Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010<br />
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M Q T S O V A N D E M O I TRlTOfNG TRONG KHAI THAC, CHE BIEN DA<br />
TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP MONG SON, TINH YEN BAI<br />
<br />
Le Thj Hoai Thu, Duong Van Nam, Phan Van Truong, Ta Van Hanh,<br />
Le Thi Hai Ninh, Nguyin Due Niii<br />
Vien Khoa hgc Vat lieu<br />
18 - Hoang QuIc Viet, Ciu Giiy, Ha Noi<br />
Email: hoaithu44v@gmail.com<br />
Tom tat:<br />
Khu cdng nghiep (KCN) Mdng Son ndm sdt hd Thdc Bd thudc dia phdn huyen<br />
Yen Binh, tinh Yen Bdi cd tdng diin tich 806 ha, trong do diin tich khai thdc, che<br />
biin dd la 406 ha. Hien nay, khodng 20 doanh nghiep trong KCN da dupe cdp<br />
phep khai thdc, chi biin dd vdi tdng cdng sudt han 3 trieu tdn/ndm, chit yiu la dd<br />
hoa trdng (Cacbonat Canxi) cd chdt lutmg cao. Bin cgnh cdc tdc ddng tich cue<br />
ddi vdi mdi trudng kinh ti - xd hdi, cdc hogt ddng khai thdc, chi biin dd rdt sdi<br />
ddng trong KCN ndy ciing tdc ddng ldm din mdi truang tu nhiin trong khu vuc,<br />
ddc biit la mdi trudng ddt vd sinh thdi cdnh quan. Trin ca sdphdn tich, ddnh gid<br />
vd du bdo cdc vdn di mdi truong chinh trong khu vuc, tap thi tdc gid da di xudt<br />
cdc gidi phdp qudn ly vd ky thudt tdng thi nhdm khai thdc, sie dung hpp ly tdi<br />
nguyin da trdng vd bdo vi mdi trudng.<br />
Abstract:<br />
Mong Son industrial zone located in Yen Binh district. Yen Bai province,<br />
bordered on the shores of the Thac Ba reservoir with 806 ha of total area, in<br />
which 406 ha of stone exploiting and processing. So far, there are about 20<br />
licensed companies for stone exploiting and processing with total output over 3<br />
million tons per year, most of output is white stone (Carbonate Calcium) with<br />
high quality. Beside many positive impacts on socio-economic sectors, active<br />
stone exploiting and processing activities in this industrial zone also have big<br />
impacts on local natural environment, especially soil and eco-landscape<br />
environment. After analyzing, assessing and predicting main environmental<br />
issues, authors propose general management and technical measures for<br />
reasonable utilization of white stone resources and environmental protection.<br />
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1. DAT V A N D E<br />
Cung voi su phat triln cua cac thanh phin kinh te, nhu cau su dung cac loai da, bgt da lam<br />
nguyen lieu cho xay dung co so ha ting, giao th6ng, thuy Igi, cac c6ng trinh d6 thi va cac<br />
nganh c6ng nghiep nhu giiy, son, cao su, nhua, dugc pham, my pham ngay cang tang nhanh<br />
trong nhung nam gin day. Do d6 da thiic diy c6ng nghiep khai thac, che bien da phat trien<br />
manh me ca vl sl lugng m6 lan quy m6 khai thac 6 hau khap cac dia phuong trong ca nuac.<br />
Cung nhu cac du an khai thac da xay dung 6 mgt sl dia phuong khac, tai KCN M6ng Son,<br />
ngoai g6p phin tich cue cho su phat triln kinh te - xa hgi thi nhiing boat dgng khai thac - che<br />
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251<br />
Tiiu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br />
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bien da da phat sinh nhieu van de tieu cue ve m6i truang, trong do n6i bat la 6 nhiem m6i<br />
truang dat, nuac, kh6ng khi va m6i truang sinh thai canh quan.<br />
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2. NHLTNG T A C DONG MOI TRU^O^NG DO KHAI T H A C D A<br />
2.1 Tinh hinh khai khac da o khu vuc Mong Son - Yen Bai<br />
KCN khai thac va che bien da v6i trang tai xa M6ng Son, huyen Yen Binh co t6ng dien<br />
tich la 806 ha, trong d6 dien tich khai thac, che biin da la 406 ha. San lugng khai thac - che<br />
bien da hang nam dat tren 3 trieu tan, chu yeu la da hoa trang (CaC03) co chat lugng cao phuc<br />
vu nhu cau thi truang trong nuac va xuat khau.<br />
Hau het cac co s6 khai thac tren dia ban (tren 20 doanh nghiep da dugc cap phep boat<br />
dgng) deu su dung phuang phap khai thac 16 thien, ap dung he th6ng khai thac theo lop bang,<br />
khai thac tu tren xu6ng duoi cho toan bg khoang san m6, khai thac da va b6c dat bang may<br />
xiic, may gat va van chuyen da bang 6 t6. Trong KCN M6ng Son tbi chua co mgt doanh<br />
nghiep nao lap du an cai tao phuc h6i m6i truang sau khai thac.<br />
Tuy nhien trong qua trinh trien khai cac du an da xay ra nhieu bat cap, dien hinh do la viec<br />
cap m6 kha tuy tien, quy hoach khai thac bat hgp ly, thieu dien tich vung dem, phan dinh ranh<br />
gioi gifta cac m6 kh6ng ro rang, thieu sir quan ly, giam sat cac boat dgng khai thac tu do, nh6<br />
le,...la nhiing van de de phat sinh nhiing tac dgng toi m6i truang [1].<br />
2.2 Nhirng tac dong chinh toi moi truong [2, 3]<br />
- Moi tru&ng ddt<br />
Cac doanh nghiep trong KCN chiem dung dien tich dat kha Ion de b6 tri khai truang, khu<br />
nghien sang, khu tuyen, ben bai, xay dung cac khu dan dung va phu trg. Khi cac doanh nghiep<br />
nay di vao boat dgng se gay ra mgt s6 tac dgng toi m6i truang dat nhu: lam thay dli dia hinh,<br />
b6c dat phu, pha buy 16p tham phu thuc vat, lam thay d6i tinh co ly cua dit, phan tan chit thai<br />
do qua trinh khai thac, che bien...<br />
Hien tugng rira tr6i lop th6 nhuong v6n ngheo dinh duong, ham lugng Nito chi 6 muc 0,08<br />
- 0,16%o, P295 ting sl chiem tu 0,09-0,14% vaK20:1,14-1,39%, nay dang din bi thoai h6a gay tac<br />
dgng xau den boat dgng phat trien nong - lam nghiep.<br />
- Moi tru&ng khong khi<br />
Bui, tieng 6n va khi thai phat sinh tu cac boat dgng khai thac - chi biin da dang la dli<br />
tugng chu yeu gay 6 nhilm m6i truang kh6ng khi tai khu vuc. Nguln phat sinh chu ylu tir<br />
cac c6ng doan khoan 16 min, n6 min, b6c xuc, van chuyen va nghiln sang da.<br />
Bui do khoan Id min: kich thuoc nh6 den vai micromet, co kha nang phat tan tren dien<br />
rgng. Ket qua do kiem tai hien truang cho thay, n6ng do bui noi vi tri c6ng nhan khoan, khi<br />
khoan lo kh6ng lap ch\ip can bui la 6,5 mg/m\ vugt giai ban cho phep theo QCVN 05:<br />
2009/BTNMT tren 20 lin. Tuy nhien, day la bui da v6i, ham lugng Si02 thip, ban nfta khu<br />
vuc m6 da da dugc quy hoach lam khu c6ng nghiep khai thac, cbl biin da nen miic do anh<br />
buong den m6i truang xung quanh la kh6ng Ion.<br />
Bui do nd min: hinh thanh nhung dam khoi - bui Ion, c6 thi tin tai 20 - 30 phiit trong pham<br />
vi khai truang mo tuy theo dieu kien thai tiet. Khi co gio, bui c6 thi phat tan tren dien rgng, ra<br />
xa nguln thai tu 1 - 1,5 km, anh huong den m6i truong sinh thai cac khu vuc lan can (bang 1).<br />
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Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Not 10/2010<br />
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Bdng 1: Hdm luang bui phdt tdn khi nd min (luang thudc nd 1.044 kg) [1,4]<br />
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Khoang each (km) 0,2 0,3 0,5 1,0<br />
<br />
Ham lugng bui (mg/m'^) >20,00 16,79 11,78 3,0<br />
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QCVN05 :2009/BTNMT (mg/m^) 0,3<br />
<br />
6 nhiem kh6ng khi trong qua trinh mo m6, khai thac va van chuyin c6 anh hu6ng tren<br />
dien rgng. Muc do 6 nhilm gay ra d6i vai m6i truang nhilu hay it tuy thuoc vao yeu to thai<br />
tiet, c6ng nghe khai thac va tuyen van chuyen. Dac biet la troi ning, gio to thi bui la limg se<br />
phat tan vao kh6ng khi, n6ng do bui thuang cao hon tieu chuin kh6ng khi xung quanh nhilu<br />
lan (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT quy dinh ning do bui 0,3mg/m^) va pham vi anh huong cua bui<br />
c6 the keo dai khap tuyen van chuyen.<br />
Muc 6n va chan dgng chi anh huong trong pham vi khu khai thac, phat sinh chu ylu tu<br />
c6ng doan n6 min pha da va van chuyen san pham. Muc In c6 thi dat tren 80 dBA, dli tugng<br />
chiu anb buong la c6ng nhan lam viec true tiep tren c6ng truang (bang 2).<br />
Mgt s6 diem do n6ng do bui, muc 6n va ph6ng xa trong KCN dugc t6ng hgp trong bang 2.<br />
Bdng 2: Kit qud do ndng dp bui, muc dn vd phdng xg [1]<br />
Kitqud do<br />
TT Diim do Diiu kiin do dgc<br />
On (dBa)Bui (mg/m )Phdng xg (mSv/h)<br />
<br />
Giap khai truang cua C6 xe chay qua 88 0.89<br />
1 0.21<br />
NMXM Yen Bai Kh6ng c6 xe chay qua 62 0.59<br />
<br />
Nga 3 duong GT C6 xe chay qua 84.3 0.90<br />
2 0.25<br />
th6n Vuon Thua Kh6ng c6 xe chay qua 58 0.57<br />
<br />
Taivi tri du kien C6 xa lan boat dgng 86.3 0.91<br />
3 0.28<br />
xay cau cang Xa lan kh6ng boat dgng 57 0.46<br />
Dang dao xiic dat da 87.8 0.62<br />
4 Khu vuc m6 da 0.22<br />
Ngimg boat dgng 56 0.27<br />
<br />
Trung tam xa M6ng C6 xe chay qua 87.8 0.92<br />
5 0,29<br />
Son Khong c6 xe chay qua 56 0.25<br />
6 C6 xe chay qua 86.6 0.90<br />
Khu dan cu 0.24<br />
Kh6ng CO xe chay qua 55.5 0.16<br />
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - 0,3 -<br />
<br />
TCVN 5949-1998 75 - -<br />
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TCCP 3 733/2002/QD-B YT 85 8 0,4<br />
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Nhu vay, nlu so vai quy chuin quy dinh, m6i truong kh6ng khi khu vuc nay da c6 dau<br />
hieu bi 6 nhiem do bui, rilng In (so voi TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT), nhung<br />
trong pham vi khai truang khai thac ning do bui, suit lieu ph6ng xa van dam bao giai han<br />
cho phep (so voi TCCP 3733/2002/QD-BYT).<br />
Khi thdi: Nguln khi thai gIm khi SOx, CO, NOx, THG chu ylu phat sinh tu cac dgng co<br />
cua phuang tien van tai, n6 min va mgt s6 dgng co diezel, may n6,^ may nen khi. Theo tinh<br />
toan, thai lugng khi dgc phat sinh hang nam tai KCN dat tren 12,7 tin, co thi gay anh hu6ng<br />
nhit dinh din m6i truang kh6ng khi trong khu vuc. Trong do, ham lugng NOx tai mgt s6 dilm<br />
nhu khai truang, khu che bien da vugt tieu chuan thai den 2 - 5 lan (so voi<br />
QCVN05:2009/BTNMT - Tieu chuin m6i truong kh6ng khi xung quanh). Tuy nhien, do khu<br />
vuc Du an thuoc vung dli niii, dan cu thua that, kha nang tu lam sach cua m6i truong noi day<br />
c6n t6t nen n6ng do khi thai nhanh ch6ng dugc giam xu6ng do pha loang vao kh6ng khi, muc<br />
do tac dgng m6i truang la kh6ng Ion.<br />
- Moi tru&ng nu&c<br />
+ Nude mat: Hau bet cac chi tieu chat lugng nuoc mat trong khu vuc deu thap ban so voi<br />
QCVN 08 : 2008/BTNMT - quy chuin cho phep dli vai nuac dung cho muc tich tuoi tieu thuy Igi,<br />
giao th6ng thuy hoac cac muc dich khac co yeu cau chat lugng nuoc thap. Tai mgt s6 diem tiep xiic<br />
voi ngu6n nuoc thai sinh boat va c6ng nghiep chi tieu amoni (NH4) va nitrit (NO2) gan bang hoac<br />
vugt quy chuan cho phep, nhung kh6ng dang ke.<br />
+ Nude dudi ddt: Nuoc duoi dat nhin chung chua bi tac dgng bai cac boat dgng cua KCN,<br />
cac chi tieu boa hgc deu thap. Can luu y cac chi tieu do cung (theo CaC03), t6ng ham lugng sat<br />
tuong d6i cao khi sir dung voi cac muc dich khac nhau.<br />
+ Nude thdi: Nuac thai trong KCN thuong co kh6i lugng kh6ng Ion nhung phan Ion co<br />
do nhiem ban cao, n6i bat la cac hgp chat clorua, nito, cac muoi sunfat va chi tieu vi sinh co<br />
n6ng do cao gap 5^15 lan so vai QCVN24:2009/BTNMT. Do bien phap xir ly kh6ng d6ng bg<br />
gifta cac co s6 san xuat nen kha nang gay 6 nhiem moi truang xung quanh la rat Ion. D6i<br />
tugng chiu anh huang la m6i truang dat, nuac mat va nuac dual dat.<br />
+ Nude mua chdy trdn: Vai dien tich phan b6 rgng nen lugng nuac mua chay tran Ion, co<br />
the phan cat, xoi 16 be mat dia hinb, cu6n theo nbieu chat 6 nhiem. Cac dong mat thuang chay<br />
vao h6 Thac Ba, theo ket qua kiem nghiem, muc do anh huang chua n6i bat, nhung ve lau<br />
dai, su tich luy tang len se gay 6 nhiem ngu6n nuoc, pha buy m6i truang thuy sinh cua hi.<br />
- Moi tru&ng sinh thdi cdnh quan<br />
Canh quan sinh thai la mgt trong nhung thanh phan m6i truong bi tac dgng true tilp va lien<br />
tuc trong su6t thai gian boat dgng cua cac du an. Cac he sinh thai niii da v6i nhin chung<br />
kh6ng phong phii nhung cung de bi pha buy va chiu su thay d6i Ion. Duofi tac dgng cua qua<br />
trinh khai thac va che bien da cua cac doanh nghiep trong KCN se din tai cac he sinh thai va<br />
canh quan moi dugc hinh thanh cimg voi su chuyen d6i dan tir dilu kien dli niii cao sang dia<br />
hinh niii thip, thung lung, tu vimg c6 lap phu thuc vat m6ng thanh vung da 16 ra tren mat dit<br />
trong khi kha nang tai tao va thich ling vai moi truong tu nhien ciia cac he sinh thai d6i hoi<br />
thai gian lau dai.<br />
KCN M6ng Son nim sat vung ho Thac Ba - mgt canh quan niii da diin hinh cua khu vuc,<br />
hien dang dugc bao t6n nham phat trien du lich. Nhiing hoat dgng cua cac du an khai thac da<br />
de pha va cau tnic dia hinh, gia tang cac hien tugng dia dgng luc, thay dli Ion vl m6i truang<br />
s6ng cua con nguai va cac he dgng vat ban dia.<br />
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254<br />
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010<br />
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- Tdc dgng den dieu kien kinh te - xd hgi<br />
Sir CO mat cac du an se gop phan tich cue trong phat triln kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuong,<br />
g6p phan thu hiit lao dgng, giai quyet viec lam cho mgt bg phan lao dgng thilu viec lam, nang<br />
cao miic s6ng cua nhan dan trong vung. Tuy nhien, su tang dan sl co hgc cua dia phuong keo<br />
theo tang nhu cau ve y te giao due, kinh tl, gay ap lire len tinh trang an ninh, trat tu va cac te<br />
nan xa hgi phat sinh.... ma kh6ng thi dap ling hoac giai quylt trong mgt thai gian ngin.<br />
- An todn lao dgng vd su co moi tru&ng<br />
Nhiing tai nan do trugt 16 dit da, n6 min, van chuyin, chay nl,.. .da xay ra tren nhieu du an<br />
khai thac da n6i chung gay nhilu thiet hai ve nguoi va tai san. Hiu hit khi triln khai cac du<br />
an kh6ng d6ng bg gifta co giai va thu c6ng, gifta c6ng tac quan ly giam sat va thuc bien cac<br />
bien phap ky thuat nham giam thieu va phong ngua la nhiing nguyen nhan chinh dan din sir<br />
bat 6n ve an toan lao dgng va su c6 m6i truong.<br />
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3. CAC BIEN P H A P G I A M THIEU T A C DONG MOI TRLTCKNG<br />
De giam thieu nhiing tac dgng cua cac du an den cac thanh phin m6i truang khu vuc KCN<br />
can thuc hien cac bien phap sau:<br />
- Quy hoach t6ng the kh6ng gian phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuong ket hgp quy<br />
hoach chiic nang boat dgng trong KCN: hoan chinh phuang an cip m6, kl hoach cai tao,<br />
hoan phuc m6i truang va su dung dat. Trong quy hoach can chii y toi viec phat trien va<br />
khai thac tiem nang du lich canh quan niii da va sinh thai h6 Thac Ba.<br />
- Cai tien va d6ng bg h6a he th6ng c6ng nghe khai thac - che bien da, c6 nhu vay moi co the<br />
giam thieu tac dgng cua bui, khi thai, 6n, rung va chan dgng,...; quan triet ap diing cac bien<br />
phap xu ly m6i truang: xu ly va tai su dung nuoc thai, chat thai nguy hai,...<br />
- Giao due m6i truang cho cong dong, day manh xa hgi boa trong ITnh vuc moi truong,<br />
tao dieu kien cho cac du an cung nhu nhan dan trong khu vuc nhan thiic tam quan trgng<br />
ve bao ve m6i truang nham thuc hien cac bien phap bao ve m6i truang. Quy hoach san<br />
xuat cung nhu khu dan cu tren co so xet ky tinh t6ng the, co sir tham chieu, tinh den<br />
kha nang tuong tac gifta cac khu vuc, vung mien de bao dam sir hai boa ve Igi ich,<br />
tranh xung dot ve m6i truang.<br />
- Trong tinh hinb hien nay, rat can thiet tang cuong c6ng tac thanh tra, kiem tra viec chap<br />
hanh cac quy dinh ve ve sinh an toan lao dgng va c6 cac che tai giam sat, xu ly d6i voi<br />
cac hoat dgng khai thac - che bien da.<br />
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4. KET LUAN<br />
Hoat dgng khai thac - che bien da tai KCN M6ng Son, Yen Bai dang tac dgng den hau bet<br />
cac thanh phan m6i truang sinh thai, m6i truong xa hgi cua khu vuc 6 nhieu muc do khac<br />
nhau. Cac yeu t6 anh huong bao g6m chat thai ran, nuoc thai, khi thai phat sinh tu san xuat va<br />
sinh boat.<br />
Nham phat trien ben vftng va bao ve m6i truang tai cac khu khai thac, che bien da, thuc<br />
hien nhiing giai phap ve quy hoach t6ng the gifta phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phucmg va<br />
cua KCN, cai tien va d6ng bg h6a c6ng nghe trong san xuat ket hgp voi cac bien phap quan<br />
ly, giam sat, ve sinh an toan lao dgng va giao due m6i truang cho cong d6ng.<br />
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Tieu ban: Moi truang vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br />
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br />
1. C6ng ty c6 phan khoang san SIMCO-FANSIPAN, "Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi<br />
truang Du dn ddu tu khai thdc da hoa trdng md da Mdng Son VII", Yen Bai (2010).<br />
2. Nguyen Xuan Tang, "Nhieng vdn di cdp bdch vi mdi trudng do khai thdc, chi bien dd<br />
xdy dung tap trung", Hgi nghi khoa hgc c6ng nghe tuyen khoang toan qu6c (2005).<br />
3. Nguyen Xuan Tang, "Hien trgng mdi trudng cdc khu khai thdc vd che biin khodng<br />
sdn Viet Nam", Tap chi C6ng nghiep m6 sl 3 (2003).<br />
4. Tran Van Y, "Ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi trudng cdc du dn phdt triin ", Nha xuat ban<br />
Thing ke (2006).<br />
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