Ngành ngoại thương Việt Nam trong tiến trình hội nhập

NGANH NGOAI THUONG VIET NAM TRONG<br /> TIEN TRINH HOI NHAP<br /> NGUYEN DUY N G H T A<br /> Cac Xue tien ttiaong mai. Bo Cong Thaong<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> hi khole h i n h trang cung vdi<br /> <br /> <br /> K ca nddc tien vao chang dddng<br /> ddi mdi, nen ngoai<br /> Viet Nam da chap nhan bddc v I o Id<br /> thadng<br /> The factual Integration of Vietnam foreign trade sector was<br /> marked by the official ASEAN membership in July 1995. Since then,<br /> through its practical activities, Vietnam has been actively and Initia-<br /> tively integrated Into international business community with consid-<br /> trinh hdi nhap qudc te. Tren thpe te, erable reforms of mechanisms and policies related to foreign trade<br /> tQ khi bat dau budn b i n qude te, giao such as eliminating state monopoly In foreign trade; focusing on for-<br /> eign investment attraction; developing border gate economic zones;<br /> thQdng vdi c l e nen kinh te ngoai<br /> accelerating trade promotion activities...<br /> lanh thd qude gia, cd the coi nen Thanks to that, export and import activities during recent years<br /> ngoai thddng da hdi n h | p qude te. have gained impressive changes with spectacular export expansion<br /> Tuy nhien, do phu thupc vao bao cap and its increasingly bigger contribution to GDP. Nevertheless, along<br /> with these achievements, our export activities liave also revealed<br /> qudc te, chu yeu ehi I I quan he trao<br /> several weaknesses to be addressed and overcome.<br /> ddi hang hda va tra tien theo nghi Since the end of 2008, widely spreading global financial crisis<br /> djnh thd, nen hoat ddng cua nen and economic recession have placed foreign trade of Vietnam in<br /> front of various difficulties and challenges, demanding integrated<br /> ngoai thddng v l n trong khudn phep<br /> and drastic measures to overcome the hardships and firmly move<br /> cdng nhac, trong khi phan thdc sd forward in the integration process.<br /> budn b i n theo thdng le qud'c te t h u i n<br /> ;g] gsgjgaa^jgiBB^agijSiBig^jig'g'iBiBBiaagigti^'i'ga^<br /> tuy chi dien ra dd'i vdi sd lddng h I n g<br /> hda ngoli mdc va nhQng mat hang nhap, nen ngoai thPdng Viet Nam lien tiep ghi nhdng dau md'c mdi:<br /> ngoai dien da cam ke't theo nghj djnh cung trong thang 7/1995, Viet Nam ky Hiep djnh hpp t i c vdi cdng<br /> tha. Cho den khi bade v I o cdng cupc ddng chau Au (EC); ngay 1 5/12/1 995, chinh thdc tham gia Khu vQc<br /> ddi mdi (td nam 1 986 den trPdc nam mau dich tp do ASEAN (AFTA); t h i n g 3/1996, trd t h I n h mdt trong<br /> 1995), nen ngoai thddng nPdc ta v l n nhdng sang lap vien cua Dien dan Kinh te A - Au (ASEM); t h i n g<br /> trong tinh trang "bi b i c h " do bao cap 7/2000, ky Hiep djnh thadng mai song phPdng Viet - My (BTA) v l<br /> qude te khdng edn ma lai chda t h o l t cd hieu Ipc tQ n g l y 10/12/2002; n g l y 18/11/1998, trd t h I n h t h I n h<br /> khdi the bj bao vay, cam van. vien eua Dien dan Hpp t i c Kinh te chau A - T h I i Binh DQdng<br /> Nen ngoai thadng Viet Nam chi (APEC); thang 01/1995, chinh thQc nop ddn gia n h | p Td chde<br /> thpe sp bade v I o hdi nhap bang budn Thddng mai The gidi (WTO) va den t h i n g 01/2007, ehinh thQc trd<br /> b i n qudc te ke tQ t h i n g 7/1995 khi thanh thanh vien cua td chde thQdng mai Idn nhat h i n h tinh n l y .<br /> ehinh thQc trd thanh thanh vien eua 1 . Hanh dong va thanh qua bade dau<br /> Hiep hdi c l e qude gia Ddng Nam A TQ md'c thdi gian dd den nay, bang hanh dpng thpe te, Viet Nam<br /> (ASEAN). Day la thdi diem khai dang ngay c I n g tich cdc va chu ddng hdi nhap vdi cdng ddng kinh<br /> thdng de td dd, trong Id trinh hdi te qude te.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> So 45 (9.2009) THONG TIN S, DU BAO KINH TE - XA HOI 41<br />  J^<br /> DIEN DAN TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> Ve Cd che, chinh sach, chung ta da ed nhieu c l i e l e h dang ke. NhQng md hinh kinh te nay da<br /> Viec xda bd che do nha nUdc ddc quyen ngoai thuang (chi cho e l c hpp Ipc cung vdi giao djeh ngoai<br /> doanh nghiep thupc sd hQu n h i nddc dapc kinh doanh xua't nhap thQdng khd'i lddng Idn, hpp ddng dai<br /> khau) dapc xem I I khau dot pha. Ke td dd, tat e l cae doanh nghiep han, dda hang hda Viet Nam d nhieu<br /> thupc cac thanh p h I n kinh te deu ddpc trpe tiep tham gia xua't khau ca'p dp, khd'i lddng nhd, hpp ddng<br /> va nhap khau. Trong mot thdi gian n g i n , sd doanh nghiep tham gia ngan den nhanh vdi nhieu loai khach<br /> xua't nhap khau da d at mpc len nhp "nam sau mda", gap tren mdt hang va dda hang nhap khau ve kjp<br /> nghin l l n so vdi nam bat d I u ddi mdi. Di lien theo dd I I Nha nddc thdi cho cac cd sd s i n xua't. Viec ra<br /> (thdng qua Bd Ngoai thPdng) da t i c h biet chde nang q u I n ly n h i ddi cua khu KTCK da dat ca 2 yeu<br /> nddc vdi chde nang q u I n ly kinh doanh ngoai thQdng. Ben canh dd, eau, vda tao them nhieu "eda" de<br /> pham vi cac mat hang kinh doanh cung ddpc md rdng. Viec han che hang hda vao, ra thuan tien, vda the<br /> djnh Idpng bang han ngach hoac cam doan khIe cung tdng bade hien thien y md rdng eda ddn be ban<br /> dapc dd bd cho tdi gidi han tdi thie'u. Theo dd, cdng t i e q u I n ly td bdn phPdng eua Viet Nam.<br /> chd bang menh lenh h i n h chinh da dapc thay dan b l n g e l c cae Cdng tac xue tien thuang mai dddc<br /> cdng cu dieu tiet kinh te theo djnh hddng thj trddng. khdi dpng ta nhdng nam bat dau ddi<br /> Viec thu hut dau tU nUdc ngoai (DTNN) trong iTnh vpe s i n xua't mdi. Tuy nhien, ke td nam 2000, vdi<br /> hang xuat kha'u da dapc chu trpng trong chien Ipdc thu hut DTNN viec thanh lap e l c td chde xue tien<br /> v I o Viet Nam ndi ehung. Nhd ed chu trddng nay, c l e n g l n h det thPdng mai qude gia, ke't nd'i c l e td<br /> may, da giay, dien tQ, tham ehi I I e l trong n g l n h h I n g thu cdng, da chde xue tien thQdng mai cua cac<br /> xua't hien nhieu xi nghiep cd vd'n D T N N . Viec phat trien nen kinh nganh, dia phddng, dae biet la viec<br /> te nhieu thanh phan, trong dd ed sQ ddng gdp quan trpng eua t h I n h md rdng hdp t i e vdi c l e td chde xijc<br /> p h I n kinh te DTNN da tao ra dien mao mdi cho xua't khau c l nPdc tien thddng mai qudc tecua nhieu nen<br /> ndi ehung va xua't kha'u h I n g hda cdng nghiep ndi rieng. Do ed cdng kinh te Idn, Viet Nam da thdc hien hQu<br /> nghe hien dai, trinh dp quan ly tien tien hdn so vdi mat bang ehung hied c l e giai p h I p hd trd cho cle<br /> eua doanh nghiep vdn trong nddc, lai ed cdng ty me thadng la cac doanh nghiep ma khdng pham vIo<br /> tap doan kinh te da qude gia "ed ten tudi" dd d I u , nen mac du cho nhQng cam ky theo c l e djnh che qudc<br /> den nam 1991, e l c doanh nghiep DTNN mdi cd san pham xuat te, giup c l e doanh nghiep ngay d n g<br /> kha'u, song kim ngach da tang nhanh ngay c l e nam sau dd. Giai nang eao nang Ipc xam nhap thj trPdng<br /> doan 1996-2000, ty le tang trPdng mdi nam thi'p nha't la 1 1 % , cao trong hoat ddng xuat n h | p khau.<br /> nha't I I 30% - cao hdn ty le tang trPdng tadng Qng cung nam cua NhQng ddng t h I i ke tren da tao ra<br /> tdng kim ngach xua't khau. Chinh vi vay, ty trpng kim ngach eua sd chuyen bien Idn trong hoat ddng<br /> khdi doanh nghiep cd vdn D T N N trong tdng kim ngach xul't khau xul't nhap khau, bieu hien d:<br /> tang d i n . Ke't q u i n l y da khang djnh khdi DTNN - he q u i eua tien - Sd luang cac doanh nghiep<br /> trinh hdi nhap - la mdt thdc the khdng the thie'u tren mat tran xul't tham gia hoat ddng xuat nhap khau<br /> kha'u eua Viet Nam. tang nhanh. Neu nhp nam 1985, chi<br /> Ddng hanh trong Id trinh md cQa edn cd ddng thai quan trpng la cd 40 ddn vj thupc thanh p h I n kinh<br /> md cac khu Kinh te cita khau (KTCK). Quyet djnh cua Thu tddng te n h i nddc tham gia kinh doanh<br /> Chinh phu ve viec xay dpng thi diem khu KTCK tai Mong C l i , xul't nhap khau, thi sau khi md eda<br /> Q u i n g Ninh nam 1 996 cd y nghla dat nen mdng ve ly luan va thpe cho tat c l c l e t h I n h phan kinh te<br /> tien cho viec ra ddi md hinh kinh te mdi - khu KTCK. Giai doan dapc tham gia kinh doanh xua't nhap<br /> 1997-2000, ed them 8 khu KTCK lan Ippt ra ddi d 8 tinh. TQ nam khau, so ddn vj da ngay mdt tang<br /> 2001 den nay, cd them 14 khu KTCK ddpc thanh lap. Nhd vay, tinh nhanh: nam 1990 len 270 ddn vi v l<br /> den nay, ca nadc ed 23 khu KTCK thupc dia phan 19 tinh giap bien tinh den nay la khoang 40 nghin ddn<br /> vdi Trung Qud'c, Lao va Campuehia. vi, gap 1.000 lan so vdi nam 1986.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 42 THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HOI So 45 (9.2009)<br />  - Thi tradng duac md rdng theo hudng da dang hoa, da phuang hoa. Quan he kinh te - thtfdng mai dtfoc<br /> md rpng tdi cac chau luc, cae khdi kinh te trong khu vLfe, the gidi va hau het cac c|ud'c gia, vung lanh ihd.<br /> Hien tai, c.-,c khu vifc thi trrfdng trpng diem, thj trrfdng truyen thdng, thj tiLfdng mdi tiem nang di\ diidc hinh<br /> thanh; cd cati ihj trddng tiep tiie cd sd chuyen djeh tich CL/C'".<br /> - Cac mat hang xuat khau co gia tri Ion xudt hien ngay cang nhieu. Neu nhif nam 1989, c 12,7 de kieh eau, Nha nddc da cd chii<br /> trddng hd trp 47o lai sua't cho vay,<br /> 2007 48.561 62.682 14.121 29,0<br /> i,on':\ nhieu hd ndng dan cung<br /> 2008 62.906 79.916 17.010 27,0 khdng cle- \.iy drfpc vdn do kho<br /> khan nhieu bd.<br /> Ngudn: Bao cao hang nam cua Bd ThuOng mai (tU nam 2007 den - Viec p h I t trien cdng nghiep<br /> n,i\ l