Nghề tằm tơ Nam Kỳ thời thuộc Pháp (Cuối thế kỷ XIX, đầu thế kỷ XX)

NGHE TAM Td NAM KY T H 6 | THUOC PHAP<br /> (CUOI! THE K i XIX, DAU THE K^ XX)<br /> <br /> NGUVilN PHAN QUANG*<br /> <br /> ;.i^<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T hang 5-1907, Ban chuyen trach<br /> nganh tam td Nam Ky (trye thude<br /> Nha Canh Ndng Nam Ky) thyc hien cude<br /> L TINH HINH T R U d C NAM 1907<br /> TrQdc cude chinh phuc ciia Phap, nghe<br /> t i m td da la mot "ky nghe ndng nghiep" ma<br /> kinh ly tai mpt so tinh ed tieng ve nganh<br /> ngQdi ndng dan Nam Ky danh nhieu thdi<br /> tam td (Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Sde Trang, Thu<br /> gian nha't, ngoai cdng viec dong ang.<br /> Dau Mpt, Gia Dinh, Long Xuyen, Tan<br /> Chau). Tham gia cude kinh ly cd Phai doan Theo Tap san cua Uy ban Canh ndng vd<br /> tam td Bae Ky (Trung tam iQu trQ quo'c gia Ky nghe Nam Ky (xua't ban eae nam 1865<br /> II - Kb: IA4/076). va 1871): "Khip Nam Ky chQa ed mdt nha<br /> t i m nao dQdc thie't lap; mac dau hau het<br /> Cuoc kinh ly nham mue di'eh tim hie'u<br /> dan cQ deu cd nudi tam hoac nhieu hoac ft".<br /> thUe trang nganh t i m td va kha nang phat<br /> Cac tinh deu trong dau tren mpi dien tich,<br /> trien nganh nay. Dong thdi, trQdc mIt chpn<br /> nhQng vdi sd' iQdng nhd. Rieng b My Tho,<br /> mpt dia diem thich hdp de thie't lap mdt cd<br /> Vlnh Long, Chau Dd'e, dpc theo hai bd sdng<br /> sd lya trQng tam va Qdm td theo kieu mau<br /> Tien, sdng Hau ed nhieu chd ban td lua ndi<br /> nhUng cd sd da boat dpng mpt nam qua d<br /> tieng. Cai Be - nay la mdt thi tQ ciia tinh<br /> Phil Lang ThQdng (Blc Ky).<br /> My Tho - cung ed rat nhieu trai dau.<br /> Ke't qua cuoc kinh ly d mdi tinh dQdc bao<br /> cao chi tiet ve Phu Thd'ng dd'e Nam Ky, Van theo Tap san (da dan): Cay dau<br /> phan anh kha rd net thyc trang nghe tam dQdc trong nhieu nhat tai cac vung bao<br /> td Nam Ky mdt the'ky trQdc. quanh Bien Hda, Thu Dau Mpt va Long<br /> Thanh. Tai Long Thanh cd nhQng trai dau<br /> Gan ba thang sau (ngay 27-8-1907), ra't dep (cd trai rdng g i n 30 ares). Dieu nay<br /> Ban chuyen trach tam td (tnic thupc Nha giai thich viec eae muc sQ Roy va Berne da<br /> Canh ndng) lai giii them mdt sd'bao cao len thanh lap cl ngoai d Sai Gon hai cd sd Qdm<br /> Thd'ng dd'e Nam Ky, bo sung nhieu ehi tiet td keo sdi. Theo td Le Courrier Saigonnais<br /> ve nghe t i m td tQ khi thue dan Phap cai tri (5-4-1870), ngQdi ta cd the xua't sang thj<br /> Nam Ky cho de'n nam 1907. trQdng Lyon nhQng loai td cua Nam Ky,<br /> Sau day, xin dQdc tdng hdp cac tai lieu khdng ehi de thii nghiem ma dQdc coi nhQ<br /> tren. bang hda thyc sy. Nam 1868, mpt ngUdi<br /> <br /> <br /> 'PCS. TS. Trudng Dai hpc SQ pham Tp. Ho Chi Minh<br /> Rghe tam ^a Ram Ky thin thuOc Phap. 19<br /> <br /> <br /> Qdm td gidi d Drome - ba Seyssel- dUde mdi giiip hp khdng chi sd'ng du dat ma cdn cd<br /> sang Nam Ky vdi do nghe thu cdng, hudng the lam giau.<br /> din each Udm td cho dan ban xQ.<br /> Va chang, vice trong liia dac biet Ihi'ch<br /> Ky nghe t i m td d Nam Ky tQng ed mdt vi hdp vdi tap quan eiia ngUdi ndng dan An<br /> tri kha quan trpng, nen hoi dd chinh quyen Nam; mpi boat dpng ndng nghiep difdc tien<br /> thyc dan dy kien kha nang thiet lap mdt hanh theo thdi vu nhat dinh, khdng phai<br /> luong thQdng mai giQa nQde Phap vdi thupc trong vai ngay, cang khdng phai vai gid<br /> dia non tre nay. Rat tide la nghe t i m td da nhu vice nudi tam (Ldm rudng dn cam<br /> ty nd suy thoai ngay sau dd, de'n mQc gan ndm; Nudi tdm dn cam diing). Do vay,<br /> nhil bien mat tai mpt so'tinh tQng phat dat ngQdi dan Nam Ky da dan dan xa rdi nghe<br /> mpt thdi (nhu Vinh Long, Sa Dec, Bien tam td, vi nd ddi hdi sQ cham soc ti mi hdn.<br /> Hda, Thii Dau Mot...). Tuy thu dQdc nhieu Idi nhuan khi cd IQa<br /> tim dat hieu sunt cao (ldm rudng ba ndm<br /> Giai thich nhQ the nao sy suy thoai nay, klidng bdng nudi tdm mot Ida) thi cung van<br /> mac d i u day la mot ky nghe ra't phu hdp rat ba'p benh, may riii. Nhieu khi ngQdi ta<br /> vdi sd thich va tap quan tQ nhien cua ngudi cd the mat sach nhQng IQa tam trong vai<br /> ban xQ, dong thdi lai la mpt nghe ra't sinh gid ma khdng rd nguyen nhan.<br /> Idi... Vice trong cay dau ra't de thyc hien,<br /> Cdn mpt ly do khac cd tac dpng manh<br /> thich nghi vdi ta't ca eae loai da't. Con tam<br /> don sQ suy thoai cua nghe tam td d Nam<br /> xQ nay, ban than nd cung kha thich nghi<br /> Ky: dd la sQ xam nhap ciia vai voc Trung<br /> vdi nhQng dieu kien khac nhau.<br /> Hoa td't hdn vai lua ban xii ve moi m.at, Lni<br /> Sy suy thoai ciia ky nghe td lua trQdc khdng dat hdn bao nhieu, dap Qng thj hieu<br /> het la do nhQng nguyen nhan kinh te. Vice "xai sang" cua nhQng ngudi An Nam giau<br /> khai pha nhQng ddng bing menh mdng ^ len nhd rudng dti't. R5 rang la san pham td<br /> Can Thd, Tra Vinh, Rach Gia, Sde Trang, lua ciia Tau da canh tranh gay gat vdi td<br /> Bae Lieu dan den sy chenh lech ve ty le lua ban xQ.<br /> giQa dien tich trong lua va nhan cdng, tuy Du xua't phat tQ ly do gi, thi ngitdi An<br /> dan so'da tang Idn gan 1/3 ke tQ cuoc chinh Nam da rdi bd nhQng phifdng tien cua<br /> phuc ciia Phap. minh, de'n ndi trong tat ca cac trung tam<br /> TrQdc va sau khi thyc dan Phap dat nen trong dau dude neu tren Tap san Canh<br /> ndng chi cdn lai vung Tan Chau, nhQng<br /> cai tri, dan cQ ndng nghiep da tQng tap<br /> cung da mat vai trd cua nd trUde kia.<br /> trung d nhQng tinh dQdc khai thac lau ddi,<br /> nhu Vlnh Long, Sa Dec, Bien Hda, Ben Tre, Tai cac Cu lao Ba Xang, Con Mdi d phu<br /> Gia Djnh, Thu Diu Mpt, Chd Ldn... Dien can Cu lao Gieng, cay tram va cay thud'c la<br /> tich trong lua tai nhQng linh nay tam du ngay cang la'n ludt vi tri eiia cay dau.<br /> nhan cdng, cac gia dinh dung thdi gian rdi Tai Long Thanh 40 nam trUde cd nhQng<br /> rai v.io viec nudi lim; nhiing nay thi khdng trai dau tQdi td't gan 30 ares, nay ehi cdn<br /> cdn nhQ vay nQa. Da't dai phi nhieu vQa vai gd'c thieu cham sde, trd trpi trong cac<br /> mdi khai ph.i thu hut nhnn cdng ve nhQng khu vUdn. TrQdc day - theo Idi dan dia<br /> ddn dien menh mdng d cac tinh nay. Ddi vdi phQdng - hau nhQ gia dinh nao cung cd be<br /> nong gia thi rieng viec trong lua cung da udm td, khung del lua. The ma nay chi cdn<br /> 20 Rghien eiiru Lich siSr. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> 3 cd sd nudi t i m , nhQng 2 ed sd da ngQng Ndi chung, nghe t i r a td cl tinh Ben Tre<br /> hoat dpng vi thieu trQng t i m , ed sd thQ 3 da mai mpt nhieu do nhieu nguyen nhan,<br /> thi chi cd khoang 1000 con t i m . O Tan nhQng v i n cd the boi phuc ne'u cd dieu kien<br /> Uyen ehi cdn dam ba cay dau va mpt gia tieu thy san pham, neu nam vQng nhQng<br /> dinh nudi t i m . Tinh Bien Hda thi ngQng hieu biet cd ban ve sinh ly eon tam. 0 day<br /> viec san xuat td tQ 10 nam nay. cd rat nhieu nhan cdng nQ, vi hp khdng ban<br /> rpn cdng viec dong ang nang nhpc nhQ d cac<br /> Nhin chung, ngQdi nudi t i m An Nam<br /> tinh ed nhieu cQ dan Khmer.<br /> hay IChmer d Nam Ky cung tQdng ty nhQng<br /> ddng nghiep cua hp d Bae Ky. NgQdi ta ehi Nghe t i m td d Tra Vinh quan trpng hdn<br /> biet con t i m bi benh, nhQng khdng xac d Ben Tre. Cac trai dau dac biet phat trien<br /> dinh dQdc nguyen nhan, dac tinh can benh d vung Tra Kha, gom ba lang Ham Giang,<br /> ciia t i m . O Blc Ky, it ra ngQdi ta cung biet Dai D Q va Ddn Hau thude tdng Ngai Hda<br /> dat ten cho mdi loai benh ciia con tam, va ThQdng. Trung tam t i m td nay gom cd ba<br /> mdt sd' dia phUdng coi nghe t i m td la mdt canh dong song song: Thdt Nd't, Tra Kha va<br /> nghe can ban ciia nha ndng; d Nam Ky thi Dong Ldn. Mpt phan ba dien tich dong<br /> t i m td chi la mot nghe ra't phu. rudng la nhQng trai trong dau.<br /> <br /> Sau day la tinh hinh b mpt so'tinh Nam Nghe t i m td dQdc ndng gia ra't quan<br /> Ky vd'n cd truyen thd'ng ve nghe t i m td: tam, sau nghe trong lua. Vung Tra Kha da<br /> ban td sd'ng cho cac nha det lua b Chau Ddc<br /> 1. 6 Ben T r e , T r a V i n h hoac ban cho ngQdi Hoa vdi sd' iQdng ldn de<br /> Theo cac bao cao, tinh Ben Tre ehi ed xuat khau.<br /> nhQng trai dau nhd, rai rac tren nhQng Ben kia kenh Lang-Sat, sau vao d l t<br /> canh dong va giong eat. TQ Dong Tre den lien, lang Long Vinh (tong Thanh I Ida<br /> Ba Tri (mot trung tam nd'i tie'ng ve "lua Ba ThQdng) va lang An Thdi (cung td'ng) cung<br /> Tri"), nghe det da suy giam ra't nhieu. ed ra't nhieu trang trai trong dau. NhQng<br /> Xung quanh trung tam Ba Tri va tien xa canh dong b Tam PhQdng, My Can, Thanh<br /> hdn ve phia bien, tai cac lang An Hda, Tan Le thupc tdng Tra Nhieu ThQdng deu cd<br /> Ha cd khoang 10 hec-ta (ha) trong dau, nQdng dau tren nhQng dien tich nho, gin<br /> tang ga'p 4 lln trQdc kia do sil dung nhQng n h a d. •• • t. •<br /> khoanh da't bd hoang hoac vd'n canh tac<br /> Chu tinh Massy, nhan cuoc hop hang<br /> thud'c la, dau, b i p . Cac lang Tan Trang,<br /> thang cua cac chanh, phd tdng, da bd tri<br /> Dong Xung va ba lang My Nhdn, My<br /> cho phai doan tie'p xue vdi hp de ed nhQng<br /> Chanh, My Thanh (Ba My) deu ed nudi<br /> thdng tin khai quat ve cac vung t i m td<br /> tam.<br /> trong tinh. Theo hp, nghe t i m td b cac td'ng<br /> Tai Cu lao Minh, canh dong tQ Md Cay Thanh Hda ThQdng, Ngai Long ThQdng,<br /> den Vung Thdm va cac giong Ba Vat, Dong Ngai Hoa Trung cung tUdng ty cl td'ng Tra<br /> Keo deu ed trong dau. Vung Thdm san xua't Nhieu ThUdng.<br /> td sd'ng va dUde det ngay tai eho. XQa kia, Cd the ke't lu^n: Tra Vinh cin dQdc coi<br /> Md Cay cd nhieu khung eili (b Xdm Cudi), la mpt tinh t i m td quan trpng, nd'i bat nha't<br /> nay chi cdn mpt hai ehiec. Lang Dong Mieu la vung Tra Kha. Chi tie'c r i n g Tra Vinh<br /> hinh nhQ van con nghe det lua. each xa trung tam, khd cd the trd thanh<br /> Rghe tbm ta Ram Ky thin fhuQc Phfip. 21<br /> <br /> mdt dia ban vQng ehle de cd the khuye'n 2. 6 Soc T r a n g<br /> khfch thQdng nhan tao thanh mdt luong<br /> Sde Trang ra't gid'ng Tra Vinh ve canh<br /> giao dich hi$u qua.<br /> quan dong rudng cung nhQ ve cQ dan (da so'<br /> Cung nhQ tinh Sde Trang (xin xem d la ngudi Khmer). Nghe t i m td tap trung d<br /> muc sau), nghe t i m td d Tra Vinh h l u nhQ vung Tay Sum, mdt khu da't tren canh<br /> hoan toan do cac gia dinh ngQdi Khmer ddng each thanh phd' gan 12km. Cay dau<br /> thyc hien. Hp khdng dung lua Tau, tuy dep dUde trong rai rac tren dudng vao lang,<br /> hdn nhQng khdng ben ma lai d l t tien, hoac tQng cay rieng le, hoac tQng cum<br /> khdng phu hdp vdi nhu ciu eiia hp. NgQdi khoang mdt vai chuc gd'c dau.<br /> An Nam d Tra Vinh thi ehi nudi t i m nhQ Cd sd duy nha't dang gpi la "trai tim"<br /> mdt cdng viec phu cua tQng gia dinh. nim ngay d giQa lang, vdi dien tich khoang<br /> Cac gia dinh ngQdi Khmer khdng coi l/4ha. Loai "dau Xiem" (mdm siam) dQpe<br /> trpng nhQng nguyen t i c ve sinh sd ding trong each quang lm50, thanh tQng day<br /> trong viec nudi t i m . T i m dQdc nudi trong each nhau 2m. Ngudi Hoa - chii nhan ciia<br /> trang trai nay - nam nay khdng khai thac<br /> hai cai thung. Con t i m qua lan dd'i 16't thQ<br /> nQa, do vu hda hoan vita qua da tan pha<br /> ba ra't khdng deu, nhieu eon t i m bi benh<br /> mpi phQdng tien nudi tim. Cay dau gom 3<br /> t i m md. T i m nudi trong thung qua nhd, lai<br /> loai: dau Xiem, dau nQde (mdn tue) va dau<br /> cdn phu len mdt Idp vai day, khdng thdng<br /> Levair (mdn Levair). VQa qua, tuy bi han<br /> thoang. La dau thai qua nhd, khd ddn dQdi<br /> keo dai, cay dau van mpc td't, chQng td chit<br /> bung tim, la dau qua it, con t i m cya quay<br /> da't Sde Trang thich nghi vdi cay dau. Qb dl<br /> tim hoai thQc an da vdi can hang gid trQdc<br /> cay dau d day chQa dQdc cham sde that td't,<br /> dd. H l n r i n g eon t i m phai ra't thich nghi cd le vi nghe tam td khdng dQcfc coi la<br /> vdi thd ngdi mdi ed the elm cy vdi cung ngudn thu nhap quan trpng. NgQdi ta trdng<br /> each cham nudi nhil vay. Tuy nhien ngUdi dau nudi t i m chi vi cin cd lua de dung.<br /> ta vin cd the tin tQdng vao trien vpng nghe<br /> nudi tim, mot khi trQng t i m dQdc iQa chpn Cac lang Lai Tam, PhQdc Lai, Van Trat<br /> td't, nhQng quy tac ve sinh dQdc phd' bie'n. va Yen Tap (tren dudng di Cin Thd) hdp<br /> thanh mdt trung tam t i m td quan trpng<br /> O Tra Vinh cung nhu d Ben Tre, eae trai hdn. Tren mdt canh dong chay dai ngdt<br /> dau dQdc cham sde kha can than. Vao mua 3km dpc theo dQdng Id, dan cQ ddng due,<br /> ning ndng, gd'c dau dQdc phii rdm ra hoac ddng sdng Vung Thdm chay qua giQa lang,<br /> than la cay bIp de chd'ng khd dat. Hang nghe t i m td hinh nliQ chQa ma't eho dQng<br /> nam, ngQdi ta bdn cho dau mdt it phan, nhQ d mdt sd'vung khac.<br /> nhung each thQc thi lai hoan toan khac vdi<br /> NgQdi Khmer cd tap quan sd'ng ddn gian<br /> cac tinh Long Xuyen va Chau Dd'e. Cay dau tQ xQa. Cac loai lua mem, long lanh cua<br /> trong tren cac giong da't cat, nhQng hang ngUdi Tau nhap vao khdng hdp nhu cau<br /> nam vung nay thudng bi han nang khoang cua hp. Hp chi can loai vai lua de may<br /> nam thang. Gid'ng dau than nhd cung dQdc sampd, ao dai, veston. Cd le vi vay ma nghe<br /> trong tai day, nhQng d Ben Tre it hdn d Tra t i m td vin dQdc duy tri trong cac lang<br /> Vinh. Khmer d Sde Trang cung nhQ d Tra Vinh.<br /> 22 Rghien ciJru Lich siir. so 1.2010<br /> <br /> Xa Lai Tam cd hdn 30 ed sd nudi t i m . Thii Dau Mdt, tai vung Bung Cau ngay xUa<br /> Thdi vu tam td la tQ thang 5 de'n thang 6 ndi tieng t i m td, nbung chi ed hai khoanh<br /> va tQ thang 10 den thang 11. Sud't ca nam, da't nhd. P h i n ldn dan dia phUdng deu biet<br /> mpt vai gia dinh lien tue nudi tam de bao nghe t i m td, nhQng chi lien hanh vad luc<br /> ve gid'ng. T i m dudc nudi cung gid'ng dau rdi rai. Hau nhil ehUa cd mot ed sd nudi<br /> nhif d Tay Sum. NhQng rudng dau cd 50 gd'c t i m nao nghiem chinh. Cung cd the d thdi<br /> boiic nhieu hdn la phd bie'n. NhUng hinh diem Phai doan de'n tham (cudl thang 4) la<br /> nhu nghe t i m Id chi that sQ phat dat d Lai diiu dii vdi can.<br /> Tarn va vung phu can. Theo dan dia<br /> Vung giiip ranh ciia tinh - Beii MQdng<br /> phQdng, gid'ng dau Xiem dQdc Qa chuong<br /> va phu can cho de'n Hdc Mdn va Cu Chi - ed<br /> hdn cac gid'ng khac, vi la dau Xiem cd nhieu<br /> mdt trung tam t i m Id kha quan trpng.<br /> mat, cho nhieu td bdn va la loai td td't nha't<br /> NgUdi dan Hdc Mdn cho biet: vao vu td tam,<br /> ve ea dp ben lan dp lang.<br /> hang doiin dan ba eon gai ganh ve nhQng<br /> Vi cay dau trong rai rac khap trong tinh, sot la dau mua difdc IQ khap ndi. Vung tie'p<br /> ngudi nudi tam phai di kiem la dau tan giap Cu Chi, nghe t i m td cd ve phat trien.<br /> Phu Ninh, ed khi |)hai vao tan thanh phd Vung chd Tan Pliu cd nhieu gia dinh nudi<br /> Soc Trang. Vudn nlia dng Sdn Diep cd mdt tam sudl ca mua niQa, vi la dau mua nay<br /> khu trong dau hcJn 200 gd'c (thupc lang ddi dao. O Ben Mifdng, ken tam rat xau,<br /> Khiinb HQn.g). Ndi chung, cay dau dQdc vQa nhd vQa yen; ngQdi ta khdng Qdm ma<br /> trong ed hieu qua khIp cac canh dong ciia keo nhQ keo sdi bong vai de det thao hay<br /> tinh S6c Trang. diii (nipt loai tussor), dung may mac trong<br /> gia dinh.<br /> NgQdi ta cung trong giong dau nhd cay<br /> nhif 0 Gia Dinh, Thii Dau Mdt va Bien Hda. Dieu can lilu y: con ngai (de trQng tim)<br /> NhQng nam dau, nha ndng thinh thoang dem ban dQdi dang ken, va trpng iQdng ciia<br /> lam ed, chd khi cay dau ldn dan len, la che ken (de trQng) quye't dinh gid'ng tim. Neu<br /> phii mpi cay cd khac d jihia dudi. Ngifdi ta can dong theo so'iQdng ken (4 "tien"= 1 can<br /> hai la dau luy llioo nhu cau nudi tim. Thdi = 600gr) thi khdng chinh xac, \n con tam<br /> diem nudi t i m b i t dau tQ cud'i thang 4 O^ll trong mdi ken cung trpng iQdng rat khac<br /> d i u mua mua); mua khd ngUdi ta ehi nudi nhau.<br /> lam de cho t i m .siiih san ma thdi.<br /> O cac tinh Gia Djnh va Thu Dau Mdt, cd<br /> Nghe t i m td d Sde Tring cd the phat sy khdng can xQng giQa iQdng la t i m vdi so'<br /> trien mpt khi co ndi lieu thu on dinh va ludng con lam. Hinh nhit ngQdi ta cho ring<br /> ngudi ndng dan tha'y cd Idi thyc sy khi dung it la dau ma nudi dildc nhieu con tim<br /> trong dtiu tren nhQng canh dong bd hoang thi kinh te hdn! Thyc ra, con tam khdng<br /> hoac Iron cac dien lich trdng cac loai cay it dQdc nudi dQdng IQ to thi se nha it td.<br /> sinh Idi hdn. Cd Ic cdn lau td t i m d Tra Nhiing hp lai mong ed mpt ludng ken that<br /> Vinh, Soc Trang mdi trd thanh san pham nhieu, cho du cd giam ludng td! Thyc ra hp<br /> xua't khau quan trpng. da bd phi mpt each do dai ea Icen lan td, vi<br /> 3. 6 Thu Dau Mot va Gia Dinh mdt khi con t i m khdng dilde chain nudi til<br /> te se sinh benh, neu tam khdng chet thi<br /> Nghe nudi t i m d hai tinh nay ba'p benh ken t i m cung xa'u. NhQng ngifdi nudi t i m<br /> hdn d Tra Vinh va Sde Trang. C) phia tren rat it hieu biet vd ve sinh dich to cung nhU<br /> Rghejam^toJlarn_Ky thai thupc Phap... 23<br /> <br /> nhQng nguyen t i c cd ban ve sinh ly ciia eon Tdm lai, nghd t i m td d tinh Long Xuyen<br /> t a m . •. • -i.-ii • .'i .la, -J • xifa kia rat phat dat, nhUng nay canh<br /> 4 . 0 Long X u y e n '. ' '' tUdng do khdng cdn nija. Dat dai cd the<br /> trdng dau thi ra't nhieu, nhUng nghd trdng<br /> May chuc nam trQdc, nghe trong dau lua qua nang dpng da lam ngifdi ta coi nhe<br /> linh nay ra't phat trien va v i n edn vi tri nghe td tam. HSn rang ngifdi dan Long<br /> quan trpng trQdc khi xay ra tran bao nam Xuyen sii tim tha'y d Tan Chau mpi Inm<br /> 1904. Bay gid dQdng nhQ nghe t i m Id ehi gQdng de bdi phuc nghd td t i m da mdt Ihdi<br /> cdn d Cu lao Gieng. Ngay tai cu lao nay - phat dat.<br /> ndi cd cd sd ciia Hpi Truyen giao - cung<br /> khdng edn trai dau nao nQa. Vien cd nhi 5. d Tan C h a u (Chau Doc)<br /> trUde day da thu nghiem vice nudi t i m Cd le Tan Chau la trung lain tam Id<br /> nhitng khdng ket qua, nay danh bing Idng quan trpng nhat cua Nam Ky. Quanh vung<br /> vdi viec dot nhQng ta'm lua bing Id mua d Tan Chau cd nhidu lang nghd tam td nhif<br /> cac dao lan can va d Tfin Chau. Long Phu, Tan Long Thuan, Long Kiianh,<br /> ThQdng Thdi va Cu lao Ma. Cd den ngdt<br /> Tai Con Mdi (bing My Ludng), ngudi la<br /> 300ha dat trdng dau trong vung nay.<br /> tinh dQdc 7 don 10 ba da't trong dau, nhUng<br /> cd le eon so' nay cdn ldn hdn. Phan ldn dien Tim quan trpng ciia nghd llni td Tan<br /> lich nay thude Hpi Truyen giao. Gid'ng dau Chau lh(2 hien d nhQng cd sd Qdm td vdi 5<br /> d day la "dau-dud'i-di", khia la rat trdn, den 10 be Qdm, d nhQng trai dau vdi dien<br /> tQdng ty gid'ng "dau se" cua Bae Ky va cua tich nhieu ha. Phai doan difdc tiep xue vdi<br /> Ben Tre. Trong trai dau cdn trong xen cay nhQng ngifdi nudi tam rat nang ddng, chii<br /> thud'c la, cay bap va cay tram. Xila kia, d yeu sdng bang nghd lim td va san sang licj)<br /> Con Mdi va Cdn Cu trong rat nhieu dau. Cd nhan nhQng phifdng phap ed the tang them<br /> le bipn phiip tich cQc de hoi phuc viec trdng nguon thu nhap.<br /> dau eae dia phQdng nay la mien thue nhif<br /> Tan Chau n i m tren ddng sdng ldn, cd<br /> da dl) dung d Blc Ky va Trung Ky.<br /> tau be ciia Hang Van tai dUdng sdng va sa-<br /> Cu lao Ba Xang (dd'i dien vdi Chd Thu lup cua ngQdi Hoa qua lai, so' ngQdi nudi<br /> Chien Sai) cung cd trong dau, vdi mdi cd sd tim ddng dao va nhidu kinh nghiem. Mdt<br /> nudi 12 thung tam Idn (qua lln dd'i lot IhQ khi trinh dp ky Ihiial cua ngifdi nudi tam<br /> 4). Con t i m ldn, chic, nbUng khdng dQdc dQdc nang cao, chac chan Tan Chau la<br /> deu IQa, tuy khong ed da'u hieu benh tat. vung thuan Idi nha't cho vice thanh lap mdt<br /> Cung nhQ nhieu ed sd khac, didu dang trach Trung tam Tim Td, vdi muc dich chinh la<br /> nay la ngQdi ta chi cho t i m an ra't it la dau phan phdi cho dan ban xQ nhQng trQng<br /> trong mpt ndng t i m luc nbiic day dac. tim da dUde tuydn lUa. Tiep dd mdi la vice<br /> pho bien cac phifdng phap nudi l i m va Qdm<br /> Ngoai nhQng trai d.iu ndi tren, cdn phai<br /> td Qu viet nha't, vdi viec xay nhQng be Udm<br /> ke den nhQng nudng dau quan trpng d lang<br /> kieu mail.<br /> Long Kidn. Cach d.ly 4 nam lang nay cd da't<br /> trong dau, nhQng nay da chuyen sang Trung tam t i m td nay phai luon cd sin<br /> trong bIp, Ilia va dau. Khu chd Thii Chien ken t i m vdi khdi lifdng ldn de cd the tuydn<br /> sai ed vai chye khung eili nhQng phai mua iQa gid'ng td't; phai cd nguon nifdc doi dao<br /> td d Tan Chau. de daj) Qng cac khau van hanh va cudi ciini'<br /> 24 Rghien cijru Lich sir. s61.2010<br /> <br /> la nhQng phQdng tien van chuyen thuan mat khac du nhap each nudi tam va Q(Jm td<br /> tien de lien lac vdi ta't ca cac tinh ly cua cua chau Au de hp tham khao va cai tien;<br /> Nam Ky. b i t d i u b i n g vice tuyen gid'ng va xay dyng<br /> nhQng be Qdm thi nghiem. Mud'n vdy,<br /> Cd the khang dinh ring: chi cl Tan Chau<br /> Trung tam phai ludn san cd ken tam da<br /> mdi hdi dii nhQng didu kien tren mpt each<br /> tuyen lya vdi sd'lQdng ldn.<br /> kha quan, khdng mpt trung tam t i m td nao<br /> khac cd the cd difdc. Mat khac, phai khuye'n khfch vice trdng<br /> dau va mien thue da't trdng dau. Ngan sach<br /> Viec thanh lap Trung tam T i m Td chi<br /> chiu thiet mpt khoan tien nhd, nhUng hieu<br /> nen bat dau mdt each khiem td'n, trQdc bet<br /> qua lai ra't Idn. Kinh nghiem d cac Cd sol<br /> la ed' gang san xua't dQdc 100.000 trQng<br /> t i m td Blc Ky (Phii Lang ThQdng, Kien<br /> tim/nam vdi chi phi 5.720$ (piastre) trong<br /> An, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Blc Ninh...),<br /> nam dau, bao gdm viec xay dyng phdng thi<br /> nhd midn thue ma dien tich trdng dau tang<br /> nghiem, nha nudi tam va nha d.<br /> gan 100 ha.<br /> Vien Chu tinh Chau Doe (PECH) hQa<br /> De tuyen lya dQdc gid'ng tam tot, trQdc<br /> san sang tai trd 1.500$ lay tQ ngan sach<br /> bet phai thay the ngay nhQng gid'ng t i m<br /> hang tinh de giup vao viec xay dyng, neu<br /> khdng qua tuyen lya b i n g gid'ng t i m da<br /> Thdng ddc Nam Ky quyet dinh chpn Tan<br /> tuyen lya theo phudng phap Pasteur. Mdt<br /> Chau de dat Trung lam nay.<br /> sd' gid'ng l i m da tuyen chpn mang tQ Bae<br /> NhQng do xuat tren day difdc Thdng dd'e Ky vd thQ nghiem d Ben Tre va Tan Chau<br /> Nam Ky can nhlc. Theo cdng van cua eho ket qua rat kha quan (thii ngbipm<br /> Thd'ng dd'e giii Chu tinh Chau Dd'e, trQdc thanh cdng IQa gid'ng thQ hai b i n g ken cua<br /> mat chQa vdi ban nhQng ke hoach quy md IQa dau, hinh dang ken dai bdn, to hdn ken<br /> ldn, ma chi can xue lien ngay viec xay dQng t i m dia phQdng). Vdi gid'ng ken nay, mdt<br /> Tan Chau thanh mdt trung tam nudi t i m nha t i m d Tan Chau da nudi dQdc ngdt 100<br /> kieu mau. nong t i m .<br /> II. THANH LAP TRUNG TAM T A M T O Ddi vdi Trung tam kieu mau Tan Chau,<br /> KIEU MAU Cf TAN CHAU eae nhan vien ky thuat (do chinh quyen bd'<br /> Ngay tQ d i u the ky XX, thyc dan Phap dung) ddng vai trd quan trpng. Nhiem vu<br /> nhin tha'y d Tan Chau mpt ngudn khai thac ehu yeu ciia hp la ehi dude sil dung cac<br /> thupc dia va xua't khau beo bd trong lanh gid'ng t i m da dQdc tuyen lya.<br /> vyc t i m td d Nam Ky, nhQ hp da thyc hien Ve viec Udm td, trong khi chd ddi xay<br /> mdt ke hoach tQdng ty d Phu Lang ThQdng dung xong cac be Udm kieu m l u , nen van<br /> (Bae Ky). Trung tain tam td kieu mau Tan dung kinh nghiem dan gian d tQng dia<br /> Chau da ra ddi trong hoan canh dd. phUdng.<br /> Tan Chau la dia diem thuan Idi nha't de Torn lai, mdt trung tam t i m td kieu<br /> xay dyng mdt trung tam l i m td kieu m i u mau, biet phat huy Idi the ciia chat dat va<br /> d i u tien d Nam Ky, nhQ Bao cao nam 1907 thdi tiet Nam Ky, phai tao dudc sQ phat<br /> da dan. Van de cdn lai cua Trung tam nay trien manh me trong khau cung cap<br /> la cung cap cho ngQdi dan Tan Chau nhQng nguyen lieu (san xua't kt'n tim), trQdc bet<br /> trQng t i m da dUdc tuyen gid'ng can than, la xuc tien vice trdng dau va nudi tam.<br /> Rghe tam ta Ram Ky thin thupc Phap. 25<br /> <br /> 1. N g u o n d a u t a m • • ' "Con ling" phd bien khIp Nam Ky va<br /> bat cQ ngQdi nudi tam nao cung deu biet<br /> Trung tam Tan Chau yeu cau cac linh<br /> loai "cdn trung bai canh" nay (d Bae Ky,<br /> cung ca'p cac gid'ng cay dau de trdng IhQ<br /> con ling dUde gpi la "con nhang"). Con lang<br /> nghiem, nhung trQdc mIt (thang 6-1908)<br /> xua't hien nhieu d vung Tan Chau khoang<br /> chua vdi trdng ngay, dd phdng lu lut s i p<br /> thang 2 va thang 10 am lich; mpi ngQdi ddu<br /> den, chi trdng dau phong dd tang dp azote<br /> biet rd tai hai cua cdn trung nay neu khdng<br /> cho da't, chd den thang 10 se chiet canh<br /> cd bien phap ddi phd.<br /> dau.<br /> Trung lam Tan Chau dy dinh chi 30$ de<br /> Cay dau thii nghiem mpc rat td't, khdng<br /> mua iQdi kim loai (theo kinh nghiem cua cd<br /> edn bi lut loi de dpa va se sinh Idi bat dau<br /> sd t i m td Phu Lang ThQdng-Bic Ky). LQdi<br /> iQ nam sau. Sau khi da't dQdc cay xdi, canh<br /> s i t chi thich hdp vdi nhQng gian phdng kin<br /> dau chiet se dQdc giii ddn. De bao ve trong<br /> vach. Nha d cua dan ban xQ thi khdng phai<br /> khi van chuyen, canh dau chiet cin cao<br /> nhQ vay. NgQdi nudi t i m An Nam dat cac<br /> khoang Om30 va bd lai can than, khi xep<br /> nong t i m d bat cQ ndi nao trong nha tranh<br /> vao tau thuy nen tranh xep gin Id dot.<br /> cua hp, mien la khdng bi gid lua.<br /> Theo hQdng d i n cua Ban chuyen trach<br /> Cach bao vp thyc td nha't trong tinh<br /> nganh t i m td, cay dau phai trdng each<br /> hinh hien tai la sQ dung mung man. Tuy<br /> nhau td'i thieu 1 met. Khi cay dau da cao IQ<br /> bien phap nay vin cd chd bat cdp, nhQng<br /> lm20 den lm50, thi phai e l l ngan (chi cdn<br /> that khd b i t bude ngQdi "nha que" phai<br /> 0m30 so vdi mat da'y). Sau 8 thang, cay dau<br /> thay the mung man bing bien phap lot hdn<br /> se cao 0m60, cQ hai nam lai nay ra mpt<br /> nhUng chi phi lai cao bdn nhidu. Them nQa,<br /> than cay khac khoang OmlO trdn cay gd'c.<br /> nha cQa cua nhQng ngifdi nudi tain An<br /> Can didu chinh cho cay dau phat trien theo<br /> Nam thudng am tha'p, nhQng tam hidi kim<br /> dang mpt cai tan, tao dien phat trien tdi da<br /> loai vdi gia 3fr/m^ se nhanh chdng bi ri s6t<br /> cho la dau.<br /> khi sil dung. Cach td't n h l t hien nay la<br /> 2. T u y e n lUa giong t a m khuyen khfch cac nha nudi tim nen danh<br /> Sau ngdt mpt nam xay dyng de an va nhQng gian rieng de nudi tam, ddng thdi<br /> chd'ng "con ling" bing nhQng manh Ire<br /> khao sat bd' sung tren nhieu dia ban, den<br /> ngan ciia, ket hdp vdi vice tay ue khi ed<br /> thang 6-1908, Trung tam Tan Chau tap<br /> dich benh t i m cQdng.<br /> trung vao vifc xay dyng Phdng tuyen lya<br /> gid'ng tim: NgQdi nudi t i m ban xQ mud'n sQ dung<br /> loai mung bang vai gai de thay the loai<br /> - Chuan bi vat lieu ed s i n tai chd (cd'p-<br /> mung b i n g sdi bdng kem thoang khi, dd<br /> pha, van, spt...), nhQng lien dp cham vi<br /> cung la mdt each cai tie'n tiofdc mat. Viec<br /> thieu van, tro, phai dat mua van b Bae Ky cai tien dung eu nudi t i m va nhQng quy tie<br /> gia re hdn. ve sinh cho l i m ehi cd the tien hanh tQng<br /> - SQ dung mung man va iQdi kim loai de bQdc.<br /> ddi phd vdi nan "con lang" d trung lam,<br /> Rieng d Trung tam Tan Chau, vi phdng<br /> ddng thdi khuyen khi'ch cac gia dinh nudi<br /> nudi t i m khdng cd Iran, vay nen bign phap<br /> t i m ap dung cac bien pb.ip nay.<br /> thyc te nhat la sQ dung nhQng mung rpng.<br /> 26 Rghien curu Ljch 5i5r. so 1.2010<br /> <br /> ket hdp vdi litdi sal d cac cQa sd. DQ linh benh tam gai da giam b i n , chi cdn 1/100.<br /> can 120$ (piastre) de him cQa iQdi sat d Day la mpt ty lo chifa lung cd eho ddn nay,<br /> phdng nuui t i m ; t r I n nha se ghep bing van ngay ca nhQng Id ken lay IQ midn nui Chau<br /> cay. Phdng nudi t i m nhat Ihidt phai cd Ddc cung khdng difdc nhu vay. Trude mat,<br /> nhQng pbudng lien hQu hieu chd'ng "con cd the di Ben Ti'c (Md Cay, Ba Tri) de thu<br /> lang". Vi cac ken gidng bi con ling lam hQ mua ken. Cd thd gia mua ken tQdi d Ben<br /> hai xua't phat IQ nhQng ly do rat khac Tre gap ddi gia ken d Chau Ddc, nhirng van<br /> nhau. Cac vach ngan bang lifdi kim loai da cd Idi.<br /> lien hanh IQ thang 3, nay phai tam ngifng,<br /> So lifdng gidiig tam phan phdi trong<br /> vi Sai Gon chifa kip cung cap ludi sit.<br /> thang 9 vQdt xa con so'eiia cac t h i n g trUdc<br /> Hien tai. Tan Chau da cd lkg200 ken dd, tuy thdi gian qua viec nudi tam d Tan<br /> gid'ng, se tuyen kfa qua kinh hien vi va Chau that gian nan, mdt phan vi nan "con<br /> phan phdi mien phi cho cac nha nudi l i m d ling", mdt phan do cac benh tam khac.<br /> eae lang lan can. Nd iQc chinh cua Tan Nhieu cd sd nudi tam nhif d ThQdng Phifde,<br /> Chau la thuyet phuc cac nha nudi t i m Long Khanh dang thieu gidng tdi nghiem<br /> cha'p nhan gid'ng tam da tuyen lUa de bao trpng; cd khi ca nipt nong tarn bj benh phai<br /> dam thu hoach binh Ihudng, lien tdi cd lai. dd bet xud'ng sdng.<br /> Vice tuyen lUa gid'ng tam dQdc lien banh 3. L a p d a t b e lidm - Xay 16 k e o sdi<br /> ddu dan iQ ngay 1-9 nhd so' ken t i m cua td - Che b i e n p h e p h a m<br /> dng Girard (Suzannah) va cua dng Bui Van<br /> Cudl nam 1910, nhan dip Phai doan Blc<br /> Danh b Md Cay, lai mua Ihem 2 Id ken t i m<br /> Ky chpn Tan Chau lam diom khao sat nghd<br /> dThdi Sdn.<br /> l i m Id Nam Ky, Trung lam Tan Chau difdc<br /> Da xet nghiem hdn 9.000 con ngai (chi lip dat mdt sd'thie't bi mdi:<br /> ed 50% con ngai tot). So' ken l i m cua dng<br /> - Be Qdm td: van hanh ngay 11 thing<br /> Girard va cua Ben Tre cung cap 90% con<br /> 12, Tuy mifa lu keo dai, jjhln ldn dien tich<br /> ngai lanh manh. So' ken l i m ciia Thdi Sdn<br /> trdng dau bi ngap, anh hifdng den viec nudi<br /> cd 10% con ngai bi benh lam gai.<br /> tim, nhung Trung lam da kjp thu mua<br /> Dung cresyl va sulfate ddng de tay rila dQdc ma'y tram kg ken t i m , dung hdi hfim<br /> dung cu eae nha nudi t i m lan can (trQdc ken de kip dQa vao cac be Qdm (vice ham<br /> khi hp nhan gidiig l i m da lya chpn); day la ken bing hdi nifdc difdc ap dung d Phap<br /> khoan chi lieu ngoai dy tinh nhifng can nhung chifa dQdc thich dung d Ddng DQdng<br /> thiol. Vdi da nay, cd the tang cQdng gid'ng do dac diem eiia ken t i m va do khi hau am<br /> tam dii tuyen lya, cd the cung cap gan 20 tha'p).<br /> lln so vdi hien nay, kip dap Qng cac ddn<br /> Chu nhan eae nha t;im trong vung ra't<br /> dat hang.<br /> hai long khi quan sat each van hanh khac<br /> Theo bao cao djnh ky (10-1908): viec nhau cua 2 be Qdm: mdt be Qdm sdi td<br /> tuyen gid'ng tam dien bie'n rat td't. Da phan manh de xua't khau va mpt be Qdm s(;)i td<br /> phdi bet 4.530 con gid'ng. Nhan them ciia cQng dd dot lua ban xQ va det lua trdn bing<br /> dng phu XQdng va mpt hQdng chQc d Md sdi td nguyen chat. Mpt so cdng nhan nQ<br /> Cay 25kg ken tam rat dep. Qua kiem thQc tap trdn may mdi qua cac cdng doan<br /> nghiem tren kinh bien vi, ty le eon ngai bi (lya ken, biit sdi va keo spi Qdm...).<br /> Rghe thm ta Ram Ky thdri thude Phap. 27<br /> <br /> Theo danh gia cua Phai doan khao sat - Che bien phe phim: IChau che bien<br /> Bae Ky, td sd'ng cua Nam Ky da dUde cai lien nay h l u nhu chifa dQdc Nam Ky biet don<br /> nhidu, ed gia tri tifdng dudng td sd'ng cua hoac ft ra cung rat coi thQdng. NhQng ken<br /> Bae Ky, nghla la de dang xua't cang sang tam xa'u, tham nQde hoac Id xoan neu che<br /> Phap. Loai td nay cd gia tQ 9$ den 10$/kg bien theo cung cdch dia jibQdng thi chi tao<br /> hoac cao hdn, tuy theo cha't iQdng (ddu sdi, ra mpt khdi ket dinh, chi bdn difdc 0$60-<br /> cudn tot...). Loai td sdi cQng dung del tussor 0$70/kg. Trdi lai, d Blc Ky, bing cdch lam<br /> cung cd gia tifdng difdng loai Id ndi tren. Ihii cdng Ihich hdp, gid trung binh mpt kg<br /> phe pham ban difdc 2$50 den 3$00. NhQng<br /> Phai doan cho rang: chifa can cai tien<br /> ken xau rat kho Udm bang mdy thi Udm<br /> phifdng tien san xua't td sd'ng bing may<br /> bing dua, ban vdi gid 3$-4$/kg. NhQng Id<br /> mdc Au chau, vi loai Id nguyen gd'c d Tan<br /> xoan sau khi dQdc keo dudi ra, van sach vd<br /> Chau cd gia 9$-9$50/kg, vo dan dia phifdng<br /> dep mau, dUde cdc nha xudt cang tra gid<br /> ehua tha'y ed Idi nhidu kjii Qng dung may<br /> l$60-l$80/kg. NhQng ba ken cung dQdc sQ<br /> mdc cai lien.<br /> dung, nhu Udm loai ken xau, ciing cd the<br /> O Tan Chau, ngUdi ta chi can 15kg ddn bdn dUdc 4$/kg. Cdc chi-. pham nay hodn<br /> 20kg ken tam da cd 1kg sdi Id, trong khi cac todn mdi la vdi Tdn Chdu.<br /> phQdng tien cai lien pb.li can ddn 20kg den<br /> 25kg. Bing pbUiing phap truydn ihd'ng cua<br /> dia phQdng, cd the cung ca'p mdi ngay 600gr<br /> td sd'ng, trong khi cac phUdng lien cai tien Nhan x6t vd Trung tdm t i m td Tdn<br /> (cua chau Au) cbi cung ca'p mdi ngay 150gr Chau va nghd t i m td Nam Ky ndi chung<br /> den 200gr. Neu dung nhif vay thi khdng cin trong tb.ip nien d i u tic'^i cua thd ky XX,<br /> dat va'n dd san xua't lua injn (mdng) d Tan Phdi doan (3anh ndng va Thudng rnni Biie<br /> Chau de xua't khau, ma chi nen sdn xuat lua Ky cho ring: ky nghe t i m td Bae Ky se rat<br /> min de tidu thu trong nifdc. cd Idi khi ky nghe l i m Id Nam Ky Qng dung<br /> nhQng phifdng phaj) mdi.<br /> Tuy nhien, dfui chung Nam Ky va d Tan<br /> Chau ndi rieng cung dii bifdc dau thQa nhan Nam Ky cd the che bien va xudl cdng<br /> linh Qu viet cua nhQng may mdc mdi (cung nhQng sdn pham Id t i m vdi gia cao, dac<br /> nhQ nhQng bd phan cai lien de Qdm td, che biet la t(J non (min) vd dui; lai cd the bdn<br /> bie'n phd pham...) vd ca bai mat ky Ihual va eae IbQ pham vh phd pham cho Bic Ky do<br /> kinh id so vdi nhflng dung i u truydn Ihd'ng d hp che bidn loai tussor va "shangtung fin",<br /> dia phQdng. Bing chQng la: ngoai Ben Tre cd the canh tranh vdi cdc san pham cung<br /> va Long Xuyen, mdt so tinh khac da cQ loai ciia Trung Hoa va An Dp.<br /> nhidu nQ cdng nhdn den thyc lap d Tan<br /> Chdu. Mdt sd' nhd t i m vung lan can cung da NhQng ken t i m bi rdcb, cd Id thiing (do<br /> ty ddng cQ ngQdi den Tan Chau tim hieu khau lya ken hoac do cdc nguyen nhan<br /> phudng phdp Qdm td mdi va yeu ciu difdc khdc) cung se tim dQdc d Bae Ky ndi giai<br /> cung cap nhQng be Qdm cai tien. quye't de thu Idi. Nhd vi(3C Qdm td bing tay<br /> ra't can min, nhQng ken hdng so difdc keo<br /> - Xdy 2 Id kdo sdi: moi Id cd 2 bep va 4 thanh loai td de del tussor thd.<br /> ndi theo mlu Blc Ky (be thdng dun ndng re<br /> tidn hdn cdch dun ndng d dia phQdng). (Xem riep frun^ 63}<br /> Kim logi Hdn R I } ^ B i n va ehuyin bi6i... 63<br /> <br /> <br /> (67). William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries (70). Xem lufln diim vk khdi qudt hda vl<br /> (London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p. 49. , ,- _ Thang Long ciing nhU Dang Ngoai ndi chung trong<br /> (68). Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and bdi canh hai thudng khu vUc t h i ky XVI tQ:<br /> the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass., Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of<br /> 1934). Xem them c6c tham luftn chuyen dl vl vft'n Commerce 1450-1680 (Vol. II: Expansion and<br /> di kim loai tiln t$ trSn pham vi toin ciu vko Crisis) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993),<br /> trung dai m^t ky-cftn dai sd ky trong J. F. pp. 62, 63, 71 va cac trang tilp theo.<br /> Richards (ed.). Precious Metals in the Later<br /> (71). Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de<br /> Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (California:<br /> VOC (Walburg Pars, 2002).<br /> CaroUna Academic Press, 1983).<br /> (69). Xin xem nhiing luftn diim thu vi vl cac (72). Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp. 219-<br /> dong chay cua kim lo^i tiln t§ vio chflu A trong: 220.<br /> Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, (73). Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> pp. 131-164. Flow", pp. 363-396.<br /> <br /> <br /> NCHi TAM Td NAM KY THdl THU$C PHAP<br /> (Tiep theo trang 27)<br /> •tn^sii -;i.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mpt khi xu&'t k h ^ u dutjc td sdng, trien K^ Ua chupng chu ye'u Id p h y e vy s a n xua't<br /> vong n g a n h t ^ m td N a m K^ se ra't Idn. Theo cua cac gia dinh. Thdi giein tdi, p h a i tim each<br /> mpt thong bao chinh thQc ciia Bp ThUdng che tao nhQng co m a y I^p dSt theo h ? thdng<br /> mai P h a p , t r o n g n S m 1910 vi$c n h d p k h ^ u cd khi cua P h a p , nhUng p h a i re tien hdn va<br /> td sdng va cac p h e p h ^ m cua td t ^ m vao thich n g h i vdi eae phUdng p h a p b a n xQ, de<br /> nu6c P h a p se t a n g len 340 tri$u francs. CO t h e cung ca'p n h i i n g s a n phllm tdt hdn vd<br /> V l nhQng budc cai tie'n tie'p theo, P h a i cha't lucjng ciing nhU gia trj b i n g hda. Tuy<br /> dodn cho rling: cac d y n g cy Udm td d$t l y a nhien, nhiing be Udm vd k h u n g c i i eua cac<br /> dang dU