Nghiên cứu và đo lường về tiến bộ bình đẳng giới: Một số cách tiếp cận

Nghion cdfu<br /> Gia dinh v^ Gidi<br /> S^ 6 -2 011<br /> <br /> Nghien cufu vd do lirang ve tien bo<br /> binli fling gioi: Mot so cacli tiep can<br /> Ngo Thj Tuan Dung<br /> Vi6n Gia dinh v^ Gidi<br /> <br /> T o m t a t : Trong nhieu thap ki phat trien, cac no lpc nham cai<br /> thien vj the ciia phu nP, thu hep khoang each bat binh dang gi6i<br /> d cac linh vpc boat dong cd ban da dUdc dat vao trpng tam nhieu<br /> ChUdng trinh nghj sp phat trien qudc te toan eau va qudc gia.<br /> Ngay cang nhieu quoe gia d;\y nhanh viec "npi luat h6a' Cong U6c<br /> CEDAW 1979 bang cac dieu luat qudc gia ed ban ve binh dang<br /> giPi, tang cUdng nghien cPu cd ban va dac biet la xay dUng he<br /> thong cac chi so, chi bao do lUdng ve nhiing tien bp phu nP va<br /> binh dang giPi (BDC) va c;ie ydu to anh hUdng. Cho den nay,<br /> nhieu nghien cPu, dieu tra da tien hanh nh;im xay dUng va hoan<br /> thien he thong thong ke. do lUdng. danh gia lien quan den tien bo<br /> phu nP va BDG d tPng linh vUc va toan bp sp phiit trien xa hoi<br /> noi chung. i^ai viel trinli bay kh;ii qual mot sd each tiep can do<br /> lUdng vd t It'll bp BDG trong ph;\t trien tren the gidi va d Viet<br /> Nam, sU can thiel xay dUng he thdng dp lieu giPi bao quat moi<br /> chieu (iinh lien bp lien quan den BDG trong qu;i trinh phat trien.<br /> Tii k h o a : Gu')!; Binh dang giPi; Do lUdng vd binh dang giPi; He<br /> thdng dp Heu gi6i.<br /> <br /> 1. Nghien ciiru, do ludng ve tien bo binh dang gidi tren the'gidi<br /> Xdy dung he thdng dit lieu gi&i<br /> Tren binh dien qudc te, nhu cau can thiet nghien ciiii, xay dung he<br /> <br /> Ngo Thi Tuan Dung<br /> <br /> 59<br /> <br /> thdng du lieu ve tien bd phu nir va BDG, vdi dp tin cay, cd taeh biel Iheo<br /> gidi tfnh, va cac bien sd nhan khau, kinh te - xa hpi quan trpng khac, d cap<br /> dp qudc gia/hoac theo timg nganh/lTnh vuc phat tridn..., da dupc khang<br /> djnh trong nhieu Hpi nghj qudc te nhu Hpi nghj Phu nir ITie gidi ian 1<br /> (1975) dMehico, Cong udc CEDAW (1979), Hpi nghj Phu nir The gidi lan<br /> 4 tai Bac kinh 1995, Chuong trinh Muc tieu phat trien Thien nien ki (UN<br /> MDGs, 2000-2015),...<br /> Theo dd, he thdng dur lieu Ihdng ke gidi phan anh cac dac didm tinh<br /> hinh phu nii", nam gidi d mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng xfi hpi va gia dinh, tren ca<br /> sd dd, cho phep phan tfch, theo ddi mpt each he thdng nhirng didm tuong<br /> ddng, khac biet gidi d ciic ITnh \uc trong qua trinh phiit tridn. Nd khong<br /> dan thuan la he Ihdng sd lieu taeh biet theo gidi tfnh, ma cdn bao gdm cac<br /> sd lieu gidi dac thu va cac chi bao nhay cam gidi, phan anh nhirng anh<br /> hudng cd lpi hoac bat lpi tuang ddi den mdi gidi, hoac phan anh nhirng<br /> khfa Ciinh khac biet, bat binh dang ve x\ the, dieu kien ciia nam va nil.<br /> Trong dd, dac biet quan trpng la viec nghien ciiru, xay dung he thdng chi<br /> bao nhay cam gidi, nham danh gia tien tridn khong chi thd hien qua thay<br /> ddi ve lucmg xh chat, ma kem theo cac luan giai ve didn bien va mau hinh<br /> bat BDG (UN, 2007).<br /> Qua trinh nay bat dau tir \ iec xac djnh djnh nghia, khai niem, phuong<br /> phap luan do ludng, phat tridn xa ap dung cac each tiep can, khung khd<br /> phan tfch gidi, hoac ket hop su dung nhieu loai chi bao do ludng khac<br /> nhau, tuy thupc vao bdi canh, cap dp, ITnh \'Uc va muc dfch phan tfch gidi<br /> cu thd. Nguyen tac long ghep gidi dupc tien hanh trong qua trinh xac djnh<br /> he thdng chi bao, chi sd thdng ke, do ludng; each thu thap, phan tfch dir<br /> lieu, cung nhu viec cai thien each thiic trinh bay va phd bien dii lieu thdng<br /> ke, cac chi tieu gidi qudc gia va viec bao cao theo tiing ITnh vuc boat dpng<br /> CO ban (Ngo Thj Tuan Dung \a cac tac gia, 2006, 2007).<br /> He thdng chi bao nay se cung cap thdng tin ve nhirng xu hudng thay<br /> ddi quan he gidi theo chidu hudng tfch cue hoac tieu cue, theo ddng thdi<br /> gian, hoac hoan canh/lTnh vuc cu thd. Dac biet, viec xay dung va sir dung<br /> he thdng cac chi bao nhay cam gidi (trong nghien ciru djnh tfnh), giiip nam<br /> bat thong tin vd quan niem, trai nghiem vd su thay ddi ciia nam, nii, ve su<br /> dam bao quyen phu nir d cac ITnh vuc khac nhau, nhat la trong viec theo<br /> ddi cac tac dpng tir cac can thiep phat trien.<br /> Tren toan cau, he thdng dii lieu gidi dau tien dupc thiet lap, la he ca sd<br /> dii lieu thdng ke vd tinh trang phu nu va lap ke hoach phat trien (theo quan<br /> <br /> 60<br /> <br /> Nghien cUu Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quyen 21, so 6, tr. 58-72<br /> <br /> diein Phu nU trong jihiit tridn (WID) dupc de xua't tai Hpi nghj Phu nir The<br /> gidi kin 1(1975).<br /> Cong udc CI'DAW vdi he thdng chi so, chi lieu nham theo ddi, danh<br /> gia miirc do thuc hipn ciim ket xda bd mpi hinh thirc phan bi6t ddi \ij vdi<br /> phu nir d ciie qudc gia cung ngay cang dupc hoan thien. Hp thdng dir lieu<br /> va Ciie hiio ciio djnh ki cua cac qudc gia vd thuc hien Cdng udc CEDAW<br /> bao gdm Ciie chi bao nhiiy cam gidi ca ban, dac biet la cac chi bao ve su<br /> Ihay lidi linh hinh phu nir, su tham gia va tao quydn phu nii'. Uy ban<br /> CEDAW thd gidi khuydn nghj cac qudc gia phat tridn mpt sd chi bao do<br /> ludng mang tfnh nhiiy ciim gidi, ihuc hien bao cao vd tien bp phu nir/BDG<br /> mpt so khfa ciinh van hda, phap if va chfnh trj..., vdn thudng chua dupc<br /> dua vao cac cupc Khao sal kinh td xa hpi qudc gia djnh ki.<br /> Cdng udc CEDAW cung lien luc cap nhat, phiin anh nhumg thay ddi<br /> dang dien ra hien nay, tang cudng \'ii md rpng pham vi quan tam, nang cao<br /> nhan thiirc, hieu biet ve cong tac thdng ke, bien phap do ludng ve tien bd<br /> BDG. Chang han, Uy ban CEDAW yeu cau cac bao cao qudc gia khdng<br /> chi neu rd xe lien bp trong ban hanh cac dieu Luat lien quan den BDG, ma<br /> can cong bd bao cao dir lieu, chi so danh gia, giam sat viec thuc hien cac<br /> didu Luat nay. He thdng chi so danh gia, giam sat thuc hien Cdng udc<br /> CEDAW tiep luc dupc nghien ciiru va hoan thien (UNIFEM, 2009).<br /> 7<br /> <br /> ^<br /> <br /> Cac Uy ban qudc gia \'i su tien bd phu nOr (UBQGTBPN) d cac qudc gia<br /> se phdi hop, tham van ciing cac ddi tac Hen quan cua chfnh phii, di xay<br /> dung cac bao cao quoc gia djnh ki trudc Uy ban CEDAW the gidi. Cac to<br /> chirc phi chfnh phii, xa hpi dan su, thuc hien cac bao cao theo ddi, giam<br /> sat ve lien dp, nhung diem lien bp \ a han chd, nhimg khd khan va trd ngai,<br /> bien phap khac phuc, v.v<br /> Tiim quan trpng ciui \'icc xay dung he thdng cac chi bao theo hudng<br /> nhay cam gidi nham theo ddi \ ii danh gia su tien bp phu nir d 12 ITnh vuc<br /> chien lupc uu tien ciing dupc khang djnh ro rang d Cuang ITnh, Chuang<br /> trinh hanh ddng vi su tien bd phu nir the' gidi (Hpi nghj Phu nxi The gidi<br /> lan 4, Bac kinh, 1995). Trong dd. 2 didm chfnh dupc nha'n manh la chii<br /> trpng dau tu nghien cihi ca ban ve h'ltn trang, ciing cd ca sd dur lieu taeh<br /> biet theo gidi tfnh va mpt sd bien sd khac nhu nhdm xa hpi dac biet, theo<br /> dp tudi, dan lpc thieu sd, khu vuc cu trii...; Ddng thdi xac djnh he thdng<br /> chi bao theo ddi, danh gia ve mirc dp tien bp phu nir va BDG, khac phuc<br /> tinh trang thieu hut ca sd dir lieu nen tang d mpt sd ITnh vuc uu tien, ciing<br /> nhu tiep tue quan tam nhirng van dd nay sinh trong bdi canh toan cau hda<br /> <br /> Ngo Thi Tuan Dung<br /> <br /> 61<br /> <br /> va phat trien lien quan phu nir va tie em gai.<br /> Quan diem gidi cung dupc long ghep vao trong cac nghien ciiii de xay<br /> dung bp chi sd Phdt trien con ngifdi todn cdn (UNDP, 1995, 2005), cac chi<br /> sd va chi tieu danh gia su tien bp kinh te - xa hpi qudc gia, thuc hien Cdc<br /> muc tieu phdt tried Thien nien ki ciia Lien Hiep qudc( 2000-2015), trong<br /> dd cd muc tieu 3 vd thiic dfiy BDG va tao quydn phu nir (UNMDGs<br /> Summit, 2000-2010).<br /> Khung khd loan cau \'e cac muc lieu phat tridn Thien nien ki, vdi 192<br /> qudc gia cam kdt thuc hidn, da dupc "npi dja hda", thong qua viec tang<br /> cudng tiep can long ghep gidi, do ludng. giam sal xe miirc dp nhay cam<br /> gidi, cung nhu da dupc phan anh cu the qua cac chi tieu trong cac kd<br /> hoach. chien lupc tang tiudng kinh te - xii hpi xa xda ddi giam ngheo qudc<br /> gia, va Chuang trinh hanh dpng ciia cac Chfnh phii ve thuc hien muc tieu<br /> Thien nien ki trong giai doan phat trien (2000-2015) vv.<br /> Nhin chung, nhirng thong tin thu thap djnh ki, he thdng se giiip cac nha<br /> nghien cuu, hoach djnh chfnh sach nam bat vd ban cha't, chieu canh,<br /> nguyen nhan, dac didm, hau qua xa hpi ciia tinh trang phan biet ddi xir,<br /> quan he ba't binh dang gidi d timg ITnh \'Uc hoat dpng. Tren co sd dd, cac<br /> chfnh phu. cac nha nghien cuu, hoach djnh chfnh sach, td chiirc tai trp phat<br /> trien, td chii'c phi chfnh phii, cac nha van dpng phong trao phu nil, truyen<br /> thong xa hpi... cd the theo ddi didn bien thuc trang, nhiimg mong mudn,<br /> nguyen vpng ciia cong chiing d ca'p dp qudc gia va dja phuang, giam sat<br /> cam ket thuc hien, danh gia ve su gan ket giira muc tieu BDG, tao quyen<br /> phu nir vdi hieu qua cua cac ngudn luc hd trp cho phat trien v.v.<br /> Nhidu td chuc phat trien, cac nha tai trp (nhu UNDP, ILO,<br /> UNIFEM,UN-EC Partnership on Gender Equality, WB, ADB...) da xay<br /> dung he thdng cong cu, phuang phap luan dd theo doi cac khoan muc dau<br /> tu va chi tieu gan vdi muc tieu/hoat dpng BDG trong ddng ngan sach va<br /> he thdng quan If tai chfnh, thue, phiic lpi... Hp da sir dung he thdng cac<br /> chi bao nhay cam gidi va dii lieu nay de trinh bay ve nhiimg lpi fch va ket<br /> qua ciia cac ngudn luc dau tu nham thiic day BDG va tao quyen phu nir<br /> trong td chiic va cac chuang trinh/du an phat trien tren thuc te.<br /> l\ldt so tiep can do ludng ve tien bg binh ddng gidi trong phdt trien<br /> Cac tidp can do ludng vd ba't BDG gin bd chat che vdi cac quan diem<br /> luan ban ve phat trien, bao ham quan diem triet hpc, kinh te, chfnh trj;<br /> quan niem ve phat trien, toan cau hda, hien dai hda... Viec ap dung each<br /> tiep can cu the phu thupc vao gdc dp phan tfch khac nhau, vf du, do ludng<br /> <br /> 62 Nghidn ciiru Gia dinh v^ Gidi. Quyen 21, sd 6, tr 58-72<br /> \e binh dang eo' iipi hay iiinh diing ket qii;i (la ke't quii hien thuc hda cac<br /> tiem n;ing \'on eci lioae dupc tfch iuy liong chu trinh sdng ciia con ngudi)<br /> wi Ciie veil to lae dong...<br /> Do lifdng cinso phdt trien con nguoi I if quan dieni gidi<br /> Xuiit piiiil diem quan trpng de eae nhii nghien ciiru xac djnh, do ludng<br /> chi so phiit trien eon ngudi loan cau (HDI) nam 1990 la tu tudng: "Phat<br /> trien chi'nh iii eo hpi de moi ngUdi cd tlid hidn thuc hda cac kha nang ciia<br /> minh \(ii lu e;ieii iii nipt con ngUdi.... Va mpi ngudi. ba't ke nir hay nam,<br /> phai ia nhirng cliu llie ciui qiui trinh phai tnen "dai con ngudi la trpng<br /> tam" Liin diiu lien, td chiic UNDP nghien cuu va xiiy dung Bao cao phat<br /> trien con ngudi toiin eau, vdi chuyen de diic biet ve BDG nham phuc vu<br /> cho Hpi ngiu Phu nir'Ihc gidi iiin 4 ciia Lien hiep qudc tai Bac kinh 1995<br /> (UNDP, 1995). Sau niiy, vice xac djnh chi sd long hap vd bai BDG dupc<br /> coi la mpt mue tieu chii chdt ciia cac Bao cao ve phat tridn con ngudi loan<br /> cau (UNDP 1995,2005).<br /> Vice nghien ciru vii tfnh toiin cac chi sd tong hcfp ve phat tridn con<br /> ngudi (HDD, chi so Phat tridn con ngudi lien quan den gidi (GDI) va chi<br /> so vd lao quyen phu nu" (nang caa nang luc, vi the - GEM) dupc coi la no<br /> luc nghien cii'u, do ludng \e phat trien vii tao quyen con ngudi tren ca sd<br /> gidi dau tien d pham x\ qudc te'"<br /> Chi so HDI phan iinh 3 chieu canh phat tridn con ngudi, thd hien qua<br /> mdt so chi biio quan trpng \'e chiil lupng song con ngudi, bao gdm: ti le<br /> ngudi dan biet chur vii liep can giao due phd thong co biin; linh trang cham<br /> sde sii'c khde (tudi thp); \a diil mirc song diing hoang (decent) udc tfnh<br /> theo mirc thu nhi~ip/d;iu ngucti qua Khiio sat Muc song hp gia dinh. Ngoai<br /> ra, Ciic nhii nghien ciiru cdn tinh toiin chi sd long hop \d su ngheo khd cua<br /> con ngudi (HPI) dc xiic dinh nhdm ddi lupng muc tieu ciia can thiep, hd<br /> Up phai trien. Theo dd, khi dua >eu td biit binh dang gidi vao tfnh toan,<br /> thir hiing chi so HDI eua qudc gia cd thd se bj anh huang, thay ddi theo<br /> chidu hirc'mg tang ien iioae giiim xudng. Thuc id cung cho tha'y mpt qudc<br /> gia cd chi sd HDI xep thir hang cao, cung khdng nhat thiet la qudc gia cd<br /> su ddi xir cong biing gidi.<br /> Vd thuc chat chi sd ldng hop GDI (UNDR 1995, 2005) khong nham do<br /> ludng miirc dp bat BDG, ma nham do ludng ve kha nang, nang luc (capabilities cac yeu td dau vao) ciia phat tridn con ngudi, va mdc dp chenh<br /> lech giira nang luc ciia nam va nii' b tinh trang dupc coi la "ba't binh ding"<br /> Neu khoang each chenh lech gidi cang cao d cac chieu canh nay, thi chi<br /> <br />