Nghề nuôi Artemia salina ở huyện Vĩnh Châu, tỉnh Sóc Trăng - ThS. Dương Vĩnh Hảo

KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGHE NUOI (^Hernia 6(i&na<br /> <br /> <br /> • ThS. DUCfNG VINH HAO<br /> Sd Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe ST<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T<br /> hap nien 30 ciia the ky tru'dc, Artemia trong viing mau chdng tidp thu, hpc hdi ky<br /> da diTdc bie't de'n la loai thilc an tu'di thuat nudi va hien nay nd da trd thanh nghe<br /> sdng, giau dinh du'dng cho cac loai nudi Artemia d viing ven bien nay.<br /> thiiy san. Artemia thuoc nganh giap xac (Ar- Artemia du'dc nhieu qud'c gia quan tam,<br /> thropoda), cd dac tinh vila de con, vila de dac biet la cac nu'dc cd viing duyen hai rpng<br /> triJng bao xac khi gap dieu kien bat ldi. Idn. Tuy nhien, viec thu cac san pham sinh<br /> Ngu'di ta cd the sii" dung Artemia dudi dang khdi va tnlng bao xac Artemia tren the gidi<br /> sinh khdi tu'di sdng hoac ton tril difdi dang chii ye'u til cac hd nu'dc man, vinh... tuf nhien<br /> trilng bao xac va cho nd de thu sinh khdi khi nen khdi lu'dng va chat lu'dng dinh du'dng<br /> cd nhu cau (Hinh 1).<br /> Artemia du'dc tha nudi<br /> lan dau tien tai Bac<br /> Lieu vao nam 1982<br /> nhu'ng khdng thanh<br /> cdng. Sau dd, trai thilc<br /> nghiem VTnh Chau,<br /> Dai hoc Can Thd da<br /> tha nudi vdi nhieu md<br /> hinh nudi thii nghiem,<br /> phai de'n nam 1988<br /> mdi dat du'dc nhdng<br /> ket qua ban dau. Vao<br /> miia khd nam 1989<br /> md hinh nudi du'dc<br /> thilc hien vdi quy md<br /> 15 ha, nang suat dat til<br /> 70-100kg tnlng bd xac<br /> tirdi/ha. Thanh cdng<br /> nay cung vdi gia ca<br /> cao va kha dn dinh da Hinh I: TrUng bao xdc. he thong dp tiidi'^. du trung vd Artemia<br /> kich thich ndng dan trudng thdnh<br /> <br /> Ihong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Soc Trang Trani: 17<br />  KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br /> <br /> khdng dn dinh. Til nhiing nam 1980, ciing cd dau tdve ngudn gid'ng, phan ga va tien mat<br /> nhieu qud'c gia bat dau phat trien viec tha td cac nha dau td. Sau dd, cac nha dau td<br /> nwb\ Artemia nhd Indonesia, Phihppines, Viet mua lai trdng bao xac tddi de say khd va<br /> Nam, Ecuador, Brazil... nhdng deu khdng tieu thu. Tuy nhien, trong nhdng nam gan<br /> thanh cdng ngoai trd d Viet Nam (Nguyen day, sd' Iddng nha dau td Idn giam dang ke,<br /> Van Hda va ctv., 2007). Sd thanh cdng ciia chi cdn nhdng nhdm nhd dau td gid'ng cho<br /> nghe nudi Artemia d Viet nam da kich thich mot sd hp. Nhd vay, neu ngddi nudi khdng<br /> d mot so' nddc tdi tham quan, hpc hdi va vay dddc ngudn vd'n td ngan hang thi gap<br /> chuyen giao cdng nghe trong nhdng nam gan khd khan Idn vao dau vu nudi. Ky thuat nudi<br /> day nhd Iran, Srilanka, An Dp va sap tdi la Artemia dddc chuyen giao cho ndng dan vao<br /> mdt sd' nddc Chau Phi (Uganda, nam 1990 de'n nay khdng cd nhieu thay ddi.<br /> Mozambique) nham hddng tdi phuc vu nhu Da sd'ngddi nudi cbda quan tam dau td nhieu<br /> cau phat trien thiiy san ciia dia phddng va vao cac hang muc cdng trinh nhd he thdng<br /> giai quye't cdng an viec lam cung nhd cai ao bdn phan ma chii ye'u sd dung cac ao phdi<br /> thi$n thu nhap cho ndng dan vung ven bien. nddc lam mudi san cd. Trong qui trinh nay,<br /> Theo sdheu cua Khoa Thiiy san (KTS), 2008, phan ga hoac phan heo... dddc bdn khoang<br /> Trddng Dai hpc Can Thd, dien tich nudi d 25 kg/ha/ngay vao ao nudi de bd sung thdc<br /> Sdc Trang cao nhat la vao nam 2001 da len an trdc tie'p va gian tie'p cho Artemia, phan<br /> tdi hang ngan ha, bao gdm ca vung rupng vd cd (Urea va DAP) dddc sd dung vdi lieu<br /> mudi Bac Lieu giap ranh. Td nam 2005 de'n Iddng dam 4 mg/lit va lan la 1 mg/lit de kich<br /> nay, dien tich nudi cua huyen VTnh Chau bie'n thich tao phat trien lam ngudn thdc an chinh<br /> ddng td 300-400 ha vdi nang suat binh quan cho Artemia. Do dd qua trinh tich tu dinh<br /> dat 50-70kg/ha. dddng trong ao nudi khdng the tranh khdi,<br /> la mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan chinh gay<br /> Huyen VTnh Chau cd tdng dien tich dat ra nhdng trd ngai trong ao nudi nhd tao nd<br /> ndng nghiep - thiiy san chiem 39.892 ha, trong hoa; phdc hdp tao lam, nam va vi khuan sdng<br /> do cd 483 ha dat san xua't theo md hinh Mudi cdng sinh d nen day phat trien gay d nhiem.<br /> , Xt 7 ,<br /> <br /> - Artemia. O vung ven bien nay, da sd ndng Sd bien ddi ciia thdi de't nhd ndng, lanh hoac<br /> dan la ngddi dan tpc Khmer ngheo, thu nhap mda bat tbddng, mua khd ngan... va chii quan<br /> binh quan tren dau ngddi vao khoang 5-10 ciia ngddi nudi da lam nang sua't nudi<br /> trieu ddng/nam, trong dd thu nhap tii Artemia Artemia giam dang ke trong nhdng nam gan<br /> chiem khoang 89% trong tdng thu nhap ciia day. Theo thdng ke ciia cac HTX, nang suat<br /> cac hd, hpc van tha'p, 58% cbda hpc bet binh quan cd nam chi dat 40-50kg/ha so vdi<br /> chddng trinh tieu hpc (KTS, 2008) nen phat 80-lOOkg/ha vao nhdng nam dau thap nien<br /> trien kinh te d vung nay la mdt yeu cau khd 90.<br /> khan nhdng cap thiet. Nghe nudi Artemia d<br /> vung VTnh Chau, Sdc Trang tap trung chii Hien nay, huyen VTnh Chau quy hoach<br /> ye'u d rupng mudi thuoc quyen quan ly eiia 3 vung nudi Artemia ven bien tren cd sd canh<br /> Hdp tac xa (HTX) VTnh Phddc, VTnh Tan va tac tren rupng mudi truyen thdng va giao<br /> Lai Hda vdi khoang hdn 100 xa vien. Khi cho Hdp tac xa Tdm - Mudi - Artemia ciia<br /> bddc vao nghe nudi Artemia, ndng dan dddc cac xa quan ly. Tren thdc te' cho thay san<br /> <br /> Trans 18 Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Sdc Trang<br />  KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br /> <br /> xua't Artemia khdng lam pha vd ke't ca'u xuat trxing Artemia tddi la 276 ty ddng, chiem<br /> rupng dat san xuat mudi. Sd quan ly cua HTX khoang 8,7% gia tri tdng san pham ndng<br /> d cdng tac khoan dat cho dan va thu thue' nghiep ciia huyen.<br /> bang each ky hdp ddng cho thue dat vdi ngddi<br /> dan cdng nhd thdc hien cdng tac quan ly nha<br /> nddc ve thuy ldi, hdp tac phd bie'n ky thuat... ,000.000<br /> Ngoai ra HTX cdn dau td eon gidng, phan<br /> 800,000<br /> bdn va thu mua che bie'n san pham nhd HTX<br /> Lai Hda 600,000 -<br /> Dong/kg<br /> Bieu dd: Dien tich, nang suat va san Iddng 400.000 -<br /> <br /> 60 450 200,000 -<br /> 400<br /> o- 50 J^-—^ J*<br /> - 350<br /> 2 40 300 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010<br /> 250<br /> 200<br /> 20 150<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 li1-<br /> li<br /> 100<br /> 50 Bieu do 2: Bie'n ddng gia trdng bao xac<br /> 0<br /> 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br /> Artemia tddi (2006 -2010)<br /> I san iLfong (tan) i N a n g suat (kg/ha) -cJien ticti (na) Tuy nhien, hien nay chinh thdc tai Sdc<br /> Trang chi cd cd sd VTnh Nga say trdng bao<br /> Artemia nudi d tinh Sdc Trang, giai doan: xac Artemia, san pham nay tieu thu chii yeu<br /> 2003-2009 (Ngudn: KTS, Dai hoe Can Thd) tai thi trddng ndi dia. Hien trdng bao xac<br /> Ngudn trdng tddi dddc cac cd sd che bie'n Artemia xua't khau dddi dang say khd, ddng<br /> mua ve thdng qua qua trinh xd ly vdi nddc hop vdi trpng Iddng 425g/hdp, moi thdng<br /> mudi bao hda, sau dd say khd, ddng hop va cbda 12 hop, gia xua't khau 150 USD/kg trdng<br /> tieu thu tren thi trddng trong va ngoai nddc. thanh pham. Gia trdng bao xac Artemia khai<br /> Hien nay, san Iddng trdng hang nam san xua't thac td nhien say khd tren thi trddng the' gidi<br /> ra tai hai tinh Sdc Trang va Bac Lieu dddc dao ddng trong khoang td 80-130 USD/kg.<br /> ddc Iddng chiem khoang 2-3% tdng san Iddng<br /> Hien nay, Singapore va Thai Lan la 2 nddc<br /> ciia the gidi. Trdng Artemia eiia khu vde<br /> sd dung sinh khdi Artemia de lam thdc an<br /> huyen VTnh Chau, Viet Nam cd kich thddc<br /> nhd va ham Iddng HUFA (Highly Unsatur- nudi ca canh nhieu nhat tren the gidi. Vdi<br /> ated Fatty Acid) cao nen ra't dddc da ehudng. ham Iddng dam tren 50%, cha't beo tren 10%<br /> Dac biet, chung dddc sd dung lam thdc an va HUFA bie'n ddng trong khoang 0,3- 15mg/<br /> cho tdm, cua bien va cac loai ca bien cd kich DW (Sorgeloos et at., 1996 Lim et ai, 2003<br /> thddc a'u trung nhd. Gia trdng Artemia tddi dddc trich din bdi Nguyen Thi Hong Van,<br /> cd xu hddng tang, gia ban binh quan nam 2008). Sinh khd'i Artemia la ngudn thdc an<br /> 2006 la 345.000d, 2010 la 875.000d/kg (Bieu tddi sd'ng trong nudi thiiy san. Sinh khd'i<br /> do 2). Nam 2009, ddc tinh tdng gia tri san Artemia say khd lam thdc an cho cac dd'i<br /> <br /> I hong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Soc Trang Tran Si 19<br />  KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br /> <br /> tddng tdm Sii, tdm Gang, ca Keo, CONG TAC CHUYEN<br /> cua bien,...<br /> Nham tang gia tri san xua't td<br /> GIAO TIEN BO<br /> •<br /> viec nudi Artemia, tinh da dau td<br /> nghien cdu nhdng cai tien ve ky KY THUAT DEN NGU'DI<br /> thuat nudi nham cai thien nang suat T R 6 N G N A M RdM TINH<br /> va hddng tdi mdt md hinh nudi dat<br /> nang suat cao, dn dinh va ben vdng<br /> SOC TRANG<br /> de nang cao thu nhap cho ndng dan • DUdNG HOANG VAN<br /> dia phddng. Dau tdxay ddng xddng Trung tdm lfng dung Tien bo KH&CN<br /> che' bie'n trdng bao xac Artemia, tinh Soc Trdng<br /> cdng suat say binh quan 30-45 kg<br /> <br /> S<br /> dc Trang la tinh cd the manh ve san xua't ndng<br /> trdng tddi/ngay, tddng dddng 6-7 tan nghiep, hang nam Iddng rdm ra td trdng liia<br /> trdng tddi/vu tai Hdp tac xa mudi - khoang 1,8 trieu tan, day la ngudn nguyen lieu<br /> tdm - Artemia VTnh Tan, huyen VTnh chinh diing de trdng nam Rdm gdp phan tang thu<br /> Chau. Huyen VTnh Chau se dang ky nhap, tao them viec lam va cai thien ddi sd'ng cho<br /> bao hd nhan hieu tap the ''Artemia ngddi san xuat.<br /> VTnh Chau " de xac lap quyen sd hdu Nghe trdng nam Rdm da phat trien d Sdc Trang til<br /> tri tue. lau, tuy nhien phan ddng ba con cbda cd dddc quy<br /> trinh ky thuat trdng nam, chi hpc tap kinh nghiem lan<br /> Artemia dddc du nhap vao Viet nhau. Phong trao trdng nam cung mang tinh td phat,<br /> Nam da hdn 20 nam, da trd thanh chda cd dddc doi ngii can bo ky thuat vien ndng cd^t<br /> mdt trong nhdng dd'i tddng nudi phd tai cd sd, do dd nang suat nam thddng khdng cao. So<br /> bie'n d vung ven bien huyen VTnh vdi nhieu loai rau mau khac, chi phi dau td trdng nam<br /> Chau, tinh Sdc Trang. Nudi Ar?e/nJa Rdm thap, it rui ro, thdi gian san xuat ngan nhdng<br /> ket hdp vdi nghe lam mudi cd mang lai ldi nhuan cao nhieu-so tren ciing mot ddn vi<br /> truyen, tren cung mdt dien tich cd dien tich.<br /> the thu cung mdt luc hai san pham Td nhdng thdc te' tren, Trung tam Ung dung Tien<br /> trdng bao xac Artemia va mudi gdp bo Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe tinh Sdc trang da trien<br /> phan tang thu nhap cho ndng dan • khai thdc hien dd an Xay ddng md hinh nudi trdng,<br /> sd che va che' bie'n nam d viing ddng bao dan toe<br /> Khmer tinh Sdc Trang. Dd an nay da dao tao 25 ky<br /> TA I LIE U THAM KHA O<br /> thuat vien tai 03 xa Phu My, My Thuan va xa Thuan<br /> (1). Nguyin Thi Hong Van va ctv., 2008. Sii<br /> Hdng, day la Idc Iddng ndng cot de theo doi va tiep<br /> dung cac nguon sinh khdi Artemia khac<br /> nhau trong uang nudi torn Su (Penaeus<br /> tuc trien khai nhan rpng cac md hinh khi dd an ket<br /> monodon). Tap chi Nghien cvCu Khoa hoc thue. Td chdc tap huan ky thuat trdng nam Rdm cho<br /> 2008 (1): 130-136 Trudng Dai hoc Can Tha. 340 ndng dan tai 03 xa trien khai dd an, qua cac Idp<br /> (2). Nguyen Van Hoa vd ctv., 2007.<br /> tap huan da xay ddng va hoan thien qui trinh trdng<br /> Artemia - Nghien cdu vd ling dung trong nam cho ndng dan, khac phuc nhdng ban che' ma<br /> nudi trdng thiiy sdn. Nha xuat bdn Ndng ngddi trdng nam trddc day thddng gap phai nhat la<br /> nghiep. trong khau xd ly rdm ra de trdng nam - day la khau<br /> <br /> Transj 20 Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Sdc Trang<br />