />
Giai doan 2: Cai each 1994-1998 1985-1993<br />
DNNN, thiet lap he 9 nam<br />
"Chuyen ddi cac DNNN co "Qui che t a m thdi ve<br />
thdng phap ly cho<br />
lUa ebon sang cong ty co hoi sinh cac DNNN ldn<br />
DNNN boat dong<br />
phan (Chi thi CP sd 28- va vffa" (Chinh phu,<br />
trong CO che thi<br />
CP, 1996). 1985).<br />
trudng<br />
"Qui che ve day manh<br />
cai each va tang sffe<br />
sdng cho cac DNNN"<br />
(Chinh phu, 1986)<br />
<br />
Ban hanh Luat DNNN 7 nam<br />
Ban hanh Luat DNNN<br />
(1995) (1988)<br />
<br />
Giai doan 3: Tao san TH 1999 trd di Tit 1994 trd di<br />
choi binh dang va<br />
Ban h a n h Luat Doanh Ban h a n h Luat Cong ty, 5 nam<br />
thuc day cd phan hoa<br />
nghiep, (1999) (1994)<br />
<br />
Luat Doanh nghiep Luat Cong ty sffa d' 0 nam<br />
<br />
QUAN LY KINH TE $635(8+9/2010)<br />
MOT Sd KI^N NGHI NANG CAO StfC CANH TRANH - PHAT TRIIN COA NgN KINH TE VIET NAM MOI TRl/ONG KINH DOANH I j j ['j | H<br />
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III. Hpi nhap quoc te<br />
<br />
Thu hut FDI Luat Dau tu nude ngoai tai Luat lien doanh TQ- 8 nam<br />
Viet Nam, 1987 nUdc ngoai, 1979<br />
Luat KCN va KCX, 1994.<br />
<br />
Ky Hiep dinh thuong 2000 1979 21 n a m<br />
mai vdi My<br />
<br />
Gia nhap WTO 2006 2001 5 nam<br />
<br />
IV. Cai each tai chinh<br />
<br />
Cai each he thdng "Luat Ngan hang Nha "Quyet dinh eua Chinh 4 nam<br />
ngan hang nUdc va Luat ve eae td phu ve cai each he<br />
chffc tin dung", 1997 thdng tai chinh", 1993<br />
<br />
Ban hanh Luat Thue "Luat VAT", 1997 "Qui che t a m thdi cua 4 nam<br />
gia tri gia tang (VAT) CHND Trung Hoa ve<br />
VAT", 1993<br />
<br />
Tho'ng nhat luat thue "Luat Thue thu nhap "Luat Thue thu nhap 1 nam<br />
thu nhap eho moi doanh nghiep sffa ddi", doanh nghiep (mdi)",<br />
thanh phan kinh te, 2008. 2007<br />
giam mffe thue thu<br />
nhap DN xudng 25%<br />
<br />
Khai trUcfng Thi Thanh lap TTCK Tp. Hd Thanh lap TTCK . 10 n a m<br />
trudng ehffng khoan Chi Minh (HOSE), 2000. Thugng Hai (SSE),<br />
(TTCK) 1990.<br />
<br />
Ngan hang qude Ngan hang Ngoai thuong Ngan hang Cong 1 nam<br />
doanh dau tien tham Viet Nam (Vietcombank), thuong Trung Quoc<br />
gia niem yet tren 2007 (ICBC), 2006<br />
TTCK<br />
<br />
<br />
Nguon: Vu (2009).<br />
<br />
Day la mdt n h a n to' quan t r p n g de kinh t d t h d gidi neu do t r e n hai chi so':<br />
Viet Nam, chi trong b a n hai t h a p ky ddi ty trpng tdng gia tri ngoai t h u a n g<br />
mdi, da thu dffpc nhffng k e t qua t a n g (nhap k h a u va xuat khau) t r e n GDP va<br />
trffdng a n tffpng va trd t h a n h mdt qud'c ty t r p n g t d n g Iffpng FDI t r e n GDP<br />
gia cd dp hpi n h a p k h a sau vao n e n (Hinh 2).<br />
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<br />
$6 35(8+9/2010) QUAN LY KINH TE ^<br />
Vill'iilil MOI TRirONG KINH DOANH MOT SO KI^N NGHI NANG CAO SQC CANH TRANH - PHAT TRIEN CUA N^N KINH TE VIET NAM<br />
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Hinh 2. Hpi n h a p quoc t e : Vipt Nam va cac ntfdfc chau A, 2008<br />
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<br />
200% 1<br />
1<br />
<br />
• Malaysia Vietnam ^<br />
180%<br />
• "f<br />
a 160%<br />
• Thailand i<br />
o 140% -<br />
a<br />
u 120% i<br />
100%<br />
Philippines<br />
80% China •<br />
<br />
60% _ • Indonesia<br />
<br />
40% India<br />
<br />
20%<br />
0% 1 1—~~~ 1 1 1<br />
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<br />
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%<br />
T6 ng CO ng FDI (% cua GDP)<br />
<br />
<br />
Nguon: World Development Indicators, UNTAC.<br />
The mgnh thd ba cda Viet Nam Id d nffdc ngoai trong thdi gian gan day (tinh<br />
nguon luc con ngUdi. Ngffdi Viet Nam dffge tren ty le 100.000 dan) thudc hang cao<br />
nhieu chuyen gia qud'c te danh gia la cd nhat the gidi. Dac biet, trong 10 nam vffa<br />
kha nang hpc hdi nhanh, chiu khd, cd y chi qua, Viet Nam da di len tff vi the thap<br />
quyet tam ddi ddi, coi trpng giao due, nhay nhat de vffpt qua h i u het cac nffdc chau A<br />
ben n i m bat thdi ca. Nhan xet nay dffpc tffong ddng, trong dd cd Trung Qudc, An<br />
khang dinh bdi mpt sd minh ehffng ndi Dp va h i u het cac nffdc Ddng Nam A ve dp<br />
bat. Chang ban sd ngffdi Viet Nam du hpc tham nhap Internet (Hinh 3).<br />
<br />
Hinh 3. Dp t h a m n h a p ciia Internet, 2000-2007<br />
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e<br />
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