Một số thành tựu của nhà Nguyễn trong việc tiếp thu tri thức, áp dụng kỹ thuật phương Tây

M O T S O THANH TUU CUA NHA NGUYEN TRONG Vl|C<br /> TIEP THU TRI THU^C, AP DUNG KY THUAT PHUONG TAY<br /> <br /> i PHAM QUOC SU*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Chaigneau (cd ten Viet la Nguyen Van<br /> K hdi nguyen viec tiep thu tri thdc va<br /> cac thanh tUu ky thuat phUdng Tay<br /> cua Nha Nguyen bat dau tU sU tiep xuc eua<br /> Thing), Vannier (Nguyin Vdn Chin) (2),<br /> Puymanel (Nguyin Van Tfn) (3), J.M. Dayot<br /> Nguyen Anh vdi nhiing ngUdi chau Au nhim (Nguyin Van Trf) (4)...Ngoai ra, "dUdi<br /> tim kiem sU giup dd de cho'ng Tay Sdn. trUdng" Nguyen Anh cdn cd eac nhan vat<br /> ngudi Phap khac cd ten Viet la Nguyen Van<br /> Khi chfnh quyen ho Nguyen d Dang<br /> Chieu, Nguyen Van Hao, Le Van Lang,<br /> Trong hi lUc lUOng Tay Sdn danh dd, dng<br /> Thing, Chan, Tin, Trf, Chieu, Hao, Lang<br /> hoang tre Nguyen Anh da phai tro'n chay<br /> deu la ten Viet do Nguyen Anh dat cho.<br /> va cau cdu ngUdi phUdng Tay. Sau khi lan "Chieu nguyen ten la Mdn-lai-phu-tfl,... Hdo<br /> lugt eau cdu ngudi Bo Dao Nha d Ma Cao, la Thdn-ba-hu)" (5).<br /> ngUdi Tay Ban Nha d Ma Ni, ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> d Batavia, ngUdi Anh d Calcutta va cau Khong chi cd ngUdi Phap, Nguyin Anh<br /> vien nUdc Phap deu vd hieu, Nguyen Anh eon cd ngudi Tay Ban Nha, ngUdi Bd Dao<br /> da phai nhd den vai tro ca nhan cua Ba Da Nha, ngudi Anh giup sdc. Cd the thd'ng ke<br /> Lgc (Giam muc ngUdi Phap) (1). Tii cugc nhdng ngUdi phUdng Tay tieu bieu trong<br /> gap gd dau tien vao nam 1777 tai dao Thd lUc lUdng cua Nguyen Anh cho'ng Tay Sdn,<br /> dd la, ngoai Ba Da Lgc, cdn ed: Vannier-si<br /> Chu, ca Nguyen Anh va Ba Da Lgc deu<br /> quan hai quan, Chaigneau-vien chdc, de<br /> nhan thay sU can thie't phai nUdng tiia, hd<br /> Forsant-vien chdc, V.O. de Puymanel-dai<br /> trd nhau. Mgt ben can sU giup dd de phuc<br /> ta edng binh, Laurent Barizy-dai ta bg<br /> hdi cd do ddng ho, mgt ben mud'n ldi dung<br /> binh, J.M. Dayot-si quan hai quan, F.<br /> de thuc day cong cugc truyen giao va<br /> Dayot, Despiaux...(ngUdi Phap), Antonio<br /> "phung sU cho ldi fch nUdc Phap" sau nay.<br /> Vicente Rosa, Antonio Jose Gamboa (ngUdi<br /> Bing sU nd lUc ca nhan, Ba Da Lgc da Bd Dao Nha), Manuel (ngUdi Tay Ban<br /> van dgng dUdc mgt so' ngUdi Phap am hieu Nha), Jacques Liot (hay cha Jacques ddng<br /> ve quan sU va ky thuat den giup Nguyin Franciscain?) (6). Su tham gia cua cac cd<br /> Anh, trong do ndi tieng phai ke den van phUdng Tay nay da giup eho Nguyin<br /> <br /> <br /> TS. Khoa Lich sU - Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi<br /> gidt so thanh hni ciia nha Rgiryen. 29<br /> <br /> Anh td chdc lai quan ddi, khien cho quan Quy trinh due sung trai qua cac khau: lam<br /> Nguyin trd nen tinh nhue, hoan thien kha mau, tao khuon, nung khuon, nau chay<br /> nang chien da'u va gianh nhiing t h i n g ldi ddng, rdt ddng, lam ngudi, mai be mat<br /> quyet dinh trUdc dd'i phUdng. sung... Cac khau nay deu dUdc lam theo ky<br /> thuat thu cong (8). Cac yeu to' ky thuat<br /> Sau khi danh bai Tay Sdn va lap ra<br /> phUdng Tay dUdc ap dung chu yeu d hinh<br /> trieu Nguyin, vua Gia Long da sfl dung tdi<br /> thdc, kieu dang, cau tao nong va cd sung.<br /> 40 ngudi nUdc ngoai (chu yeu la ngUdi<br /> Co ca trUdng hdp co sung dUdc mua san cua<br /> phUdng Tay) trong trieu dinh, vdi vai trd co'<br /> nUdc ngoai de lap vao sung tay tu che theo<br /> van, phien dich, day tieng nUdc ngoai va<br /> kieu thde phUdng Tay. Sach Dgi Nam thiCc<br /> tnic tie'p dam nhan cac chdc vu. Trong so'<br /> luc cho biet, cac nha che tao thdi Nguyen<br /> nhdng ngUdi phUdng Tay, quen thugc nha't<br /> da co' gang lam dUde mgt so' vii khf theo<br /> vin la Chaigneau va Vannier. Chaigneau<br /> mau cua nUdc ngoai, nhU sung "Phuc ba<br /> dUdc phong tude Toan t h i n g hiu, chiic<br /> tudng quan" cua nha Thanh (1879), sung<br /> Chudng ed, Kham sai dai thin. Vannier<br /> may cua Phap (1859), sung may cua Hoa<br /> ciing dUdc phong tUdc hau, chdc Chudng cd.<br /> Ky, cua Ddc (1883) va sung trUdng kieu<br /> Mac du nhiing ngudi phUdng Tay chi nam 1874 cua Phap" (9).<br /> dUde trgng dung d thdi Nguyin Anh-Gia<br /> Sung dai bac c6 nhieu loai, trong dd cd<br /> Long (7), nhUng da ed vai trd cUc ky quan<br /> sung Chan Hai, Xung Tieu. Sung Chan Hai<br /> trgng trong viec truyen ba tri thdc, giup hg<br /> CO hai loai; bing gang va bing dong. Theo<br /> Nguyen ap dung cd hieu qua cac thanh tUu<br /> Kham dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sil le, sung<br /> ky thuat phUdng Tay de hien dai hda quan<br /> Chan Hai bing gang due "theo dung each<br /> dgi, cung nhu md d i u cho vigc nha Nguyen<br /> thiic phUdng Tay" co dUdng kfnh ndng sung<br /> hgc tdp phUdng Tay mgt each rgng rai hdn d<br /> 2 tac 2 phan. Sung Chan Hai bang dong cd<br /> cac trieu dai sau. Dudi day la nhiing thanh<br /> dudng kfnh ndng sung 1 tac 9 phan. Sung<br /> tUu chu yeu ma nha Nguyen da dat dUdc.<br /> Xung Tieu bing dong co 2 ed theo dUdng<br /> 1. Che tao vd khi kfnh ndng sung: loai 5 tac 4 phan va loai 5<br /> Dudi thdi Nguyen, cac xUdng due khf tac (10). Nam 1835, vua Minh Mang da cho<br /> gidi cua nha nUdc dUde dieu khien bdi Sd mua cac loai sung gang cua phUdng Tay,<br /> Do'c cdng thugc Vu khd', dat tnic tiep dUdi ddng thdi lenh cho thd Vii Kho' mo phdng<br /> quyen Bg Binh. Vu khf dUdc san xua't gdm hinh dang, kfch thudc sung Tay de due cac<br /> nhieu chung loai, nhUng ky thuat phUdng loai sung Chan Hai, Xung tieu (11).<br /> Tay chi dUde ap dung cho viec che tao mgt Thdi Tu Ddc, viec ap dung ky thuat<br /> so'loai vii khf. Tinh hinh cu the nhu sau: phUdng Tay trong che tao dai bac cd bUdc<br /> Che tgo sung tien dang ke. Nam 1859, Hoang Van Hien,<br /> tUdng muc Vu Kho' dUdc giao nhiem vu che<br /> Sung tu che theo ky thuat phUdng Tay<br /> tac sung dai bac bing dong. Thang 11 due<br /> cua quan xUdng nha Nguyin, ve cd ban cd 2<br /> xong, nong sung dai 7 thUdc, gom 3 den 4<br /> loai: sung dai bac (sung ldn) va sung tay<br /> doan nd'i vdi nhau bing dUdng xoay tron dc;<br /> (sfl dung ca nhan).<br /> dudng kfnh ndng: 2 den 3 phan (12). Loai<br /> Ve ky thuat, sung dugc due theo Id, mdi sung nay khi bin vin phai dd't thud'c nd, tao<br /> 16 mgt khdu. Ld dUdc dao sau xud'ng dit. nen lUc, day dan theo ndng sung ra ngoai.<br /> 30 Rghien cuu Lich sfl. so 3.2010<br /> <br /> Sung tay: Phd bien la loai sung Dieu nhiing khau dai bae Chan Hai hay Xung<br /> ThUdng (hay Dieu Sang), sung trUdng may Tieu dUde che theo ky thuat phUdng Tay<br /> da, c6 kfch thude nho, dung de trang bi cho ngay tU thdi Minh Mang. Song, dieu quan<br /> binh si. Loai siing nay dUdc san xua't nhieu trgng do la thd vii khf gay nd va chi dUde<br /> d cdng trUdng Vii kho' va mgt so' dia phUdng san xuat nhd ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay.<br /> tu Ha Tinh trd ra Bic (13).<br /> Thang 1 nam 1856, "dia chan ldi" dUdc<br /> Sung tay kieu phUdng Tay b i t dau dUdc che tao lan dau tien vk dem thf nghiem d<br /> che tac tU thdi Minh Mang. Nam 1823, "Vu trUdng ban cd ket qua (19). Cung trong nam<br /> kho' che thfl sung tay, thuo'c nd manh theo nay, mgt cugc thfl nghiem khac lai dUdc tien<br /> kieu Tay dUdng" (14). Cung dudi trieu hanh. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc cho biet,<br /> Minh Mang, nha vua cho mua thiet bi thang 4 Am lich ndm 1856, Trieu dinh eho<br /> phUdng Tay ve l i p rap vdi than sung tu che 'Thl nghiem dan dia chin ldi dUde dung nhU<br /> trong nude. Theo Dgi Nam thiic luc, nam mau thdc. Thudng cho ngUdi nguyen phai di<br /> 1835, vua "Ra lenh cho Vu khd'trfch lay hdn coi lam la Hiep quan Le Van Le ao quin va<br /> 3000 cai than sung Dieu Sang mdi lam, rdi ngan tien de khuyen khfch" (20).<br /> sdc cho thd, theo dung miu, lip hdn 3000 bg<br /> Sau khi Phap tan cong Da N i n g (1-9-<br /> may thach cd (co sung- tac gia ehu) do phai<br /> 1858), viec cung cd' he thd'ng phdng thu<br /> vien da mua cua Tay dUdng" (15). Sau thfl<br /> dUde nha Nguyen tien hdnh khan trUdng.<br /> nghiem ndy, viec che tao sung tay kieu<br /> Cac loai vii khf mdi, trong dd cd "dia chin<br /> phUdng Tay dUdc phd bien rgng rai. Bg Binh loi" dUdc sfl dung. Thang 3 ndm 1859, trieu<br /> da "phai nhiing thd due cd may da vao cac dinh cho "Cung cd' va phdng thu cfla bien<br /> tinh Nam Ky va di tdi thanh Tra'n Tay chi Thuan An: d i p 3 ldy da't Hy Du, Ld Chau<br /> ve ve cac may mdc sung Dieu thUOng" (16). va Hai Trinh; dSt sung ldn b i n g ddng; dat<br /> Thdi Tu Ddc, viec che tao sung tay kieu dan "dia chin loi" (21). Thang 4 ndm 1859,<br /> phUdng Tay v i n tie'p tuc, mac du khdng Hiep quan Le Tri lai dUde "giao nhiem vu<br /> che tao dan "dia chin ldi" (22).<br /> san xua't hang loat nhU trUde day. Nam<br /> 1859, vua chieu tap nhiing ngUdi cd "ky Che tgo thuo'c sung<br /> nghe tai kheo co the che tao khi gidi danh<br /> Viec che tao sung va "dia chin ldi" ed<br /> giac dUde" dUa ve Vu kho' va sai due "sung<br /> lien quan chat che vdi viec che tao thudc<br /> s i t may Phat Lan (Phap) 50 cay, each thdc<br /> sung (hay thud'c dan). Thud'c sung dUdc che<br /> 1 d d a n 9 vien" (17).<br /> tao tu cac loai "hda dUde" va cung la thanh<br /> Che tgo dgn tUu cua viec ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay,<br /> Dan chu yeu la dan nd, cd thuo'c dan d tu khau pha che den khau gia, luyen bdi<br /> trong va vo kim loai, khi no cd sde cdng pha may mdc chay b i n g sdc nUdc.<br /> «<br /> va sat thUdng ldn, vdi ten ggi la "dia chan<br /> Ky thuat pha che thud'c sung cd ngay tfl<br /> loi", phan biet vdi thd dan da, dan gang<br /> thdi Gia Long, sang thdi Minh Mang cdn<br /> khong gay nd sau khi dUdc dai bac b i n di.<br /> tie'n trien hdn va ed the da cd sii hgc hdi tU<br /> Cung bdi ten ggi "dia chin loi" ma ed ngUdi<br /> thud'c nd cd sdc edng pha manh cua phUdng<br /> cho nd la mgt thd "min" va xem ra rat ed ly<br /> Tay thdi bay gid (23). Ndm 1829, trieu<br /> (18). Dieu nay cang cd ly hdn bdi "dia chan<br /> Nguyin eho lap xudng che' thud'c sung d i u<br /> loi" ra ddi rat mugn, vao thdi Tu Ddc, so vdi<br /> tien theo ky thuat mdi d HUu Trach, sdng<br /> 5T6t 50 thanh tyru cua nha Rguyen... 31<br /> <br /> HUdng. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc cho biet, Mac du viec che tao eac tau may hdi<br /> trieu dinh "Sai quan kho Hda dUde la Tdn nUdc khdng the tien hanh dai trd vi td'n kem<br /> That Thiem dem 100 linh T h i n ed che cdi va no lUe tap trung qua eao, nhUng dieu dd<br /> gd chay b i n g sUc nUdc d khe Kim Nggc de chdng td nha Nguyen da rat cd' gang trong<br /> gia-luyen thud'c sung, ggi ten Id xe "Thuy viec ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay vao linh<br /> hda ky te" (24). viic nay, ciing nhU cho thiy sU tai tri cua thd<br /> thu cdng Viet Nam thdi bay gid. John White<br /> Viec che tao thud'c sung v i n dUde tie'p<br /> mgt si quan hai quan My da tdi nUdc Dai<br /> tue dudi thdi Tii Ddc. Nam 1864, trieu dinh<br /> Nam nam 1820 nhan xet: "NgUdi Viet qua la<br /> lai "Cho lap edng trUdng gia thud'c sung<br /> nhiing nha ddng tau thanh thao. Hg hoan<br /> bing sdc nUdc tai xd Thac Ong, thugc<br /> thanh cdng trinh cua hg vdi mgt ky thuat<br /> huyen HUdng Tra, Thda Thien" (25). The<br /> het sdc chfnh xac" (27). Cd hai loai tau,<br /> nhUng, day da Id thdi diem Phap chiem<br /> thuyen dUdc ddng theo kieu phUdng Tay la<br /> xong 3 tinh mien Ddng Nam Ky, huge trieu<br /> thuyen bgc ddng va tau may hdi nUde.<br /> Nguyen phai ky Hiep Ude Nham Tuat<br /> (1862), thUa nhan quyen chiem ddng cua Thuyen bgc dong: La loai thuyen ldn,<br /> chung d 3 tinh nay. ldm bing gd, bgc ddng ben ngoai. Loai<br /> thuyen nay dUde chia thanh nhieu hang:<br /> 2. Dong tdu-thuyen<br /> hang ldn, hang nha't, hang nhi, hang ba;<br /> Ngay khi eon d Gia Dinh, vdi sU giup dd dUde dat ten theo quy dinh cua cae thd<br /> cua nhiJng si quan hai quan Phap nhU hang. Vf du: Bao Long, Thai Loan, P h i n<br /> anh em nha Dayot, Vannier, Forsant, Bing la thuyen dgi hgng; Vu Phi, Van<br /> Chaingneau, Nguyen Anh da cd y thdc che Dieu, T h i n Giao, Thg Hac la hgng nhd't;<br /> tao loai thuyen chien bgc ddng theo ky Tinh DUdng, Binh DUdng, Diem DUdng la<br /> thuat cua phUdng Tay. Sau khi len ngoi, hgng nhi, Thanh Hai, Tinh Hai, Binh Hai,<br /> Gia Long tiep tuc duy tri cac xudng ddng Dinh Hai la hgng ba.<br /> tau ldn d Gia Dinh, lap them cdng xUdng d<br /> Cling cd the da cd mgt so' it thuyen bgc<br /> Nghg An va dae biet thiet lap rat nhieu<br /> ddng trong cac ddn vi thuy quan cua Nguyen<br /> xUdng ddng thuyen d Kinh dd Hue. Cac<br /> Anh, song loai thuyen nay phd bien hdn tU<br /> thuyen chien dUde ddng trong thdi gian<br /> khi Nguyin Anh len ngoi (1802). Sau nay,<br /> ndy chu yeu la kieu: "thuyen Tay dUdng<br /> Gia Long tap trung mgi no lUc cho viec ddng<br /> hang nhd" va "thuyen Hai dao hang nhd"<br /> thuyen theo kieu Tay dUdng loai nho, cdn<br /> (26).<br /> thuyen bgc ddng ehi dUde dUdc phat trien<br /> Ke tuc Gia Long, Minh Mang trd thdnh hdng loat d eac thdi vua sau.<br /> vi vua cd nhieu nd liic n h i t trong vigc che<br /> Vua Minh Mang la ngUdi rat chu trgng<br /> tao cac tau - thuyen theo ky thuat phUdng<br /> cai tien thuyen bgc ddng. Ngay sau khi len<br /> Tay. Xudng Thanh PhUde d Kinh do Hue la<br /> ngdi, dng da cho mua mgt chiee thuyen bgc<br /> cd sd ddng thuyen ldn, chuyen ddng thuyen ddng ldn cua Phap dai 6 trUdng 5 thudc 5<br /> bgc ddng cac hang cua trieu dinh. Khdng tic, rgng 1 trUdng 8 thudc, sau 1 trUdng 2<br /> ddng lai d kieu "thuyen Tay dUdng", trieu thudc 5 tie. Sau dd nhd vua lenh cho xUdng<br /> Nguyen eon tien hdnh che thfl cae loai thuyen Trieu dinh md phdng theo ky thuat<br /> "thuyen hda cd" (hay tau may hdi nUde) va cua thuyen nay ma che tao them nhieu<br /> da thdnh edng sau mgt so'lan that bai. chiee khac (28).<br /> 32 Rghien ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> Thdi Thieu Tri, viec ddng thuyen loai nghiem da thdnh cdng (32). Sach Dgi Nam<br /> nay v i n dUdc tiep tue. Sach Dgi Nam thiic thiic luc chep: Nam 1839, "Vua di chdi cau<br /> luc cho biet, nam Thieu Tri thd 5 (1845): sdng Nhi Ha, xem thf nghiem thuyen may<br /> "Ddng thuyen Bao Long hoc ddng (dai 9 hdi nUde, t h i y may mdc linh dgng, chay di<br /> trUdng 9 thUdc ngang 2 trUdng 3 thUdc, sau nhanh nhe, thUdng Do'c cdng Phd giam do'c<br /> 1 trUdng 7 thUde, theo each thdc thuyen Hoang v a n Lich, Vii Huy Trinh mdi ngudi<br /> Thai Loan). Cho de do'c Doan Kim trdng coi mgt n h i n pha le bit vang, mgt ddng Phi<br /> viec nay" (29). long dai kim tien, lai gia ham eho giam do'c,<br /> them hai cap, thudng k h i p ca do'c cdng va<br /> Nhin chung dudi thdi Thieu Tri, Tii Diic,<br /> linh thg 1.000 quan tien" (33).<br /> cac xUdng dong thuyen khong c6 cai tien gi<br /> dang ke ve thuyen bgc ddng. Tuy nhien, viec Thang 10 nam 1839, chiee tdu may hdi<br /> ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay vao che tao nUdc thd hai ra ddi, phf td'n che tao la<br /> loai thuyen nay c6 ve da rat phd bien. Vi the, 11.000 quan. Chiee nay dai 4 trUdng 3<br /> vien Trung iiy hai quan Phap B.de Corbigny thudc 2 tic, rgng 8 thUdc 1 tic, sau 3 thudc<br /> de'n Hue nam 1875 da nhan xet: "Chung toi 6 tie. Dae biet, neu nhU chiee d i u cdn diing<br /> di ngang qua eac xudng ddng tau cua Nha may cii cua tau Tay lap vao, thi chide nay<br /> nUdc, Tren mgt chiee cd vai thd dang ldm cd bg may mdi do Giam ddc Hoang Van<br /> viec, va mgt chiee mdi ha thuy cho tdi cd Lieh che ra (34), (35).<br /> dUdc mgt y nghi chfnh xac ve cac con thuyen<br /> Nam 1840, trieu dinh lai mua mgt chiee<br /> di tren bien ldn. Cac sd dd ddng thuyen nay<br /> tau cii, may mdc da han ri, ndi sat rd nUdc,<br /> gid'ng vdi sd dd cac thuyen Tay phUdng<br /> chay cham. Vua sai thd thao ra xem xet,<br /> trongthe ky trUdc" (30). ' .'• .>.'1 • .w<br /> ehinh dd'n lai, cho chay thi vdi thuyen Binh<br /> Tdu mdy hai niidc: Day la phUdng tien Hai (vd'n ndi tieng chay nhanh) tU cfla<br /> ma sfl sach nha Nguyen thUdng ggi la Thuan An den cfla Dd Nang. Ket qua,<br /> "thuyen hoa cd", vo'n dUdc phat minh tii thuyen may chay nhanh hdn. Ngay sau dd,<br /> phUdng Tay hdi d i u the ky XIX. Tau may theo each thdc chiee tdu vUa mua, chiee tau<br /> hdi nUdc cua phUdng Tay da tUng xuat hien hang trung kieu mdi dUde che tao, ed ky<br /> trong liie lUdng thuy binh eua Nguyen Anh thuat cai tien hdn. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc<br /> d thap nien cud'i the ky XVIII (do Nguyin ghi: "Lam cai tdu hdi nUdc hang trung kieu<br /> Anh thue hoae mUdn dUdc), song nha mdi. Sai ChUdng vg Doan Kim, Chanh Phd<br /> Nguyen chi chinh thdc che tao loai phUdng giam do'c Le Van Quy, Le van Xuyen chieu<br /> tien nay tU cuo'i thdi Minh Mang. theo the che each thdc tau chay hdi nUde<br /> hang to mdi mua ve cham ehude ma ldm".<br /> Nam 1838, nhan tha'y Uu diem "kieu<br /> Sach nay eon ghi rat d i y du kich thude vk<br /> thuyen ay nhd hdi ma chuyen dgng khdng<br /> eac bg phan chi tiet cua tau, cung nhU chat<br /> can gid nUdc thuan hay nghich, khong b i t<br /> lieu (gd lim, sat, ddng) de lam cae bg phan<br /> sdc ngUdi cheo cho'ng ma thuyen tu phdng<br /> dd (36).<br /> nhanh...", vua Minh Mang da "sflc cho Vd<br /> kho' nghien cdu theo dung each thdc Nhu vay, cho den cuo'i thdi Minh Mang,<br /> thuyen may mua cua Tay dUdng trUdc day nha Nguyen da cd 4 tau may hdi nUdc:<br /> de tau len xin lam" (31). Sau cugc thf Chiee mdi mua loai ldn ggi la Yen Phi,<br /> nghiem lan dau vao thang 2 nam 1839 that chiee vUa mdi ddng hang trung ggi \k Van<br /> bai vi "ndi hdi bi vd", den thang 4 thi Phi va chiee nhd la Vu Phi, cdn chiee eii.<br /> HTot so thanh tuu ciia nha Rgiryen. 33<br /> <br /> <br /> hang trung dung lam tau van tai, ggi la "6 trieu Nguyen cho biet, nam 1826, "Ty Vii<br /> thuyen" (tau den). kho' dUde lenh ddng xe "Thuy sUdng" b i t<br /> chudc theo xe cua ngUdi Tay dUdng" (38).<br /> Thdi Thieu Tri, viec mo phong theo kieu<br /> miu t i u may hdi nUdc cua phUdng Tay v i n Dudi trieu Minh Mang, viec che tao<br /> dUde tien hanh. Nha vua da eho thao chiee thud'c sung dUde tien hanh tren quy mo ldn,<br /> tau Yen Phi, phong theo de dong chiee Van song dieu dang lUu y khdng chi d bUdc tien<br /> Phi mdi nhU chiee Van Phi cii; ddng thdi cua ky nghe hda chat, pha che thuo'c nd, md<br /> dong them mgt chiee nho dat ten \k HUdng con d cho ngUdi ta da biet che tao mgt loai<br /> Phi. Den thdi Tu Ddc, nha vua eho tu bd lai may theo nguyen ly ky thuat phUdng Tay<br /> tau Yen Phi, ddng nhd lai thuyen Van Phi. de dung cho viec luyen thudc sdng, dd la<br /> NhUng nhin chung, dUdi cae trieu Thieu may "Thuy hda ky te". May nay dUdc che<br /> Tri, Tu Ddc, viec ddng tau may hdi nUde tac va dUa vao sfl dung tU nam 1829, tai<br /> khdng cd nhieu thanh tUu. Dae biet la dudi xUdng che thuo'c sung dau tien theo ky<br /> trieu Tu Ddc, sau nam 1858 (Phap tan thuat mdi cua nha Nguyen d Hflu Trach,<br /> cdng Da Nang), do tinh hinh chinh tri, gin Khe Kim Nggc, thugc Hue (39). Dfch<br /> quan sii phdc tap, trieu dinh khdng the dau than vua Minh Mang da "den khe doanh d<br /> tu cho viec tu ddng tau may hdi nUde niia, Hflu Trach, xem xe Thuy hda ky te*' va td<br /> ma thay vao dd la viec dat mua cae tau ve "rat hai long" (40). Ky thuat lam xe<br /> may td nUdc ngoai. '•'•''': "Thuy hoa ky te*' va cac loai xe chay bing<br /> sflc nUdc noi chung la phai chgn ndi cd thac<br /> 3. Cdc hoqt dgng cong nghe khdc<br /> nUdc, sflc nfldc c6 the lam quay dfldc banh<br /> Ngodi nhiing thanh tUu dat dUde trong xe. Day la sfl van dung ky thuat mdi mk<br /> viec che tao vu khi va ddng tau-thuyen, trUde do chUa c6 d nUdc ta. Nam 1834, xe<br /> quan xUdng nha Nguyen cdn tien hanh che Thuy hoa ky te lai dfldc che tao bdi mgt<br /> tao mdy xe gd chay bing sdc trau, siic nUdc, ngUdi la Trfldng Viet Suy.<br /> mdy nghien thudc sung van hanh nhd thac<br /> Vin theo nguyen ly ky thuat phUdng<br /> nude, mdy hut niidc tiidi ruong, xe ciiu hoa...<br /> Tay, quan xUdng trieu Nguyen da tien tdi<br /> tren ed sd ap dung eac nguyen ly ky thuat<br /> che tao may xe gd chay bing sflc nfldc. Nam<br /> eua phUdng Tay. Dieu dd the hien sii tai<br /> 1837, vua ra lenh "Lam xe may cfla gd (bit<br /> kheo, y thdc khong ngdng hgc hdi, cai tien<br /> chfldc kieu m i u Tay dUdng lam ra). Vua<br /> ky thuat cua eac nha chuyen mon va thd thu<br /> thudng cho thd 100 quan tien" (41). Viec ldi<br /> edng Viet Nam thdi bay gid. Mgt nha buon<br /> dung sflc nfldc de chay may da md ra mgt<br /> Phap la Auguste Borel, cd mat d Viet Nam<br /> trien vgng to ldn cho cac boat dgng cong<br /> nam 1817 da nhan xet: "ngUdi thd Viet Nam<br /> nghe. Bdi the, nam 1838, Minh Mang lai<br /> rat kheo leo, tuy khdng cai thien nhiing do<br /> cho "Lam xe may xe gd d thac Dai thon<br /> vat hg trdng tha'y, nhUng hg biet each bat<br /> Dfldng Hoa, nguon ta Trach. Sai bg Binh<br /> chudc dung het cac dd vat ay" (37).<br /> bat mgt quan ve, 300 bien binh khdi dUdng<br /> Thanh tUu sdm phai nhic den d day do la nfldc chay, dip bd de, tuy the ma lam, cong<br /> viec quan xUdng trieu Minh Mang da che ra viec lam xong, cim gd lam cfla, may mdc<br /> xe 'Thuy sUdng" (tdc xe chd nUdc) de cd the nhanh nhe, xe thanh tam van, cung dfldc<br /> sfl dung khi chfla chay (cd vdi phun nUde len bing phing, thfldng eho phd giam ddc che<br /> cao) hodc tUdi rugng chdng han. Sfl sach ra la bgn Vu Huy Trinh 100 lang bac. Vua<br /> 34 Rghien cihi Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> bao Bd Cong ring: xe may nay so vdi cdng thflc va ky thuat quan sfl phfldng Tay,<br /> ngUdi khong hdn kem lam, nhflng ding kia khdng chl thdng qua viec che tao, mua sim<br /> la sflc ngUdi md day thi tU nhien, thi hdn vu khf va phUdng tien de trang bi eho quan<br /> kem cd the tha'y dUde" (42). ddi, ma eon the hien d viec td chflc, huan<br /> luyen ky thuat hanh binh va i.ac chien. Vdi<br /> Thdi Tu Dflc, do nhu ciu luyen thuo'c<br /> sU cd' van cfla mdt so' si quan Phap, Nguyin<br /> sung tang len de phuc vu cho cac mat tran<br /> anh da ed mgt dgi quan dUde td chflc, huan<br /> cho'ng Phap nen trieu dinh tiep tue eho che<br /> tao xe Thuy hoa ky te vao nam 1858 (43). luyen theo hfldng hien dai kieu chau Au.<br /> Viec che xe tat nUdc theo ky thuat phUdng Trong so' cac ed' van quan sii eua Nguyen<br /> Tay cung phd bien hdn. Nam 1865, trieu Anh, tieu bieu nhat phai ke den V.O.<br /> dinh "Bit d i u eho che tao xe tat nUdc b i n g Puymanel (46) va J.M Dayot (47).<br /> trau keo, phdng theo each thflc cua Phap. De cd the dieu khien dUde dgi ngii covin<br /> Sd Do'c cong chiu trach nhiem che tao 27 cd quan sii ndi tren, ban than Nguyen Anh<br /> de dfla cho cac tinh tfl Phu Yen, Binh Dinh cung da tu minh nghien cflu cae tdi lieu<br /> de'n Nghe An, Thanh Hda ldm m i u che tao quan sii Phap. Theo tac gia Ho Van Ninh,<br /> them" (44). ngay khi eon lflu vong, Nguyen Anh da<br /> dfldc Ba Da Lgc dich ra chfl Han nhieu tac<br /> Ciing de tiep thu ky thuat phfldng Tay<br /> pham khoa hgc quan sfl cfla phfldng Tay de<br /> mgt each day du hdn, tfl sau nam 1860, nha<br /> dng dgc. Mgt tUdng linh Phap \k Lemonnier<br /> Nguyen cdn gfli ngfldi ra nfldc ngoai, nhfl<br /> cho biet Nguyin Anh da tflng dgc d Sai Gdn<br /> qua Phap (Toulon), qua Trung Hoa (Hfldng<br /> nhflng binh thU ma Napoleon da tflng dgc.<br /> Cang, Ma Cao) hgc nghe. Trong so' nhflng<br /> Lemonnier viet: "NhQng cugc hdnh binh<br /> ngfldi dd cd Dang Huy Trfl (1825-1874) da<br /> cua vua xfl Nam Ky gid'ng nhau mgt each<br /> hai lan den Hfldng Gang va Ma Cao (1865,<br /> ky la vdi nhflng cugc hdnh binh cfla De<br /> 1867) de "tham phdng dfldng tinh". Ong da<br /> nhat Cgng hda Phap, gid'ng ca ve mat td<br /> cai trang gid'ng nhfl ngfldi Thanh de hoat<br /> chflc, ve vu khf va nha't la ve anh hfldng<br /> dgng. Ong cd vii nhflng ngfldi thd Viet Nam<br /> cua cac nha quan sfl Phap cud'i the ky<br /> dfldc phai sang Hfldng Gang tfch cflc tham<br /> XVIII" (48).<br /> gia ddng tau thuy chay bing hdi nfldc do<br /> ngfldi Anh hfldng d i n ky thuat. Ban than Sau khi len ngdi, Gia Long v i n tiep tuc<br /> ong cung da hgc nghe nhiep anh vk du nhap duy tri cd tfnh b i t huge each thflc td chflc<br /> nghe nay vao Viet Nam. Hieu anh cua dng quan dgi, hanh binh va tac chien kieu chau<br /> lay ten la "Cam Hieu Dfldng", khai trfldng Au, vdi sfl ed' van cfla cae si quan Phap da<br /> ngay 11-3-1869 tai Ha Ngi. Day la hieu anh theo dng tfl trUde dd. Binh linh tham chf<br /> dau tien trong lich sfl nfldc ta (45).<br /> cdn mac ddng phuc b i n g ni, da mua cua<br /> 4. Ap dung tri thdc phuang Tdy Anh vk phfldng Tay (49).<br /> trong qudn dgi Sang thdi Minh Mang, mac du da lin<br /> Ifldt eho hdi hfldng nhflng ed' van quan sU<br /> Trong td chiic qudn dgi<br /> phUdng Tay do nghi ngd nhflng ngUdi nay<br /> Quan dgi nha Nguyin ra ddi tfl trfldc lam gian diep, song nha Nguyin v i n ed y<br /> khi trieu dai nay dfldc thiet lap, do chinh thflc ap dung each thflc td chflc quan ddi<br /> Nguyin Anh gay dflng. De co du sflc manh, cua phfldng Tay de hfldng tdi mdt dgi quan<br /> Nguyin Anh da rat tfch cflc ap dung cac tri co't tinh nhue ma khdng ed't nhieu, bd bdt<br /> HTgt so thanh tuu cfla nha Rguyen... 35<br /> <br /> lUdng ngUdi cim cd tfl 40 ngfldi xud'ng cdn 2 Den thdi Tu Dflc, mac du phai dd'i diu vdi<br /> ngUdi cho 1 ve (500 quan). Quan dgi dfldc Thflc dan Phap nhflng quan dgi lai trang bi<br /> trang bi hodn thien hdn, theo hUdng hien kem di. Viec mua vu khf phfldng Tay khdng<br /> dai. Bg binh cd Kinh binh va Cd binh, dUde cdn dfldc thfldng xuyen vk tuy theo tflng dia<br /> chia theo ddn vi "doanh" (2.500 ngudi), "ve" phudng. Vf du, nam 1882, Tu Dflc sai "quan<br /> (500 ngUdi), "dgi" (50 ngUdi), "thap" (10 tinh Lang Sdn sang Hudng Cang hdi mua<br /> ngUdi), va "ngu" (5 ngUdi) (50). 200 cay sung Tay, 2 hdm dan (gia 414 lang<br /> bae) de phdng dung eho viec quan tinh iy"<br /> Thdi Thieu Tri td chflc quan dgi khdng<br /> (52). Quan dgi trieu dinh, mdi dgi (50 linh)<br /> ed gi thay ddi. Thdi Tii Dflc, tinh hinh dat<br /> chl ed 5 sung dieu thUdng, tflc ty le giam<br /> nfldc rdi ren nen trieu dinh ehu y nhieu<br /> xud'ng cdn 1 tay sung cho 10 linh. Hing<br /> hdn den viec vo bi, nhflng lai khdng ap<br /> nam, quan Ifnh chi tap ban mgt lin, mdi tay<br /> dung binh phap vk ft sfl dung ky thuat<br /> sung chi dfldc b i n 6 vien dan.<br /> quan sfl phfldng Tay, ma trd ve vdi binh<br /> phap va ky thuat truyen thd'ng. Quan dgi Phfldng tien trang bi cho qudn dgi nha<br /> nha Nguyin vd'n da lae hau so vdi thdi dai, Nguyin dUdc ndi tdi d day la nhflng thuyen<br /> lai cdng trd nen lac hau hdn. > ._ . ,- bgc ddng va tdu hdi nfldc che tao theo ky<br /> thuat phUdng Tay. Ngoai nhflng tau,<br /> Trang bi vd khi vdphiiOng tien cho qudn doi<br /> thuyen do quan xUdng tfl che, nha Nguyin<br /> Nhfl da neu tren, nha Nguyen tien hanh cdn mua mgt so' thuyen bgc ddng va tau cua<br /> che tao cac loai vu khf tren ed sd ap dung phfldng Tay de tang cfldng sflc manh eho<br /> ky thuat phfldng Tay khdng ngoai muc dfch thuy quan (53).<br /> trang bi vdi so' lUdng ldn cho quan ddi.<br /> Thdi Gia Long, thuy binh cd 3 chien<br /> Song, khdng chi tU che, nhd Nguyin eon<br /> thuyen kieu phfldng Tay, ngoai ra cdn ed<br /> tie'p tuc dat mua cua phUdng Tay nhflng vu<br /> thuyen ldn bgc ddng t u i n dUdng. NhQng<br /> khf hien dai vk tinh nang td't hdn de trang<br /> thuyen kieu phUdng Tay ndy do nhflng<br /> bi cho quan dgi. Theo tac gia Dd Vdn Ninh,<br /> ngudi Phap thed giup dieu khien. Nguyin<br /> thdi Gia Long, ve vu khf, cfl 113.000 li'nh ed<br /> v a n Chan quan tau "dai hieu PhUdng Phi",<br /> 30.000 vu khf phUdng Tay, vk cfl 15.000<br /> Nguyin Van Thing quan tau "dai hieu<br /> phao thu cd 400 dai bac. Ngoai ra, eon cd<br /> Long Phi", Le Van Lang quan tau "dai hieu<br /> 12.000 than binh va cim binh canh phdng<br /> Bing Phi" (Chin, Thing, Lang la nhflng<br /> ciing dfldc trang bi sung dieu thfldng, h u i n<br /> ngfldi Phap, dfldc dat ten, hg Viet) (54). Ba<br /> luyen theo phUdng Tay. Thuy binh cd<br /> thuyen kieu Tay nay, mdi thuyen trang bi<br /> 17.000 quan vdi 3 chien thuyen kieu<br /> 30 dai bae.<br /> phfldng Tay. Cd thuyen ldn bgc ddng t u i n<br /> dfldng, cd 100 chie'n thuyen ldn cd may b i n Dang chu y trong cac phfldng tien eua<br /> da va dai bac, 200 chien thuyen nhd trang thuy quan nhd Nguyin la cac loai thuyen<br /> bi tfl 16 den 20 dai bae, 500 thuyen nhd (hay tau) may hdi nfldc mua dUde eua ngfldi<br /> hdn cd mdy b i n da vk 1 dai bac (51). phfldng Tay. Day \k thfl thuyen chien tien<br /> bg nha't, chfla tflng cd trong thuy quan Viet<br /> Thdi Minh Mang, mdi ve quan (500-600<br /> Nam trfldc thdi Nguyin Anh - Gia Long.<br /> linh) dfldc trang bi 2 dai bae t h i n edng va<br /> 200 khau thach cd dieu thUdng (ty le 4 tay Thdi Minh Mang, Dao Tri Phu dUde cfl<br /> sung eho 10 linh). sang phUdng Tay mua mgt chiee thuyen<br /> 36 Rghien ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> nho cd "may dd't Ifla" dem ve. Chiee thuyen ddng thuyen" (58). Nam 1865, Tfl Dfle lai<br /> nay dUdc dat nhflng ten ggi la Yen phi, Vu cfl vien Ngoai lang Bg Cdng la Hodng Van<br /> phi, Hfldng phi. (55) Mac du mua tdu eua Xfldng den nhd Phap va cung phai vien<br /> phfldng Tay, song khdng chi ddn t h u i n Phap di Hfldng Gang mua mgt con tdu<br /> mua ve de dung ma vua Minh Mang rat khac. Mua xong, Hoang Van Xfldng thue<br /> chu trgng den viec hgc tdp ky thuat phfldng ngfldi lai tau ve (59).<br /> Tay de tu che tao. '• " • r'^ i f t - ' •-" ''--<br /> Cd dfldc phUdng tien hien dai, v i n dd<br /> Sang thdi Thieu Tri, viec tii che thuyen dat ra la phai bao dfldng, sfla chfla vk tfl lai<br /> may giam di, nhUng viec mua sam lai dfldc dfldc tau. Bdi the, nam 1864, Trieu dinh da<br /> dau tfl nhieu hdn. Nam 1844, Dao Tri Phu "giao cho Thuy sfl va Vu khd' tuyen chgn 8<br /> lai tfl phfldng Tay ve dang mgt thuyen ldn ngfldi phai di theo tdu thuy cua Phap de<br /> CO "may dd't Ifla", tri gia hdn 280.000 quan hgc lai va sfla chfla. Cfl vien Ngoai lang<br /> tien. Thuyen nay than dai 9 trUdng 5 thUdc Hoang Van Xfldng va Cai dgi Le Van Man<br /> 7 tac, be ngang 2 trfldng 1 thUdc 5 tie, be giQ chflc chanh va phd quan. Mdi ngfldi mdi<br /> sau 9 thude, khudn khd hdi to, chay tren ngay dfldc cap 1 quan 5 tien" (60). Nam<br /> mat nude toan b i n g may mde ehuyen van. 1865, Trieu dinh Ifla chgn mgt so' hoa tieu<br /> Vi thuyen chay nhanh hdn ngUa phi nen vk thd may (ngfldi Au va Trung Qud'c) ma<br /> vua cho dat ten la "thuyen ldn cd may dd't Hoang Van Xfldng da thue dfla tdu tfl<br /> Ifla, hieu la Dien phi" (56). Sflc chay cua Hfldng Gang ve trfldc dd, de thue hg hfldng<br /> thuyen may nay, dfldc ghi chep trong sach ddn, ddo tao thuy thu trong thdi han 1<br /> Dgi Nam thiic luc nhfl sau: "Tfl trfldc den nam, lUdng thang tuy theo cdng viec tra tfl<br /> nay, cac thuyen b i n g ddng tfl ngoai bien 30 ddng den 300 ddng. Trieu dinh giao eho<br /> quay lai ve, v i n den hang thang, the mk Bg Binh liia chgn 1 quan do'c, 2 s u i t dgi va<br /> thuyen Dien phi tfl ngoai bien ve khdng 100 linh thfly khde manh de chuyen hgc.<br /> day vai ngay da den cfla bien Can Thd tinh Bien ly Hoang Tuan Tfch dfldc cfl lam quan<br /> Gia Dinh..., rdi lai nho neo chay den do'c (61). Tien xa hdn nfla, ndm 1865, theo<br /> Kinh... Ke tfl cfla bien C i n Thd den Kinh, de nghi cua Pham Phu Thfl, "Trieu dinh<br /> le thfldng di ngfla phai 4 ngay 6 gid 5 khic, eho lap "Nha Thuy hgc" de dao tao ngfldi<br /> thuyen Dien phi di chi ma't 3 ngay 6 gid, lai tau, thuyen di tren bien" (62).<br /> the la nhanh hdn ngfla di dfldng bg 1 ngay<br /> 5 khic" (57). Cd the coi Dien phi la chiee Theo thd'ng ke cua Tien si Nguyin Van<br /> thuyen may hien dai nha't trong lflc Ifldng Dang, tfl nam 1839 den nam 1876, Nha<br /> thuy quan Trieu Nguyen hdi ay. Nguyin ed tat thay 16 chiee tau may hdi<br /> nfldc, trong dd cd 3 chiee do quan xfldng<br /> Thdi Tfl Dflc, viec tfl che tau hdi nfldc nha Nguyen tU ddng tren cd sd md phdng<br /> gin nhu da dflng lai, trieu dinh ehi eon biet tau phUdng Tay (vao cae nam 1839, 1840),<br /> mua tau nfldc ngoai. Dieu mau t h u i n la Tfl 8 chiee mua cua nfldc ngodi (vao cac ndm<br /> Dflc vfla lo dd'i phd vdi Phap, lai vfla phai 1840, 1844, 1865, 1866, 1870, 1872) va 5<br /> trdng cay vao Phap. Nam 1864, chiee tau chiee do Phap tang (vao nam 1876) (63).<br /> ldn bgc ddng d i u tien nhd Phap mua tai Phan ldn so' tdu may hdi nUdc ndi tren dfldc<br /> Hfldng Gang da den cfla bien Thuan An, dung vao viec qud'c phdng, chi mgt vai chiee<br /> sau hdn 4 ngay dem di dUdng. Trieu dinh ddi khi sfl dung eho cac ehuyen cdng can<br /> dat ten tau nay la "Min thda khf cd dai eua quan chflc trieu dinh ra nfldc ngoai.<br /> gTot so thanh tuu ciia nha Rguyen... 37<br /> <br /> <br /> Tuy nhien, v i n de Id d chd nhflng con tau Ky thuat kien true dUdc nha Nguyen ap<br /> dd cd phat huy dfldc tac dung hay khong, dung ddng loat cho cac thanh luy la kieu<br /> nha't la trong viec t u i n duyen, cho'ng hai thflc Vo bang (Vauban) - mgt dang kien true<br /> tac va cac the liie ngoai bang xdm nhap hai quan sU thien ve phdng ngii, vd'n thinh hanh<br /> phan qud'c gia. d Phap va Tay Au the ky XVII-XVIII (64).<br /> Kieu thanh Vd-bang ndi bat len vdi viec bo'<br /> Tren thflc te, mac du quan dgi nha<br /> trf cae phao dai (bastion), nhflng phao dai<br /> Nguyen dUde trang bi tau may hdi nfldc,<br /> gdc (lunnette d'angle), nhflng phao nhan<br /> song viec van hanh va sfla chfla cae tau<br /> (ambrassure), nhflng dfldng chan thanh<br /> may dd rat khd khan. Trieu dinh cd chu y<br /> ngoai (berme), nhflng dfldng ngoai hao<br /> de'n viec ddo tao thd sfla chfla, nhflng den<br /> (glacis)...(65). De ap dung ky thuat xay<br /> cud'i thdi Tfl Dfle, cac tdu may hdi nUde deu<br /> thanh kieu Vd bang, Nguyin Anh khdng chi<br /> lan Ifldt bi vd va hdng hdc md khong the<br /> nghien cflu nhflng tai lieu ve kieu kien tnic<br /> khic phuc dUdc.<br /> nay, ma eon dfldc sfl cd' van trflc tiep cua cae<br /> 5. Trong linh vUc kie'n triic qudc phong si quan Phap, dae lflc nhat la<br /> Ky thuat phUdng Tay dfldc hg Nguyin V.O.Puymanel.<br /> ap dung vao linh vflc kien true qud'c phong Tda thanh kieu Vd bang diu tien dfldc<br /> tfl kha sdm, ngay tfl khi Nguyin Anh con Nguyin Anh xay dUng la thanh Sai Gdn,<br /> cho'ng Tay Sdn, vdi eac thanh luy: Sai Gdn tren da't Gia Dinh. V.O. Puymanel \k ngUdi<br /> (1790), Dien Khanh (1793).... trflc tiep giam sat thi cong, eung vdi<br /> Theodore Lebrun-mgt si quan edng binh<br /> Sau khi nha Nguyin thanh lap, ky<br /> Phap khac, ngfldi chiu trach nhiem hga dd<br /> thuat kien true kieu phfldng Tay da dfldc<br /> thiet ke tda thanh. Thang 3 nam 1790,<br /> ap dung dd'i vdi h i u het cac thdnh luy cua<br /> thanh dUde khdi cdng xay diing va hoan<br /> trieu dai ndy, tfl Kinh thanh Hue (1802-<br /> thanh sau dd 3 thang. Sach Dgi Nam thiic<br /> 1842) tdi eac tra'n thanh: Gia Dinh thanh<br /> luc mo ta: 'Thanh dip theo kieu Bat Quai,<br /> (1830, 1837), Bic thanh (tflc thdnh Ha Ngi,<br /> b gifla la eung dien, ben ta diing nha Thai<br /> 1803), va eac tinh thanh, trong dd tieu bieu<br /> Mieu, phfa sau mieu la kho tang, ben hflu<br /> phai ke den: Bic Ninh (1805), Sdn Tay<br /> dat cue che tao... GiQa san dflng ky dai ba<br /> (1822), Hai DUdng, Nam Dinh, Nghe An<br /> ting, tren lam vgng dau bat giac Tam cfla<br /> (1831), Dien Hai (Da Ning, 1847); ngoai ra<br /> thanh deu xay bing da ong ngang dgc cd<br /> c d n i a Cao Bing, Lang Sdn, HUng Yen,<br /> tam dudng, Dong sang Tay dai 131 trfldng<br /> HUng Hda, Thanh Hda, Quang Nam,<br /> 2 thfldc. Nam sang Bic cung the, cao 13<br /> Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Bien thudc, chan diy 7 trfldng 5 thfldc. Phia<br /> Hda, Vinh Long, Ha Tien... Tdng cgng cd tdi ngoai thanh la hao, cd cau treo bic ngang.<br /> 29 tinh thanh, 1 Kinh sfl (Hue) va phu Chu vi ngoai thanh la 794 trfldng... (66).<br /> Thfla Thien dUde kien true theo kieu<br /> phfldng Tay. Tham chi, ca nhflng ddn canh, Mgt tai lieu cua Bd ngoai giao Phdp nam<br /> phao dai nhd (Co Td, Nggc Vflng...) eung 1791 CO doan viet: "Cae dng Olivier vk Le<br /> dfldc xay dflng theo kieu thflc mdi, mac du Brun, si quan Phap, da cung cap cho nha<br /> cac nguyen t i c ve phong thuy v i n dUdc vua (chl Nguyin Anh) mgt hga dd thanh<br /> tuan thu nghiem ngat. phd dUde cung cd'. Ngay sau dd, nha vua<br /> 38 Rghito cijru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> mudn xay dflng mdt thanh liiy..." (67). Viec Ngoai 4 phao dai d 4 gdc, moi mat tudng<br /> xay dung tda thanh nay da dem den cho cdn xay 5 phao dai. Ngoai tfldng thanh cd<br /> Nguyin Anh ldi the n h i t dinh trfldc lUc Hg Thanh hao, phia trUdc cd sdng HUdng.<br /> lUdng Tay Sdn. Nguyen Anh do v^y cang Ngoai mdp hao cd tUdng cao 1,3 m6t lam b§<br /> quye't tam ap dung ky thuat xay thanh dflng b i n cho linh canh. Phfa gdc Ddng<br /> kieu phUdng Tay rgng rai hdn. Sau nay, bdi Bic, Kinh thanh xay thdng vdi ddn Mang<br /> nhieu ly do, vua Minh Mang cho pha thanh Ca-mgt phao dai ldn ciing dUdc kien tnic<br /> Bat Quai de xay thanh Sai Gdn mdi vao theo ki^u Vd bang. N h i n xdt ve tda thanh,<br /> nam 1837, nhUng v i n dfldc thiet ke theo nSm 1819, Le Roy- thuyen trUdng tau<br /> kieu kien true phUdng Tay. ?. Henri cho r i n g : "Kinh thanh Hud n h i t<br /> dinh la phao dai dep nhat... d An Dg-Chi<br /> Tda thanh thfl hai dUdc hg Nguyen xay<br /> Na" (68).<br /> dUng theo dd an thie't ke phUdng Tay dd la<br /> thanh Dien Khanh (each Thanh phd Nha Mgt tda thdnh khac, dien hinh cho kieu<br /> Trang ngay nay 10 km ve phfa Tay). Nam thflc kien tnic phUdng Tay dUdc nha<br /> 1793, quan Nguyin tien danh Dien Khanh. Nguyin ap dung, dd la Bic thanh (tflc<br /> Sau khi d i y lui dUdc quan Tay Sdn, thanh Ha Ngi). VSn vdi binh dd cfla mgt<br /> Nguyin Anh da eho xay diing lai tda thanh luy kieu Vd-bang, Bic thanh dUdc<br /> thanh, bien ndi day t h a n h can cfl quan sU Gia Long cho khdi cdng xay diing tfl thang<br /> kien cd. Cdng trinh do V.O Puymanel cung Gieng nam 1803. Bic thanh ciing lam theo<br /> vdi Ba Da Lgc vk Hoang tfl Canh thiic thi. dd an hinh vudng, mdi mat tfldng bd tri hai<br /> Thanh Dien Khanh cd dien tfch 36.000m, phao dai, mdi gdc deu cd phao dai gdc.<br /> la mgt q u i n the kie'n true quan sii kieu Vd Thanh cd 5 cfla, moi mSt Bic, Ddng va Tay<br /> bang. Tudng thanh hinh luc giac nhUng md mgt cfla, rieng mat Nam md hai cfla<br /> khdng deu nhau, dai 2.693m d i p b i n g Ddng Nam va Tay Nam 6 chinh giiia doan<br /> da't, cao khoang 3,5m. Tren mdi canh, tfldng thanh t h i n g , ndi phao dai gdc vdi<br /> tudng thanh lai chia thanh nhieu doan mgt phdo dai ben canh. Cung nhu h i u het<br /> nhd, udn lUdn, nen eac gdc t h a n h khdng cac thanh liiy Viet Nam thdi trung dai, mat<br /> nhd h i n ra ma v i n dam bao quan sat dUdc Nam la mat chfnh cfla Bic thanh. Vdi quy<br /> hai ben. Mat ngoai tudng thanh g i n nhU md va kieu dang kien true nay, Bic thanh<br /> diing dflng, mat trong ed do thoai va dfldc dUdc coi la mgt "mSu miic" cfla hg thdng<br /> d i p thanh hai bac, tao dfldng van chuyen thanh luy "can dai hda" b Viet Nam.<br /> thuan ldi. Ben ngoai thanh cd hao nfldc sau<br /> tfl 3 den 5 m bao quanh. Thanh cd 6 cfla, Mac du ap dung ky thuat xay dUng<br /> sau sfla lai cdn 4 cfla Ddng-Tay-Nam phUdng Tay, song he thdng thanh liiy nha<br /> (Tien)-Bie (Hdu). Nguyen v i n la mdt sU ket hdp giiia kieu<br /> thflc phao dai Vd bSng va nhiing nhiing<br /> Nam 1802, Phu Xuan (Hue) dfldc chgn yeu td dich ly phUdng Ddng. NhU nhSn x€t<br /> ldm Kinh dd. Cdng viec xay diing Kinh cfla L.Bddaxie: "Cac Hoang de Vigt Nam<br /> thanh dUdc tien hanh k h i n trUdng. Kinh thudng v i n duy tri kieu dd an hinh vuong<br /> thanh Hue dUdc xay diing tfl nam 1802 va cfla nhQng thanh cd, chi bd sung th§m<br /> tie'p tuc trong sudt 40 nam sau. Thanh xay nhQng phao dai va nhflng phao dai gdc theo<br /> 3 vdng tudng, vdng ngoai kieu Vd bang vdi cac phUdng thflc cfla Vd-bang" (69). Su li^a<br /> dd an g i n vudng, chu vi g i n 9.000 mdt. chgn the da't de xay thanh theo thuyet<br /> Pgt sg thjinh hjru cfla nha Rguy^. 39<br /> <br /> phong thfly; viec kie'n true ky ddi ddng thdi phfldng Tay da truyen cho hg, rdi ky thuat<br /> vdi vai trd cfla mgt vgng canh... la nhQng nay du nhap vao Viet Nam (tfl thdi Minh<br /> bieu hign de ta nhdn ra sU khac biet cua Mang). Nam 1827, trieu dinh "Dat cue thd<br /> nhQng tda thdnh kieu Vd-bang dUde nha Phap lam chuyen che tao cac dd dung bing<br /> Nguyin xay diing tren d i t nUde Viet Nam. ddng trang men, gdm 15 ngfldi" (72). Ky<br /> nghe nay thinh hanh dfldi cac trieu vua<br /> 6. Cdc thdnh tUu khdc ^J v j^<br /> Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, Tfl Dfle, rdi sa sut<br /> Dudi thdi Nguyin, viec thiet ldp ban dd din. Phap lam cdn la mdt loai hinh my<br /> de quan ly lanh thd cung nhU viec sfl dung thuat, va la mgt loai vdt ligu dae bigt, dfldc<br /> cac cdng cu de do, ve, xac dinh phUdng sfl dung nhieu trong viec trang tri ngi<br /> hudng da kha phd bien. Ky thudt hga dd ngoai t h i t cac cung dien d Hue. Dd la<br /> cung nhu nhQng hieu biet cua ngUdi Viet nhflng tac pham my thuat hay cac chi tiet<br /> Nam trong linh vUe nay da cd nhQng bUde trang tri trong kien true. '' -<br /> tien mdi nhd sii tiep xuc vdi phUdng Tay.<br /> 7. Mot so nhan xet<br /> J.M. Dayot trong thdi gian giup Nguyin<br /> Anh, da tie'n hanh khao sat thfly van va Hdn t i t ca mgi trieu dai phong kien<br /> lam ra nhieu ban do ve bd bien Viet Nam, trfldc dd, nha Nguyin da tie'p thu tri thflc<br /> cung vdi ngUdi em trai \k Felix Dayot. phfldng Tay ngay tfl budi d i u eua trieu dai<br /> nay. Sfl tiep thu dd dfldc thflc hien bing<br /> Thdi Minh Mang, de kiem soat bd bien,<br /> nhieu eon dfldng: qua cac tdi lieu sach vd,<br /> nam 1839, nha vua da "Cho sao luc ban dd<br /> qua vigc kham pha tnic tiep cac san pham<br /> hai phan, cfla bien d cac hat va sach tap<br /> cdng nghe dUde dung lam m i u vat de hgc<br /> dudng bien cung cac loai dung cu nhU<br /> tap, va qua viec sfl dung tnic tiep dgi ngu<br /> ddng hd cit, dia ban, thUdc... giao cho cac<br /> cd' v i n phfldng Tay (nhfl d thdi ky Nguyen<br /> Thuy sU trong Kinh va cac tinh" (70). De<br /> Anh-Gia Long). Trong sfl tiep thu, hgc tap<br /> cd cai nhin toan dien hdn ve the gidi, nam<br /> phfldng Tay, nha Nguyen flu tien cho muc<br /> 1840, Minh Menh cdn "sai Ndi cac soan<br /> dfch quan sfl. Dieu dd \k dieu dl hieu, bdi<br /> dUa ra mdt bd sach ndi ve hinh ve dai ciu<br /> nd cd anh hfldng trflc tiep den sfl hflng<br /> cua Tay dUdng" (71). Cung dUdi thdi Minh<br /> vong cua hg Nguyin va che do cai tri cua<br /> Mang, cdng trinh "An Nam Dai Qudc Hga<br /> ddng hg nay.<br /> Dd" da dUde ve bdi giao si Jean-Louis<br /> Taberd. Ban dd ndy dUde i n hanh trong Trong sfl tiep thu tri thflc phfldng Tay,<br /> sach Dictionarium Latino-Annamitieum Gia Long la vi vua tfch cflc nhit, tiep dd la<br /> completum et novo ordine dispositum (Tfl Minh Mang. Nhflng thanh tflu cua cae vua<br /> dien Viet-Latin), x u i t ban nam 1838 cung Gia Long, Minh Mang da md ra trien vgng<br /> bdi giao si tren. cho sfl hien dai hda d i t nfldc.<br /> Cudi cung, phai ndi den mgt thanh tiiu Tuy nhien, nhflng "nd nin" eua Nguyen<br /> nQa ma nha Nguyin da dat dfldc trong viec Anh khi ciu cflu phfldng Tdy de chdng Tay<br /> hgc tap ky thuat phfldng Tay, dd \k ky nghe Sdn da tao ra nhflng mdi nguy hai cho d i t<br /> lam dd Phap lam. "Phap lam" b i t ngudn tfl nfldc. NhQng ngfldi Phap tflng gi'up hg<br /> chQ "Phalang" (cd gdc tfl chfl France) do Nguyin khdi phuc quyen lflc va tham gia<br /> ngfldi Trung Hoa dung de chi ky thuat lam vao bd may trieu dinh da n i m rd kha rd<br /> dd kim loai trang men ma eac giao si thflc lflc, he thd'ng phdng thu cua nfldc Dai<br /> 40 Rghien cuu Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> Nam vd cung cap nhflng thdng tin ay cho sung ndo trong sd ay cdn dung dfldc binh<br /> Thflc dan Phap. NhQng han che mang tfnh thfldng. Cac tdu thfly cung the, cai gi cung<br /> lich sfl cua Gia Long, Minh Mang cung da vay ea. Ngfldi ta da mua rdi ngfldi ta de<br /> khien cho vigc tiep thu, hgc tdp phfldng Tay mac cho thdi di hoac ra rdi vi thieu cham<br /> bi kim ham. NhQng ngfldi thfla ke ngai sdc" (73). i<br /> vang sau dd (Thieu Tri, Tu Dfle), khdng<br /> Trong viec tiep thu tri thflc phfldng Tay,<br /> nhflng khdng ldm cho vigc hgc tap phfldng<br /> nha Nguyen flu tien cho linh vflc quan sU.<br /> Tay them phat trien, ma cdn khien cho<br /> Mgt he thd'ng t h a n h luy kien cd va ingt sd<br /> nhflng thanh tflu vdn da dat dfldc bi xdi<br /> mdn. Vi vdy, neu nhfl d budi diu, viec tiep lUdng dang ke sung dai bac da dUdc trien<br /> thu, hgc tap phfldng Tay cdn phan anh the khai tren todn qudc. Tuy nhien, tU tuSng<br /> di len cua trieu dai va khat vgng n i m b i t phdng ngu, qua diia d i m vao thanh luy<br /> nhflng gia tri tien tien cfla nhan loai, thi ma xa rdi truyen thdng chien tranh nhan<br /> nhQng gi diin ra dfldi trieu Tfl Dfle chi la dan da khien cho cugc ddi d i u cfla quan<br /> nhflng nd lflc tuyet vgng eua trieu Nguyin ddi trieu Nguyen vdi quan Phap lien tiep<br /> trong tinh the dat nfldc dang tflng bflde bi gap tha't bai. Hg thdng t h a n h ^uy va sung<br /> Phdp thdn tfnh. • dai bac, mac du dUdc tao ra tren cd sd ap<br /> dung ky thudt phUdng Tay, nhUng deu da<br /> Cung do viec hgc tdp phfldng Tay phu lac hau so vdi chfnh phUdng Tay tren dUdi<br /> thugc vao t i m nhin cfla mdi vi vua ma mgt the ky. Thanh Ha Ngi la cdng trinh<br /> khdng phai la mdt chu trfldng cd tfnh chien phdng t h u tdt n h i t cfla nha Nguyin d Bic<br /> Ifldc vk n h i t quan cfla ca trieu dai nen "con Ky, song theo dieu tra nam 1876 cfla De<br /> dfldng duy tan" da khdng dfldc thflc hien d Kergaradec-lanh sU Phap d i u tien tai Ha<br /> Viet Nam nfla d i u the ky XIX. NhQng Ngi: "Tren mSt t h a n h cd 49 k h i u dai bac.<br /> thanh tflu ky thuat ft di dat dfldc khdng NhUng t i t ca deu bi gi sdt va chic chin la<br /> phat trien theo thdi gian. May mdc tii che<br /> khdng phat phao dUdc" (74). Mgt hg thdng<br /> vk mua cua nUdc ngoai khdng dUdc bao<br /> thdnh luy nhU vdy dUdng nhien khdng the<br /> dudng, vdn hanh va sfla chfla thUdng<br /> ehdng lai cugc t i n cdng eua quan ddi Phap<br /> xuyen. Vu khi mdi khdng dUdc p h i t trien,<br /> cd kha nang tac chien hign dai va vu khf<br /> cai tien va thao diin t h u i n thuc, nen khi<br /> tdi tan, vUdt xa so vdi quan ddi nha<br /> lam tran khdng phat huy dUdc tac dung.<br /> Nguyin.<br /> Quan ddi nha Nguyin sau nay v i n tac<br /> chien theo binh phap cu va sfl dung cac loai C i u cflu, tiep thu phUdng Tay nhUng<br /> binh khf truyen thdng (gUdm, dao). Trong cudi cung lai bi phUdng Tay thdn tfnh, sU<br /> bao cao gfli Thd'ng do'c Nam Ky ngay 7-11- that cay d i n g i y da dien ra trong lich sfl<br /> 1878, Paul Philastre-dai bien lam thdi Viet Nam dUdi thdi Nguyin. Mgt sU tiep<br /> Phap tai Hue cho biet: "Chfnh phfl An Nam thu hdi hdt vk nha't thdi da khdng lam cho<br /> da nhan dUde 2000 k h i u sung, dd Id thfl da't nUdc giQ dUde sU hung manh lau dai.<br /> khf gidi tam dung dfldc neu ngfldi ta chiu Nen ddc ldp cua dan tgc bj chdn vui bdi<br /> cham sdc nd. Ngay bay gid hoac mgt nam chfnh nhQng phao ddi kieu Phap ma ho<br /> sau nfla la eung, ed le khdng mgt k h i u Nguyin da tao nen.<br /> rogt sg thanh hiu ciia nha Rguyln. 41<br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Ba Da Loc, nguyen tdn l i Pierre Joseph phfldng phip tic chie'n bp binh chau Au vio quan<br /> Georges Pigneau de Behaine (1741- 1799), li mpt dpi ciia Nguyin Anh. Nim 1793, Puymanel tham<br /> giao si ngfldi Phap, dd'n H i Tien nim 1767 Ai bit gia danh chid'm Nha Trang nim trong tay quin<br /> diu truyd'n giao tai Ding Trong. Nim 1777, Tiy Sdn. Puymanel dflpc ghi nhin li di giup<br /> Nguyin Anh bj quin Tay Sdn truy dudi, chay ra Nguyin Anh hui'n luypn hdn 50.000 bp binh.<br /> dao Thd Chu v i gip Bi Da Lpc cl d6. Nhin thi'y cd<br /> (4), (47). Jean-Marie Dayot (1759-1809) li mpt<br /> hpi tdt cho m\ic tidu truyen giio, Ba Da Lpc da tfl<br /> si quan hai quin Phap, dfldc Nguyin Anh tin ciy<br /> nguydn di theo giup Nguyin Anh.<br /> giao cho hui'n luypn ve" thuy binh. Nim 1790<br /> Nim 1784, Nguyin Anh giao con trai ca li Dayot da dfldc giao chi huy mpt ddn vj hai quin<br /> Canh cho Ba Da Lpc lim con tin di ciu vi$n trong d6 co hai tiu chid'n kieu Chiu Au. Dayot da<br /> phfldng Tiy. Sau khi nhflng hi^p fldc do Ba Da Lpc tham gia cic trin hai chie'n chdng Tiy Sdn vio cic<br /> dai di^n cho Nguyin Anh ky kd't v6i Trieu dinh Bo nim 1792, 1793. Ngoii ra, Dayot con thflc hipn cic<br /> Dio Nha (1786) v i nfldc Phip (1787) khong dflpc cong vipc trong linh viic thiiy vin, lim ra nhiiu<br /> thflc hipn, Bi Da Lpc da vin dpng mpt sd quan ban &o bd bien Vipt Nam, mi ngffldi ve li em trai-<br /> nhin phfldng Tiy vdi tfl cich ci nhin giup Nguyin Fdlix Dayot. Nim 1795, t i u ciia Dayot bj mic can,<br /> Anh chdng l?i Tiy Sdn. Nguyin Anh do viy coi Ba do d6 bj kd't tpi sd suit vi bj phat gong. Tflc giin,<br /> Da Lpc li i n nhan. Ba Da Lpc mi't khi quin Dayot rdi khoi quin dpi ciia Nguyin Anh.<br /> Nguyin viy thinh Quy Nhdn dinh Tiy Sdn nim<br /> (5). Dgi Nam tUc luc. Tip II, Nxb. Sii hpc. Hi<br /> 1799, dfl^c Nguyin Anh truy phong li "Thii tii<br /> Npi, 1963, tr. 124. -<br /> Thii ph6 Bi-nhu Quin cong".<br /> (6). Tham khao them: Nguyin Manh Dung,<br /> (2). Philippe Vannier (1762-1842) li mpt si<br /> "Xuyin qudc gia vd da chung tdc ddu thdi Nguyin<br /> quan hai quin Phap, giup Nguyin Anh theo ldi<br /> Anh-Gia long-Them mgt goc nhin vi lich sd Viet<br /> keu gpi cua Bi Da Lpc. Nim 1790, Nguyin Anh nam cudi thi' ky XVIII-ddu XIX. Tap chi Nghiin<br /> giao cho Vannier chi huy mpt con t i u trong ham cdu Lich sd, 80 7-2008, tr.ll.<br /> dpi quin Nguyin. Nim 1792, Vannier tham gia<br /> danh trin Quy Nhdn. Nim 1800, Vannier chi huy (7). Do bj nghi ngd hoat dpng giin dipp, nhflng<br /> tiu Phflpng Phi, con t i u ldn nhi't trong lflc Ifldng ngfldi nfldc ngoii niy khong con dflpc Minh Mang<br /> hai quin ciia Nguyin Anh. Nim 1801, Vannier lai trpng dung. Nim 1824, Vannier vi Chaigneau<br /> tham gia dinh trin Quy Nhdn lin nfla v i dflpc (nhflng ngfldi phfldng Tiy cudi cflng trong Trieu<br /> thing Do ddc Hai quin. Sau khi chid'n tranh kd't Nguyin) "xin" ve nfldc. Minh Mang "ban thfldng vi<br /> thuc, Vannier d lai lim quan Trieu Nguyin, dd'n cho ve".<br /> nim 1826 mdi rdi Vipt Nam cflng thdi gian vdi (8). Xem Nguyin Vin Ding: Hogt dgng cua cdc<br /> Chaigneau. xUdng sdn xudt vd khi d Hue thdi Nguyin. Tap chf<br /> (3), (46). Victor Olivier de Puymanel (1768- Nghien cdu Lich sd,&6b-200l,X,r.Q2.<br /> 1799) li mpt si quan cong binh ngfldi Phip, ngnidi (9), (18). Nguyin Am-Kim Ngpc: Viec ch^ tgo<br /> d6ng vai tro chii chdt trong vifc giiip Nguyin Anh binh khi d nUdc ta nda cudi the'ky XIX, trong Qudn<br /> hifn dai h6a quin dpi. Puymanel dflpc Nguyen ddi nhdn ddn Viet Nam, truyin thdng vd hien dgi.<br /> Anh giao chi dao xiy dflng cic toa thinh Bit Quii Nxb. Tfl did'n bach khoa, 2004, tr. 247.<br /> (Gia Djnh), Dien Khanh (Nha Trang); hui'n luyfn<br /> (10), (11), (13), (16). Xem Nguyen Vin Ding: Hoot<br /> quin Nguyin sii dving hoa khf hif n d^i v i dfla<br /> 42 Rghl6n euru Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> dgng cua cdc xUdng sdn xudt fu khi d Hue thdi (31), (32), (35). Din theo Nguyin Vin Ding:<br /> Nguyin. T^ip chf Nghien cvCu Lich sit, so 5-2001, tr. Ngdnh dong thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-<br /> 64. 1884), tldd, tr. 30.<br /> <br /> (12). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p XXIX, Nxb. Khoa (33). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p XXI, Nxb. Khoa hoc<br /> hpc xa hpi. H i Npi, tr. 34. xa hpi. H i Npi, 1969, tr. 76.<br /> <br /> (14). Viit Nam-NhOng sU kiin lich sii (Tit khdi (34). Hoing Vin Lich (1774 - 1849) l i thd cd<br /> thdy den 1858). Nxb. Giao due, 2003, tr. 406. khf ndi ti^ng thdi Nguyin. Thcii Gia Long, ong lim<br /> vifc d dpi Thach Cd (miy da). Thdi Minh Mang,<br /> (15). Bgi Nam thUc luc, t i p XVI, Nxb. Khoa<br /> ong dfl(?c thing Chinh Tri aif kidm quan Vii khd<br /> hoc. H i Npi, 1966, tr. 271.<br /> Ddc cong sfl vvi. Nim 1939, ong chd tao thinh cong<br /> (17). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- Nhiing sU chiee t i u thuy chay b^ng hdi nfldc diu tidn, tai tao<br /> kiin lich sd (1858-1918). Nxb. Giio di^c, 2003, tr. tfl chid'c t i u thiiy mua ciia Tay phfldng da bj hong.<br /> 16. 6 n g con ddng thinh cong them ba chid'c khac. Ong<br /> (19), (21), (22). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- l i mpt trong nhflng ngudi khcli diu ngh^ cd khf<br /> NhOng sU kiin lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 14. Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> (20). Bgi Nam thiic luc, t i p XXVIII, Nxb. Khoa (36). Dgi Nam thiic luc, t i p XXII, Nxb. Khoa<br /> hpc xa hpi. H i Npi, 1973, tr. 234. hoc xa hpi. H i Npi, 1969, tr. 162-163.<br /> <br /> (23). Xem Nguyen Vin Ding: Hogt ddng cda (37). Din theo Nguyin Thd'Anh: Kinh tdvd xa<br /> cdc xUdng sdn xudt vd khi d Hud thdi Nguyin, tldd, hdi Viet Nam dUdi cdc vua trieu Nguyin. Nxb. Vin<br /> tr. 67. hpc, 2008, tr. 184.<br /> <br /> (24). Bgi Nam thUc luc, t i p IX, Nxb. Khoa hpc. (38). Viet Nam-NhOng sU kien lich sd (Tit khdi<br /> Hi Npi, 1964, tr. 340. thdy den 1858), sdd, tr. 410.<br /> <br /> (25). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- NhSng sii (39). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p IX, Nxb. Khoa hoc.<br /> kiin Hch sH (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 38. H i Npi, 1964, tr. 340.<br /> <br /> (26). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong (40). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p XIV, Nxb. Khoa<br /> thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), Tap chf hpc. H i Npi, tr. 238.<br /> Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 6-2004, tr. 22-23. (41). Bgi Nam thUc luc, tap XIX, Nxb. Khoa hoc<br /> (27). Din theo Vu Huy Phuc: Tii'u thu cdng xa hpi. H i Npi, 1968, tr. 193.<br /> nghiip Viet Nam 1858-1945, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. (42). Bat Nam thUc luc, t i p XX, Nxb. Khoa hpc<br /> H i Npi, 1996, tr. 42-43.<br /> xa hpi. H i Npi, 1968, tr. 84-85.<br /> (28). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong (43). Viet Nam-NhOng sU kien lich sd (Tit khdi<br /> thuyen dHue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), tldd, tr. 28. thuy den 1858). sdd, tr. 451.<br /> (29). Oai Nam thUc luc, t i p XXV, Nxb. Khoa (44). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- NhUng syt<br /> hpc x i hpi. H i Npi, 1971, tr. 309. kien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 49.<br /> (30). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong (45). Din theo Vu Huy Phiic: Tiiu thu cdng<br /> thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), tldd, tr. 29. nghiip Viet Nam 1858-194, sdd, tr. 53-54.<br /> rogt sg fctoh Ufa cfla nhh Rguygn. 43<br /> <br /> <br /> (48), (49), (50), (51). Din theo D5 Vin Ninh: (57). Bgi Nam thUc luc, t i p XXV, sdd, tr. 111.<br /> Qudn ddi thdi Nguyen, T^ip chf Nghiin citu Lich<br /> (58), (59). DUdng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam - Nhdng<br /> sur, sd 6-1993, tr. 45.<br /> sUkien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 52-53.<br /> (52). Nguyin Am-Kim Ngpc: Viic chd tgo binh<br /> (60). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam - Nhitng sU<br /> khi d nUdc ta nda cudi theky XIX, trong Qudn dgi<br /> kiin lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 45.<br /> nhdn ddn Viit Nam, truyin thd'ng vd hiin dgi, sdd,<br /> tr. 245. :-ir. (61), (62). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam - Nhdng<br /> sU kien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 52; 53.<br /> (53). Thing 6 nim 1866, chid'c t i u bpc ddng