Nghiên cứu về Tuệ Tĩnh

Sijsi*!:<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> >^<br /> IVGHIEN ClTU VE TIIE T 1 \ H '-" JO.J<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TRAN TRONG Dl/ONG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T ud H n h la mdt n h a n vat lich sQ ndi<br /> tid'ng trong lich sQ dan toe. Lanh<br /> vQc ma dng da ed nhQng cd'ng hidn quan<br /> sQ nghidp eung nhQ h a n h trang cua nhan<br /> vat lich sQ nay.<br /> 1. T u e T i n h l i e u co p h a i la ngQdri<br /> trong n h i t ddi vdi nhan dan i y ehinh la sQ cvia t h e k y XVII?<br /> nghi?p y hoc l i y IQng, vdi nhQng tae p h i m<br /> NgQdi d i u tidn cho r i n g Tud H n h song<br /> y dQdc cdn t r u y i n lai den ngay nay, nhQ:<br /> vao thdi Le la T r i n Van Giap. Ong cho<br /> Thdp tam phuang gia gidm, Hdng Nghia<br /> r i n g : Tu? H n h sd'ng vao thdi Ld T h i n Tdng<br /> Gidc Tuy thU, DUcfc tinh chi nam... Cd the<br /> (1732-1735) cd Id la Nguyin Qud'c H n h (di<br /> ndi nhQ nha nghien cQu Ld T r i n DQc, dng<br /> thi, dd va lam quan den h i t ddi). Ong vilt:<br /> la "ngQdi xay dQng n i n mdng cho n i n y hoe<br /> "Theo tuc t r u y i n Tud H n h t h i i n sQ tdn<br /> cd truyen Viet Nam". Khdng nhQng the,<br /> thQc la Nguyin B i H n h , dau T h i i hoe sinh<br /> thiin sQ - y sQ Tud H n h edn la mot nha<br /> ddi T r i n Du Tdng (1341-1369). NhQng tim<br /> khoa bang, tham gia vao cdng vide quan ly<br /> trong cac sieh Ddng khoa luc, khdng t h i y<br /> d i t nQdc, dai dien nhQng ngQdi tri thQc cua<br /> chdp tdn cac Thai hoc sinh ddi T r i n Du<br /> ca mot dan toe di sQ sang Bic qud'c. Md Tdng va cung khdng t h i y ten Nguyin B i<br /> hinh nhan each cua Tud H n h (md hinh H n h {B i& W) dku Thai hoc sinh ddi<br /> tdng quan) cd the coi la mdt dac trQng v l T r i n . Khao ddi Ld Du Tdng (1705-1731) thi<br /> loai hinh hoc nhan vat lich sQ d i n g iQu y. ehi t h i y cd tdn Nguyin Qud'c Tinh (Kc H W<br /> The' nhQng, cho d i n nay, danh tinh, hanh ), ngQdi lang Ong Mae, huydn Ddng Ngan,<br /> trang cung nhQ sQ nghidp cua dng v i n t r i n Kinh Bic, dau ddng H i n si khoa Vinh<br /> dang cdn la v i n d l edn phai tranh lu^n ban Thinh thQ 6 (1710), tQc la nam thQ 6 ddi Le<br /> bac. Dvi Tdng ma khdng t h i y cd tdn Nguyin B i<br /> H n h . v a y cd the, t r u y i n t h u y l t sai tQ Le<br /> Bai vid't se di vao bidn lu^n vdi eic t i c<br /> Du Tdng sang T r i n Dy Tdng va tQ Nguyin<br /> gia cho r i n g : Tud H n h sd'ng vao thdi Le<br /> Qud'c Tinh Sang Nguyin Ba H n h " (1).<br /> Trung HQng ( t h i ky XVI- XVII), nhQ T r i n<br /> Van Giap, Nguyen Lang, Ld Van Quan va T r i n v a n Giip cd hai lap luan: thQ n h i t<br /> Ha Van T i n . V l cd ban, nhiing bidn lu^n la khdng tim t h i y ai tdn la Nguyin Ba<br /> cua chiing tdi se dQa tren nhQng tQ lieu H n h dau Thai hoc sinh ddi T r i n Du Tdng<br /> thanh van va t r u y i n t h u y l t dan gian. TQ trong cac s i e h ghi chdp v l vide dang khoa.<br /> dd, bai vid't se di d i n xae dinh v l than t h i . NhQng theo sQ khao s i t ciia Mai Hdng qua<br /> <br /> *ThS. Vi?n Nghien cQu Han Nom<br /> 40 Rghign curu L|ch siJr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> cud'n Ddng khoa luc A.2752 (ThQ vidn Vien Nguyen Hue Chi, Mai Hdng cai chinh).<br /> Nghidn cQu H i n Ndm) k h i c in nam 1779 NhQng, bai tQa nay la do ngQdi k h i c - Hu?<br /> thi "chi t h i y chdp 4 khoa thi dQdi t r i i u nha Duydn vid't, nam 1631 chi la nam v i l t ciia<br /> T r i n : 1247, 1250, 1274, 1304 tQ d i y dd'n bai tQa, thQ nQa ndi dung cua bai tQa nay<br /> nam 1399 khdng t h i y chdp nQa. NhQ vay, khdng cd thdng tin nao eho bid't v l ban giai<br /> Ddng khoa luc thieu g i n sudt thd' ky XIV. nghia. Nam viet bai tQa ed the viet vao b i t<br /> Khdng ridng nhQng khoa thi Thai hoc sinh ky mdt thdi diem nao dd trong q u i trinh<br /> cQ 7 nam mdt l i n theo thQdng Id ma sQ t r u y i n ban ciia Khda hU luc, vk quan trong<br /> khdng chdp, eae khoa thi sQ ed ndi trdn, n h i t nd cd the doe lap vdi p h i n giai nghia d<br /> nhQ khoa Giap D i n (1314) v l t r i i u T r i n trong dd, cho nen khdng the xae quyet v l<br /> Dud Tdng cung cac khoa Tan Dau (1381) v i n de dieh gia cung nhQ thdi diem giai<br /> khoa Giip Ty (1384) ve trieu P h i De, khoa nghia thdng qua bai tQa nay dQdc.<br /> Ky Dau (1393) t r i i u T r i n Thuan Tdng d i u<br /> Trong cud'n Nghien cihi vi chQ Ndm<br /> thieu ca".<br /> (1981), Ld v a n Quan cung cd xu hQdng<br /> Mat khac, theo nhQ nhQng thdng tin v l chQng minh Tud H n h la ngQdi cua the ky<br /> Tue H n h qua cud'n Dgi Viet lich triiu ddng XVII. Ong dQa r a ba cQ lieu trong Thap<br /> khoa luc do Vd Duy Doin bidn tap nam tam phuang gia gidm de chQng minh t i c<br /> Thinh DQc 2 (1654) thi Nguyen Ba H n h la p h i m nay dQdc trQdc t i c vao t h i ky XVII<br /> mdt nhan vat lich sQ cd that, khac vdi de tQ dd k h i n g dinh Tud H n h la ngQdi<br /> Nguyin Qud'c Tinh ngQdi Bic Ninh. Vi the, sd'ng vao the' ky XVII.<br /> vide T r i n Van Giap cho r i n g cd sQ n h i m<br /> ThQ nhdt v l dia danh, dng cho r i n g eic<br /> l i n do sao chdp hay t r u y i n thuye't tQ T r i n<br /> dia danh trong cau "hoac di Sdn Tay Quang<br /> Du Tdng sang Ld Du Tdng, tQ Nguyin<br /> Ddng/ Quang Nam, Thuan Hda, Dai Ddng,<br /> Qud'c Tinh sang Nguyin Ba H n h la mot gia<br /> Phien Di/ Tuydn Quang, HQng Hda chQ<br /> thuyd't r i t yd'u,,nlu khdng mud'n ndi r i n g<br /> ty..." [bai 9 td 21b, AB.306] d i u x u i t hidn<br /> khd cd the xay ra. Rd rang, day la hai n h a n<br /> vao thi'ky XV, trQ Tuydn Quang x u i t hidn<br /> vat lich sQ khac nhau sd'ng d hai trieu dai<br /> vao ddi T r i n (3).<br /> k h i c nhau, cich nhau ba tram nam, va qud<br /> quan cung khac nhau. NhQ t h i , vide hoc ThQ hai v l tdn cie cay thud'c, chQ ki<br /> gia T r i n Van Giap "dp duydn" Nguyin B i trong hodng ki, dng cd so sanh vdi cie loai<br /> H n h thanh Nguyin Qud'c Tinh, de chQng cay i y trong Thdn Ndng bdn thdo kinh<br /> minh r i n g Tue H n h la nhan vat cua t h i ky (trQdc t h i ky XVI, chQ ki v i l t la fp) va Bdn<br /> XVII la mot vide "got chan" cho vQa vdi tQ thdo cUang muc cua Ly Thi Tran (sau t h i<br /> lieu ma dng cd. ky, chQ XVI ki vie't la H), k i t luan dQa ra<br /> nhQ sau: 'Trong Thap tam phUOng gia<br /> Cung y kid'n vdi T r i n Van Giap, Nguyin<br /> gidm chQ ki ^ trong hodng ki da x u i t hien<br /> Lang cho r i n g : "Thiin sQ Tud H n h sinh<br /> 5 l i n d 5 bai khac nhau. NhQ vay, cang<br /> v i o cudi the ki XVII... Bai tQa sach Khod<br /> chQng td tai Ueu nay viet sau the'ky XVI"<br /> hu luc dQdc vie't n a m 1631 cho nen ta bid't<br /> dng sinh vao cudi the ki XVIT' (2). y k i l n<br /> nay diia vao bai tQa eua van ban Thiin Tuy nhidn, de hai lap luan khdng l?ch<br /> tdng khda hU ngQ luc AB.268 vid't nam nhau v l thdi gian, Ld Van Quan da loai bd<br /> 1631 (bi vilt n h i m la 1734, da dQdc ngay ca luan diem thQ n h i t cua minh vQa<br /> Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh 41<br /> <br /> dQa ra: "Dilu kidn de tae gia vid't t i c p h i m gidi dm (10) (nam 1865). Cdn tQ "phdng" va<br /> Thdp tam phUOng gia gidm Ik phai sau Idii "thilt" d i u la tQ vay mQdn tnic tiep tQ<br /> cac cQ lieu trdn da x u i t hidn. Do dd vide tilng Han. V l v i n dieu, Ld Van Q u i n nhan<br /> xae dinh thdi ki xuat hidn van ban, chung xdt: "vin dieu trong cac cau thd tQ bai 1<br /> ta khdng chi can cQ vao da sd' dia danh de den bai 13 diu gieo vdn dung ludt (TTD<br /> dQa tac p h i m nay x u i t hidn vao khoang n h i n manh). Vi du: dii vdng md cd trao tay,<br /> the ki thQ XV. Nd'u nhQ vay se khdng phu thdi ta chdng ddi phUcfng ndy cho ai" (11).<br /> hdp vdi cQ lieu v l ten cay thud'c hidn cd d Cudi eung, tac gia dQa ra kd't luan tQ ba<br /> trong sach" (5). chQng cQ v l ngdn ngQ nhQ sau: "du xdt mat<br /> nay hay mat khac, chung ta t h i y v i n cd sQ<br /> CQ lieu thQ ba ma Ld Van Quan dQa ra<br /> thd'ng n h i t : Thdp tam phuang gia gidm \k<br /> la cie cQ lieu v l ngdn ngQ (van phong, each<br /> do mdt tae gia vid't ra, va x u i t hidn vao thd'<br /> dung tQ, va v i n dieu). V l van phong, dng<br /> ky X V i r (12).<br /> tim t h i y mot c i u true eau kieu nhQ "mot<br /> bat nQdc ca chidn thang" trong bai 9 gid'ng Cd the t h i y , kd't luan eua Ld Van Quan<br /> vdi cac cau d cie bai khae. Ong tim t h i y trdn cd sd ngdn ngQ la chQa thuye't phuc,<br /> loai cau thQdng x u i t hidn chQ "he" va chQ vdi ly do v l thao tac khoa hoc nhQ chiing<br /> "hoac" d d i u cau, vi du "hoac la nam nQ tre tdi da ndu. Lap luan thQ hai cua dng v l tdn<br /> gia" (6). Tuy nhidn, dng chQa the dQa ra cay thud'c la cd p h i n hQu ly. Song, chi qua<br /> dQdc kd't luan chic c h i n nao v l van phong. mdt hai ten ridng c i biet nhQ v^y thi chQa<br /> Lieu dd la van phong cua the ky XVII trong the di d i n kd't luan thiic sQ ehie c h i n . Vdi<br /> khi dng khdng h i so sanh vdi cae kieu eau ba diem Ld Van Q u i n dQa ra, chung tdi<br /> tQdng tQ vdi cac van ban trQdc - cung hay tam thdi dQa ra nhiing n h a n dinh nhQ sau:<br /> sau dd? Lieu dd cd phai la van phong dac<br /> 1. Van ban Thdp tam phUcfng gia gidm<br /> trQng chi x u i t hien d t h i ky XVII? Trong<br /> AB.306 cd mot sd' dia danh tQ ddi T r i n dd'n<br /> khi, kieu cau nay v i n x u i t hien r i t n h i l u<br /> ddi Ld sd ( t h i k y XIH- XV);<br /> trong tid'ng Viet hidn dai!<br /> 2. Mdt so ten thud'c cung x u i t hidn trong<br /> V l each dung tQ, Ld Van Quan tim t h i y<br /> Bdn thdo cUOng muc chQng td van ban nay<br /> tQ bai 1 d i n bai 13 cd 7 l i n chQ "ca - ^ " vdi<br /> cd sQ tham gia bien tap cua ngQdi ddi sau<br /> nghia Ik to ldn; 16 l i n chQ "phdng - # " vdi<br /> (the ky XVII), day la mot dae trQng r i t<br /> nghia phong chihig; 7 l i n chQ "thid't - W<br /> quan trong eua cie van ban y hoc;<br /> vdi nghia la thdi (7). Tuy nliidn, dng cung<br /> khdng the dQa ra kd't luan, bdi cac sd lieu 3. TrQdng hdp tQ cd x u i t hidn trong van<br /> d i u v i n khdng dQdc so sanh v l Uch dai. ban (ma Le Van Q u i n dQa ra) lai thudc v l<br /> Theo chung tdi, nhQng tQ cd trdn day Idp tQ vQng chung ed ban eua tilng Viet cd<br /> khdng the cho phdp k h i n g dinh t i c p h i m (XII-XVI) va tieng Viet Trung - Can dai<br /> Thap tam phuang gia gidm \k thudc t h i ky (XVII-XIX).<br /> XVII, bdi chung d i u thudc Idp tQ vQng NhQ vay, vdi nhQng cQ lieu ndi chQng<br /> chung cua tid'ng Viet tQ t h i ky XII dd'n t h i trong van ban, chQa the k h i n g dinh sach<br /> ky XIX, vi du nhQ tQ "ea" vdi nghia la ldn Thap tam phuang gia gidm thudc v l t h i ky<br /> da x u i t hidn 25 l i n trong Phat thuyet (8) XVII. v a di nhien eang chQa the xae quye't<br /> ( t h i ky XII), 18 l i n trong Qud'c dm thi tap r i n g Tud H n h - tac gia cua nd la ngQdi eiia<br /> (9) ( t h i ky XV) va 6 l i n trong lOida hU luc giai doan nay.<br /> 42 Rghign ciJni Lich siSr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> Ha v a n T i n diia trdn eic cQ lieu bi ki hihig cdng hdi thd uan tdn tdy thd tU du<br /> tai chua Giam (Cim Giing, Hai DQdng) cho xudt gia tiem tu gidi hgnh True ldm ddu dd<br /> r i n g Tud H n h sd'ng vao quang giai doan Ma ha ti khdu Chi Ngu hoa thUOng sa mdn<br /> cudi t h i ky XVII d i u t h i ky XVIII. Chdn An. Chan An, nhQ ta da t h i y , tQc<br /> Tue H n h . Qua cau nay ta t h i y Tud H n h<br /> Chung tdi xin trich nguyen van: "Rit<br /> da x u i t gia tQ bd. NhQ vay, la khdng cd<br /> may la t i m bia Vinh Thinh thQ 13 (1717)<br /> chuydn dng di hoe, lam quan, rdi mdi x u i t<br /> v i n cdn nguydn v?n. Bia cd 4 mat, chQ ldn<br /> gia va chd't d Trung Qud'c nhQ t r u y i n<br /> di ten bia chay quanh 4 mat: Nghiem<br /> thuyd't da ndi" (13).<br /> Quang thiin tU danh lam cdtich hUng cdng<br /> cdu tdc thdnh tUOng bi ky. Ddng ghi nidn Tuy nhidn, chung tdi t h i y r i n g , bai vid't<br /> dai eiia bia d mat cudi: Vinh Thinh thdp cua Giio sQ Ha Van T i n chi khai t h i c tQ<br /> tam nien tam nguyet thdp nhi nhgt (Vinh lieu mot chilu. Ong chQa d l cap d i n cie<br /> Thinh nam thQ 13 t h i n g 3 ngay 12). Ngay thQ tieh t h a n h van khac, nliQ cac sach Dgi<br /> ddng d i u bia eho bid't ngQdi lam bia la sa di Viet ddng khoa luc, Hdng Nghia gidc tU y<br /> tii NhQ Qng hieu Tud Phai. Bia ndi v l thu, Thdp tam phUcfng gia gidm, Lich triiu<br /> nhQng l i n tao tQdng d trong chua. TrQdc hien chUcfng logi chi, Hdi DUOng phong vdt<br /> h i t la ndi de'n l i n due tQdng Quan Am 24 chi, Qud'c sQ di bien... Chung tdi khdng phu<br /> tay vao nam Tan Mao (1711). Sau khi hoan nhan r i n g cd mdt t h i i n sQ phap hieu Tud<br /> thanh, chua lap bia thi ngbidm sQ da tich. H n h tQng tu t a p tai chua Giam. NhQng vi<br /> "Ngbidm svf" dd la ai? Trong danh s i e h t h i i n sQ nay khdng phai la y sQ Tud H n h<br /> nhQng ngQdi bd cdng cua de lam vide nay, ma lau nay moi ngQdi v i n n h i c den. ChQng<br /> ta gap ddng d i u ghi HUng cdng hgi chu sa cQ la t h i i n sQ Tue Tinh J i ; f t h i ky XVII-<br /> mdn Chdn An Gidc Tinh Tue Tinh thiin sU. XVIII cd hieu la Chan An Giic H n h ( U S<br /> NhQ vay la t h i i n sQ Tud H n h cd cii ten K t t ) , khae b i n vdi tii eua Tud H n h ( J i l i )<br /> d i y du la Chan An Giac Tinh Tud H n h , da ddi T r i n (Tring TQ Vd Dat » i F ^ ^ ) . Xdt<br /> dQng d i u trong vide due tQdng Quan Am theo bai kd t r u y i n thQa (14) ddng Lam Te<br /> nam 1711. Cd ngQdi cho la Tud H n h v i n t h i ky XVII-XVIII thi Chan An Tud Tinh (<br /> cdn sd'ng vao nam lap bia tQc 1717. NhQng H S 38 y#) se ngang hang vdi dng Chan<br /> dilu nay khdng dung. Luc dd dng da chit, Nguydn Tud Dang ( S T C S J S ) tu tai chua<br /> v a y dng che't vao nam nao. May thay, d Quynh Lam, Long Dong d Ydn TQ, tQc la<br /> mat bia bdn canh cd cau ghi ro: Quy Ty hai dng nay d i u la hoc trd cua Minh LQdng,<br /> nien tdn sU tich mich, tU nien thdn de tQ tru cdn Minh LQdng ( ^ A ) va Minh H a n h (^fi^)<br /> tri tdng sa di tU NhU Qng hieu Tue Phdi thi d i u la dd tQ t r u y i n thQa y bat cua Vien<br /> kien lap sao vdn tU lUu truyin cd tich di v a n Chuyet Chuyet t h i i n sQ (W^X^W^W^)<br /> hau lai tri (Nam Quy Ty tdn sQ tich, nam (1590 - 1644) (15).<br /> dd dd tQ la sQ tru tri sa di tQ la NhQ ting<br /> Mot ly do nQa de chung tdi cho r i n g cd<br /> hieu la Tud Phai dQng (bia) sao lai bai van<br /> hai t h i i n sQ Tud H n h khac n h a u dd la, eic<br /> de iQu truyen d i u xQa cho mai sau bid't).<br /> ndi dung cd di cap dd'n qua tQ lieu van bia<br /> v a y la ed the bid't Tud H n h m i t nam Quy<br /> tai chua Giim C i m Giang khdng h i cd<br /> Ty tQc nam 1713... Dang mQng la tren mdt<br /> thdng tin nao trung khit vdi h a n h trang va<br /> cay hQdng (cdt thien dai) b i n g d i diing<br /> trQdc tac eua Trang TQ Vd Dat Tu? H n h .<br /> nam Vinh Thinh thQ 2 (1706) cd ddng chQ:<br /> Chi cd mot ehi t i l t trung hdp n g i u nhidn la<br /> Rghign curu vg Tug infnh 43<br /> <br /> <br /> Chan An Chan An Giac Tinh Tud Tinh (M b e i n g t l . Hud H n h t h i i n sQ, cQ si linh Qng,<br /> S J l t t J i t y ? ) tu h a n h ngay tai qud hQdng thdng minh chinh trQc, dQdng uy tich phuc,<br /> cua Trang TQ Vd Dat Tu? H n h ( S t ^ ^ a a J i t thQdng thQdng d i n g phuc t h i n , cao minh<br /> l i ) ddi T r i n . dai VQdng" (19). Le T r i n DQc khdng dieh<br /> 2. N g h i e n cijfu v e T u e T i n h q u a c a c doan trdn, nhQng theo cich viet hoa va<br /> n g u o n tQ l i e u c h i m cau thi cd ve nhQ doan van trdn edn<br /> cd mdt so' diem c i n ban lai. Chung tdi tam<br /> Trong cud'n sach Thiin tdng khda hU phidn am va hieu diem lai nhQ sau: DQdng<br /> ngQ luc (AB.268), trang d i u cd ghi: Thiin eanh Thanh Hoang: - Hdng Nghia, Giac TQ,<br /> tQ Than Trai phdp hieu Hue Tinh tU Vd Trung Thien Tien Thanh, Quang Dai<br /> Dgt gidi nghia (m^^^^^W^W^M Hoing Te, Hud H n h t h i i n sQ; - C Q Si Linh<br /> ^ ft? H) nghia la: ' T h a t tQ chd'n t h i i n lam Qng, Thdng Minh Chinh TrQc, DQdng Uy<br /> la Than Trai, p h i p hi?u Hu? H n h , tQ la Vd Tich Phuc, thQdng thQdng d i n g phuc t h i n<br /> Dat giai nghia". (ba l i n d ea 3 quyen Cao Minh Dai VQdng". Nghia la ' T h a n h<br /> Thuang - Trung - Hg td 5b, 31b, 77b). Hoang da't nay gdm: - Hu? H n h t h i i n sQ<br /> H o n g tid'ng Han cd dQdc sQ dung trong nha dQpc ban my tQ la H u n g Thidn Tidn<br /> chua, chQ Hue K thdng vdi Tue J i (16). Cie Thanh, Quang Dai H o i n g Td', tQ la Hdng<br /> sach Hdi Duang phong vdt chi vk Thiin Nghia, thuy la Giac TQ; - Cao Minh Dai<br /> tdng khda hU ngQ luc ghi la Hue H n h . Dgi VQdng la phuc t h i n hang thQdng thQdng<br /> Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc, Hdng nghia ding, dQdc ban my tQ la C Q Si Linh tTng,<br /> Gidc Tu y thU, Nam dUcfc thdn hieu, Thdp Thdng Minh Chinh TrQc, DQdng Uy H c h<br /> tam phuang gia gidm, Nguyen tien sinh bdo Phuc". Ngoai ra, Ld T r i n DQc cung cho<br /> y thu... d i u ghi la Tu? H n h . NhQ the, Hu? bid't, hien nay, d i n cdn cho tdng tQ than<br /> H n h hay Tu? H n h la phap hi?u cua mot m i u cua Tud H n h la T h i n h m i u Hoang<br /> nhan vat Uch sQ ndi tieng ma trQdc nay Thi Ngoc, t h a n phu cua Tu? H n h la T h i n h<br /> chiing ta d i u bilt tdi. phu Nguyin Van Vy cung tidn cdng Pham<br /> T Q Ueu lich sQ sdm n h i t v l Tud H n h cd v a n Gia buy la Trinh; va Tu? H n h cdn<br /> le la sic phong nam Hdng Phuc thQ n h i t dQdc thd chung vdi cac vi t h a n h hoang khac<br /> (1572) triiu Ld, phong Tud H n h lam thanh cua xa la: ba ho L Q ddi Ly; TQdng Ddng Hai<br /> hoang tai xa Ydn L Q huy?n Thuy Nguydn, ddi Ly va tQdng T r i n Qud'c NhQdng ddi<br /> Hai Phdng do Ddng cie Dai hoe si tai vien Trin.<br /> Quan Mat Nguyen Binh soan. Tuy nhidn, T Q Ueu lich sQ thQ hai ghi chdp v l Tue<br /> hidn chiing tdi chQa tiep can dQdc van ban H n h la cud'n Dgi Viet lich triiu ddng khoa<br /> gd'c cua tQ Ueu nay. Theo Ld T r i n DQc (17), luc {-k m m. m ^ ^ k.) do Vo Duy Doan<br /> ban sic phong nay dQdc chdp trong t h i n bidn tap nam Thinh DQc 2 (1654). Sau dd<br /> pha d i n Yen L Q do ddng chi bi thQ huyen cud'n nay da dQdc Ld Nguydn Trung bidn<br /> iiy huydn C i m Giang sQu t i m , va ban sao tap tid'p vao nam Thieu Tri thQ 3 (1843) cd<br /> chup de d tinh hdi y hoc dan tdc Hai HQng chdp nhQ sau: "D? n h i t giap 3 ngQdi: Dao<br /> (cu) (18). Trong dd, Ld T r i n DQc cd trieh S Q Hch: H a n g nguydn, Ld Hien Phu: Bang<br /> mdt doan v l phap hieu va my tQ nhQ sau: nhan, T r i n Dinh Tham: Tham hoa. D$ nhj<br /> "DQdng canh Thanh Hoang Hdng Nghia giap hQu sai gdm: Nguyen Ba H n h , ngQdi<br /> giac tQ, trung thien tidn thanh, quang dai Hai Ddng, di sQ Bic lam Diln hd, nha<br /> 44 Rghign curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> Minh giQ lai, di tu l i y hieu la Tud H n h ; La Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc ghi dng dd de<br /> Tu, ngQdi Thach Ha, D? tam giap Le H i l n nhi giap hQu sai nam 1351; edn tQ Ueu van<br /> TQ" (20). Doan van tren la chdp v l nhQng bia tai van ehi ghi dng do vao nam 1374.<br /> ngQdi dd dai khoa trong khoa thi Giip D i n Nghidn cQu v l v i n di nky, Mai Hdng da ly<br /> nidn hi$u Long Khanh (1374). NhQ t h i , giai va dQa ra gia thuyet nhQ sau: "NhQ<br /> theo tQ lieu cd n h i t hi?n cdn nay, Tue H n h vay, tuy bia cua Nguyen Danh Nho k h i c<br /> ten that la Nguyin Ba H n h , qud d xQ Hai nam 1699 nhQ dia phQdng da xic nhan,<br /> Ddng (nay thudc dia phan hai tinh Hai nhQng cling da dQdc Nguyin Xuan DQdng<br /> DQdng va HQng Yen), dng la mot nha khoa d i n lai trong Ddng y tung bdo nam 1929<br /> bang, dd Dd nhi giap HQu sai, cd x u i t gia, khi k h i n g dinh Tue H n h dau khoa Tan<br /> l i y phap hieu la Tud H n h . Trong khi la Mao (1351). Ld Huy Phac ndi Nguyin Tud<br /> ngQdi tu hanh nhQng dng v i n tham chinh, H n h dau khoa Tan Mao (1351). Cdn Le<br /> v i n nhiem chQc, va di cdng can sang nha Huy Phach ndi Nguyin Ba H n h dau nam<br /> Minh. 1374 dQdi t r i i u T r i n Due Tdng chic cung<br /> da diia vao mdt tQ lieu khac, cd le la Dgi<br /> T Q lieu nQa d l cap den Tue H n h la t i m<br /> Viet lich dgi ddng khoa luc theo ban sao<br /> bia cua Nguyen Danh Nho nam 1699 tai<br /> cua Nam Phong. Vi cie khoa thi T h i i hoc<br /> van chi qud hQdng cua Tue H n h . Tile la<br /> sinh nhQ thQdng Id, d i u khdng ghi tdn<br /> vao ddi Nguyin, t i m bia van chi da hi dap<br /> ngQdi dau, va tQ nam 1345 khdng dQdc sQ<br /> v3 (21). Tuy nhidn, nam 1939, khdng bilt<br /> chdp nQa, thi ta cung ed the tim dQdc vide<br /> khai thac tQ ngudn tQ lieu bi ki nao tai dia<br /> thi dau cua Tud H n h vao khoa Tan Mao<br /> phQdng, Nguyen Xuan DQdng da cdng bd'<br /> (1351). Hdn nQa nhQng ngQdi dau Thai hoc<br /> bai vid't Truyen Tue Tinh trdn Ddng Y tung<br /> sinh dQdc thi vao thi dinh, thi Tu? H n h da<br /> bdo, sd' 01 (ngay 1-8-1939), trong bai vid't<br /> cd tidu c h u i n dQ thi. V l d? nhi giip cua<br /> nay cd doan "nam Tan Mao nidn hieu<br /> khoa nay, sQ chi ghi La Tu ma khdng cd<br /> Thi?u Phong (1351) dng Tue H n h thi do<br /> Tud H n h , eung nhQ dd tam giap Ld Hidn<br /> vao Hoang Giap". Va sau dd, nam 1957,<br /> TQ de khuyet, thi ta cd the hieu r i n g sQ chi<br /> Hdng Sdn da vid't bM Di thdm din thd Tue<br /> chdp tdn, nhiing ngQdi dQdc bd du lam<br /> Tinh tren Tap chi Nhdn thuat (sd' 4, 5<br /> quan ma thdi. NhQ vay, chung tdi t h i y cd<br /> thang 2-3/1957, tr. 4) vdi thdng tin d i y du<br /> n h i l u kha nang Tue H n h da dau Thai hoe<br /> hdn: 'Trong d i n khdng cd mdt t i m bia nao,<br /> sinh nam 1351, va sau lai thi dau Hoang<br /> chi t h i y m i y t i m d van chi canh din. Mot<br /> Giap nam 1374..." (24). Cich lap luan trdn<br /> t i m ghi ro 32 vi dai khoa trong lang Nghia<br /> la kha hQu ly.<br /> Phu va tdng v a n Thai, cd ghi ten Tue H n h<br /> dau Hoang Giap nam Tan Mao (1351); tdn Bai tQa ciia Nam dUac thdn hiiu dQdc<br /> dng Nguyin Danh Nho dd Hd'n sy khoa vid't vao cudi hd n a m Vinh Thinh thQ 13<br /> Canh T u i t t r i i u Ld (1670), chinh H e n si (1717) cd doan nhQ sau: - ..<br /> Nguyin Danh Nho (22) la ngQdi da lap bia<br /> v a n chi tQ nam Binh Ty la nam Chinh Hoa<br /> thQ 17 ddi Ld Hy Tdng (1696)" (23). Theo « « , ±.^mK. ftSAtfeo 'limm^m., m<br /> nhQ thdng tin cua nhiing tQ U?u trdn, cd<br /> diem khac biet duy n h i t v l Tue H n h la<br /> thdng tin v l nam dd dai khoa: cud'n Dai<br /> Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh 45<br /> <br /> <br /> mm . 9tmmx . nm'bnizmi^o n ^ s nap ddng nhan vu tho vQc, td' tQ the' Q x u i n<br /> dai. Khdi tieu tieu bd tai! T h i n thao phung.<br /> minh gia lac dd tiiu bidn, c i n iQdc t h u a t<br /> canh khai di b i l n ki thien doan van.<br /> Thi Vinh Thinh t h a p tam nien quy ha<br /> cdc nhat.<br /> Thi npi phu eic quan tQdng gia khao<br /> dinh.<br /> Y vien cac quan t i i khao gia tang.<br /> Nghia Id: 'Trdi Nam md nQdc, nghidp<br /> nha y ke cd tram nghin ngQdi; [nhQng thQ]<br /> tim hdi xem ai trong so' dd cd trQdc thQ lap<br /> ngdn de b i c c i u md bd'n cho nhQng ngQdi<br /> mud'n theo hoc [thi t h i y r i n g it di nhQ] ea<br /> m^^tm^iam" (25).<br /> trdn cay! Ben cd bae tuc lao hieu Tud H n h ,<br /> ngQdi Nghia Phu, C i m Giang, phu ThQdng<br /> Hdng. Ong ngQdi chd'n n h a chiln, nghidn<br /> Phien dm: Thidn Nam khai vu, nghidp y cQu k h i p id h u y i n bi dao am dQdng, n g i m<br /> thuat gia vd iQ thidn bach gia, phdng ky trQ sau v l sQ t r u y i n ndi cua t h u a t nha Ky<br /> thQ lap ngdn, t a n iQdng tri hoe gia t i c mdc Bien, tii vid't Qud'c dm bdn thdo, t i t ca hdn<br /> thQdng ngQ da. Viet hQu tue lao hieu Tud 630 vi, sau lai dem kinh nay tri nghi?m 13<br /> tinh, ThQdng Hdng, C i m Giang, Nghia Phu phQdng cho cie bdnh mdi, 37 phQdng<br /> nhan da. Cdng t h i i n gia iQu, bac cQu am chuydn tri thQdng ban, dieh sang phQdng<br /> dQdng chi mat, nghidn dan Ky Bien chi ngdn, xlp t h a n h bien vQng, chi dQdng cho<br /> truyin, tQ trQ Qud'c dm bdn thdo, tdng luc ngQdi me, khai md eho ke cung t i c , giac<br /> bach tam thap linh vi; phuc dl ky kinh tri ngo nhan sinh, dung tam cua ngQdi that la<br /> nghiem tan bdnh thap tam phQdng, thQdng nhan hau v^y! Bien trQ xong bdn cho k h i c<br /> ban tam thap t h i t chuy dieh x u i t phQdng in, tang ban d chua Hd Xa huy?n Giao<br /> ngdn, vQng t h a n h bien thQ. Chi me khai Thuy. Mdt phQdng trdi dd, cung dat dQdc<br /> tic, giac ngd tQ nhan, ky dung tam tuan cai tidn ciia chi nam, t r u y i n mai dd'n nay,<br /> nhan hau da. Bidn hoan thu tQ, tang ban tie'ng tam ndi k h i p bd'n phQdng.<br /> vu Giao Thuy Hd Xa tQ bi thien n h i t Mua xuan n a m Dinh Dau, n h a in Liiu<br /> phQdng, cdng hoach chi nam chi tidn, iQu Chang dem s i e h nay tidn hidn, kinh dang<br /> truyin h i t kim, t h a n h van tQ bd hi. VQdng ThQdng; khi ngai ngQ lam, t h i y chQ<br /> Dinh Dau ehi xuan Liiu Chang thQ k h i c cdn cd n h i l u chd sai sdt, ben dac sai y<br /> phQdng, di ky thQ tie'n hiln, cung ph\ing quan khao duyet thdm, ehd sai thi sQa lai,<br /> VQdng ThQdng ngQ lam chi khoanh, kid'n chd l i m thi dinh ngoa, lai xd'p t h a n h bidn<br /> ky tQ k h i c thQdng da dao am chi mau, dac muc, phan lam hai quyen thQdng - ha. S i e h<br /> menh y quan tQdng gia khao duy?t. Ngd gia xong, ban tang ten la Hdng Nghia Gidc TU<br /> cai chi, ngoa gia dinh chi, phuc dd ky thidn y thu rdi sai n h a in san k h i c de cdng bd'<br /> thQ, phan vi thQdng h a nhi quyen. ThQ sach a'y k h i p trong nQdc. An dQc cua ngai<br /> thanh tQ gia Hdng Nghia Gidc TU y thU. thiic tQdi gdi k h i p thidn h a nay vay. Mong<br /> Phd h a thQ phQdng san dieh, cdng chQ npi<br /> ky gia hu? thidn h a ehu d'e da. TQdng k i l n<br /> 46 Rghign curu Lich si. sg 8.201Q<br /> <br /> giup dQdc bach tinh vao coi tho; vdt ddi nay chuyen dung thud'c Nam cQu ngQdi r i t cdng<br /> tdi dai xuan. [NhQ the] h i cd the ndi ring hi?u, trQ tac cd cac tap DUcfc tinh chi nam<br /> dd chi la cai ddng gdp nhd nhoi!? vk Thdp tam phUOng gia gidm iQu hanh d<br /> Chung t h i n kinh phung. ddi" (29).<br /> <br /> MQng thiy vide bidn sieh da xong, kinh Trong bai Nam duac qud'c ngQ phu (M<br /> cin iQdc thuat vai vide goi la miy ldi lim Jg a ^ it) cd cau: "cam dn thay truyin bit<br /> tQa.<br /> tQ phQdng, nhQ dQc thinh md an sinh I9; si<br /> nay Trang TQ cdn hdi vung, Vd Dat bidn<br /> Thdi: Ngay lanh thang quy ha (thing 03) khi rdi, luan nam dQdc chdp lam mdt<br /> nidn hieu Vinh Thinh thQ 13 (1717). phii..." (30). Nam duac thdn hieu d diu 3<br /> Cie quan Thi ndi phu khao dinh cho ro quyen diu ghi: "Cim Giang Hud Hnh tidn<br /> thdm. sinh soan tap/ tap trQ - fS Xt S^ if 5fe ^ j i<br /> <br /> Cac quan trong Y vidn lai khao tid'p nQa<br /> m m #".<br /> de tang bd'*'. Phan Huy Chu (1782-1840) trong Lich<br /> triiu hien chuang logi chi (M ^MM ^^)<br /> Trang diu quydn thQdng cua cud'n sieh thien Vdn tich chi ghi: "sach Nam dUcfc<br /> nay cdn ghi: ^ S ^ « ^ ^ 3 a m p ? 3 i ^ thdn hieu, 6 quyen, Tud Hnh tidn sinh d<br /> ^y^m^±mm±^Mim "Hdng Nghia Cim Giang soan" (31).<br /> dQdng Hang TQ Vd Dat tuc thiin Tud Hnh<br /> trQdc, Ddng Quan Hoe Nhai, dat si Ld DQc Theo Ld Trin DQc, sieh Hong Nghia<br /> Toan Phap Thanh d chua Hod Nhai thanh Gidc TUy thu (^ &9t^ m ^)(ki hi?u<br /> Ddng Quan sao chdp" (26). Le Trin DQc lap A.162) ghi: "ThQdng cd lao thien Hoang<br /> luan ring: "Nam dUOc qud'c ngQ phu eua SQdng Vd Trach Tu? Hnh soan tap" [td<br /> Tud Hnh da dQdc Ld DQc Toan d Hde Nhai, 35a, td 36b]. Tuy nhien, chung tdi kiem tra<br /> thanh Ddng Quan (thdi thudc Minh) sao luc lai sieh nay thi khdng cd ddng nao ghi nhQ<br /> va tra soan lai. Ten Ddng Quan dd'n nam trdn. Khdng bid't cd sQ nhim lin nao d day?<br /> 1467 hi xda bd va thay bing phii Trung Dd. Qud'c sQ di bien ( S i i l H) (32) ghi:<br /> NhQ vay, ngQdi sao chdp lai bai phu thud'c 'TrQdc kia vao thdi Ly - Trin, Le DQc Toan<br /> Nam d vao the ky XV" (27). NhQ thi, cd the ngQdi My LQ tQ xQng la Tud Hnh thiin sQ,<br /> thiy Tue Hnh dQdc ghi nhan la ngQdi diu hii thud'c nam tri bdnh cho ngQdi nQdc<br /> tidn cd cdng dieh cac tac phim y dQdc hoe Nam, tieng vang dd'n Nam Td'ng. Hoang<br /> Trung Qud'c sang tieng Viet (bing each sQ hau nha Td'ng cd bdnh sai sQ mang le mdi<br /> dung h? thd'ng ky am chQ Ndm). NgQdi sao sang d Giang Nam. Sau (dng) mit d dit<br /> chdp van ban sd'ng d the ky XV, nhQ the tac Td'ng, dQdc vua Td'ng an tang, dQng mdt<br /> phim nay cung nhQ tac gia cua nd - Tu? tim da de ghi nhd. Sau cd ngQdi d Van Dai<br /> Hnh cd le phai sd'ng trQdc dd. dd dat lam quan dQ(?c cQ di sQ phQdng Bic,<br /> VI cie tac phim ciia Tu? Hnh, Dam dem tim da iy vl, dQng d dia gidi Van Dai<br /> Trai Trin Huy Phac (28) trong Hdi Duong de ndu rd cdng dQc chQa tri b$nh cho ngQdi,<br /> phong vdt cAi JS J¥ a ^ ! i (ki hieu A.882) sieh vid't cd Thdp tam phuang. Ddi vua Le<br /> vid't nam Gia Long thQ 10 (1812) ghi: 'Thiy Di^ Tdng ban cho ten goi la Giac TQ. Tim<br /> thud'c Tu? Hnh tidn sinh, ngQdi xa Nghia da ghi nhd r i t linh iing, dan chung vi t h i<br /> Phu, huyen Cim Giang (Hai DQdng) ma lap din thd. Thing nay (tQc thang 5<br /> Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh 47<br /> <br /> <br /> nhuan) dieh bdnh dau lan tran, ed ngQdi the (-5?.) cd tQ dang g i n gid'ng vdi chQ my<br /> m i c bdnh, dQng tnide cQa d i n keu khdc, m).<br /> bdng t h i y mot dng gia [36a] hai thao dQdc<br /> Tuy nhidn, vide p h i bd t i m bia thd Tu?<br /> chQa cho, tri bdnh r i t linh nghiem. The la<br /> H n h la cd the tin cay dQdc. Mat k h i c , sQ<br /> xa g i n nghe tin t l ti^u trQdc cdng d i n xin<br /> lieu trdn cho bid't mot thdng tin kha thii, i y<br /> thud'c. TQ Thanh Ngh? trd len phia Bic, tQ<br /> la vide vua Ld Du Tdng ban cho dng la Giic<br /> Thai Lang trd xud'ng phia Nam, ngQdi di TQ. Chung tdi coi day la mot thuy hieu<br /> trdn dQdng d i n (Van DM) nhQ m i c ciii, gdp (hieu dat cho ngQdi da m i t ) cua Tu? H n h .<br /> t i l n lam l i , khdng eho ngan dam la xa. Dd'n day, chung ta mdi hieu dQdc tdn sieh<br /> Sau, thang 8, vua sM quan kham phM dd'n Hdng Nghia Gidc Tu y thU nghia la "sieh y<br /> dem t i m da chdn di, thu l i y tien bac sung hoc cua Hdng Nghia - tdn thuy la Giac TQ".<br /> vao kho cdng" (33). Hdng Nghia la quan hieu tQc tdn hieu dat<br /> NhQ vay, tQ lieu trdn day cho biet mdt theo qud quan cua Tud H n h , chQ Hdng<br /> thdng tin khdng h i t h i y chdp trong cie tQ trong Hdng Chau thQdng (35), chQ Nghia<br /> lieu khac, tdn that cua Tud H n h la Ld DQc trong Nghia L Q . Cdn "Hdng Nghia dQdng"<br /> Toan, ngQdi My LQ. Ong khdng phai di sQ cd le ehinh la cQa hang thud'c cua Tud H n h ,<br /> sang Td'ng hay hi cd'ng sang Bic ma dQdc chQ khdng phm la tdn hieu cua dng nhQ Le<br /> vdi sang tri bdnh cho Hoang hau nha Td'ng, T r i n DQc (36), day cung khdng phai la<br /> rdi sau dd c h i t trdn d i t khach. Chung tdi t h u i n chi qud quan nhQ Ld Van Quan (37)<br /> cho r i n g , nhQng ghi chdp tren day cua da k h i n g dinh.<br /> Qud'c sQ di bien chi mang tinh c h i t tham NgoM ra, cung phai ke d i n mdt sd' tQ<br /> khao vi day la mdt tQ lieu mang it n h i l u<br /> lieu tai dia phQdng. Trong dd t r u y i n thuyd't<br /> mau sic da sQ, bdi ngay ea tae gia cua cud'n<br /> cd the coi la mdt ngudn t h a m khao. T r u y i n<br /> sach nay hidn gid cung chQa dam chic la<br /> t h u y l t dan gian ludn thd'ng n h i t tin r i n g<br /> cua Phan Thuc Tnic nhQ T r i n Kinh Hda<br /> Tud H n h la ngQdi ddi T r i n , ed thi dd tien si<br /> da thac nhan (cu the xin xem Nguyin Td<br /> nam 35 tudi rdi bi cd'ng sang n h a Minh<br /> Lan) (34). Ngay doan van trdn cung cho<br /> nam 45 tudi. Theo Ld T r i n DQc: "cac van t l<br /> t h i y tinh dai khai cua ngQdi vid't sQ, t i c gia<br /> va ddi Uin d d i n Bia (xa C i m Van) va d i n<br /> vilt ang chQng Tud H n h sd'ng vao ddi Ly<br /> Thanh thuoc Nam (xa C i m Vu) thd Tu?<br /> T r i n , tQdng Qng vdi t r i i u Nam Td'ng (1131-<br /> H n h d i u ghi: 'Tud H n h dau nhi giap t i l n<br /> 1279) bdn Trung Qud'c. Trong khi cac sQ<br /> sy ddi nha T r i n , di sQ sang Trung Qud'c va<br /> lieu khac d i u ghi dng sd'ng vao ddi T r i n<br /> lam thay thud'c d bdn i y (Danh khdi nhi<br /> mat, tQdng iing vdi giM doan cudi Nguydn<br /> giap tidu T r i n giam/ SQ m?nh thap toan<br /> d i u Minh. NhQ t h i do sM lech den hdn 100<br /> tinh Bic y) hay (doat giap van chQdng danh<br /> nam. Them nQa, sach nay lai chdp ten that<br /> iQdng qud'c/ Hoat n h a n dQc trach phd thien<br /> cua Tue H n h la Ld DQc Toan. Chung tdi coi<br /> thu" (38).<br /> day la mot n h i m l i n cua ngQdi bidn soan<br /> khi n h i m ten ngQdi sao chdp cud'n Nam V I tQ lieu tid'ng Viet, tQ ngay 14 d i n 15-<br /> duac qud'c ngQ da neu d tren thanh ten cua 7-1936, Nguyin Trong T h u a t cd chdp lai<br /> tac gia Tue H n h . Mat khac, Qud'c sQ di mot ban t h i n tich v l Tu? H n h cua nhan<br /> bien cdn chdp n h i m tdn lang cua Tud H n h , dan dia phQdng gOi ldn vua Bao Dai, bM<br /> tQ Nghia Lu t h a n h My Lu.. ChQ nghia gian<br /> vilt nay dQdc dang tren Dud'c tue. Ndi dung<br /> 48 Rghign curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> ban t h i n tich i y nhQ sau: "Vi t h i n thQ 3 it n h i t phM cd hoe vi, the la g i n ludn hoe vi<br /> ciia xa Nghia Phu huyen Cam Giang tinh ma khdng de y tdi thdi gian i y cd ky thi hay<br /> Hai DQdng. Sii tich cua dQc Nguyen Ba khdng hoac gan vao mdt khoa thi nao ma<br /> H n h . Nguydn ngai la ngQdi lang. Khi edn trong xa cung cd ngQdi da thi dd; hoac vi<br /> bd hoc hanh r i t thdng minh. Dd'n nam 34 c h i t khdng b i l t chdn d dau ndn gan ludn<br /> tudi, khoa Tan Mao ngM do de nhi giap cho chuydn phai cd'ng sang H u n g Qud'c,<br /> H e n si v l ddi vua Du Tdng nha T r i n nam c h i t chdn ben dd... Va nguy hiem hdn nQa<br /> thQ 5. NgM khdng chiu ra lam quan va la vi qua tin d t r u y i n thuyet nen khdng tim<br /> khdng l i y vd, ehi xu hQdng v l dao Phat va xem t r u y i n thuyd't i y b i t ngudn tQ bao gid,<br /> nghien cQu ve khoa thud'c Nam. NgM di va rdi khdng tin ca den nhQng tQ li^u<br /> chu du k h i p m i l n ThQdng du, kinh nghiem khach quan ro ret nhQ van bia d chua<br /> cac thQ la de cQu n h a n dp the. Sau ngM v l Giam..." (40). NhQng thiic t l , t r u y i n thuylt<br /> tu d chua Hd Xa tinh Nam Dinh. Lam dQdc nay h i u nhQ khdng cd thdng tin sai lech gi<br /> n h i l u sach thud'c Nam nhQ pho Thap tam so vdi eac van ban ma chung tdi da ndu ldn<br /> phuang gia gidm, Phu nhdn thdn, 36 chQng d tren. Vide cho t r u y i n thuye't chi la ngoa<br /> thuang hdn, vk ngki cdng dQc dQdc n h i l u truyin, la ldi thdu ddt hay bia dat Uch sQ<br /> canh chua cung vdi ba Lieu Hanh chQa nhQ sQ suy lu^n cua Dd T i t Ldi la he qua<br /> benh d chua Ydn Trang, lang nay cd truy tQ eua sQ t h i l u thdn va xQ ly sM tQ lieu. Mdt<br /> cdng dQc ngai, tac tQdng ngai, hien nay hay nguyen n h a n k h i c nQa, each vilt khdng<br /> cdn thd. Dd'n nam Nham Thin, vua b i t ngM that chinh xic khi dan xen h a n h trang<br /> phM di sQ sang Tau, khi gid ba hoang h a u n h a n vat vdi giai doan Tue H n h hien iing<br /> la Td'ng vQdng phi hi bdnh hau san, ngM se d i n dd'n cich doc sM van ban nhQ Dd<br /> chQa khdi, vua nha Minh phong cho ngai la T i t Ldi. Di nhidn, phM ke dd'n chi t i l t cac<br /> DM y t h i i n sQ, rdi iQu ngM d bdn iy. NgM vi Hdi chu hQng cdng due tQdng Phat dQdc<br /> bid't the' khdng v l dQdc, ed lam mdt pho ghi trong van bia chua Giam. Trong dd, 'Vi<br /> sieh thud'c Nam nhan ^i \k Hdng Nghia hdi chu dQng d i u la Chan An Giac Tinh<br /> Gidc Tu y thU gQi v l lang, sau ngai hda d Tud Tinh thien sQ; Vi hdi ehu bac n h i t la<br /> ben a'y. Cd bia k h i c de lai..." (39). Cd the Liiu Hanh cdng chua, s i c phong Che<br /> ndi nhQ Dd T i t Ldi, day la mot ban t h i n T h i n g Hda Dieu DM VQdng..." (41). Vide<br /> tich vilt vao d i u t h i ky XX. Dd T i t Ldi n h i m l i n giQa Chan An Giic Tinh Tud<br /> da phd phan chi t i l t Tud H n h "eung vdi ba H n h thdi Le vdi T r i n g TQ Vd Dat Tud H n h<br /> Lieu Hanh chQa bdnh d chua Ydn Trang", thdi T r i n cu the xin xem tQ lieu sau (42).<br /> dng lap luan r i n g Liiu Hanh la mdt nhan Cdn vide L i i u Hanh dQdc ghi vdi tQ each la<br /> vat eiia the ky XVII. Ong ly giai nhQ sau: Hdi chu hQng cdng cd the coi la mot trong<br /> "ed the dQdi thdi phong kid'n hay Phap nhQng tQ li?u sdm vid't v l vide dQa thd m i u<br /> thudc mud'n dQdc vua phong t h i n cho mot vao ngdi chua Viet vao giM doan nay.<br /> nhan vat nao trong lang xa, dia phQdng c i n<br /> lam mot ban t h a n h tich eua nhan vki dd... Mot so tQ lieu nQa d i u the ky XX cd di<br /> Cd le do dd, n h a n t h i y Tud H n h da dieh cap dd'n Tu? H n h d i u n h i t quan ghi Tu?<br /> Khda hu luc ciia vua T r i n Thai Tdng, ndn H n h la ngQdi ddi T r i n , vi d\i nhQ Nguyin<br /> ngQdi ta nghi ngay la Tud H n h phai sd'ng Xuan DQdng nam 1939 (43) va Gaspardone<br /> va boat ddng tQ thdi T r i n ; da cd tac p h i m (44).<br /> Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh 49<br /> <br /> C h i p ndi cie thdng tin trdn (cdng vdi tQ md hieu thud'c lay ten Hdng Nghia DQdng b<br /> lieu ma Le T r i n DQc da khai thac qua cud'n ngay tren que hQdng. Nam 1384, 55 tudi,<br /> t h i n pha) (45), chung tdi cd the bid't nhQ dng di sQ sang n h a Minh (1368 - 1644).<br /> sau v l nhan vat lich sQ nay. Tdn that la Nha Minh giQ dng lai lam d ThM y vi?n.<br /> Nguyen Ba H n h , quan hieu la Hdng Nghia, Ong m i t ben d i t Bic, khdng biet la vao<br /> cdn cd Nho hieu la Than H M hay Vd Dat, nam nao. Tac p h i m gdm ed: Thdp tam<br /> Dao hieu Trang TQ, phap hieu la Tud H n h phuang gia gidm, Nhdn thdn phu, ThUcfng<br /> (Hud H n h ) , x u i t than tQ mdt gia dinh b i n hdn thdp thdt chuy, Nam duac thdn hieu,<br /> ndng, cha la Nguydn Cdng Vy, m? la Hoang Hdng Nghia Gidc TUy thU (Tud H n h y thQ),<br /> Thi Ngoc d Nghia LQ, huy?n Da Cim, Hdng Thiin tdng khda hU ngQ luc (dieh Ndm),<br /> Chau ThQdng (nay la thdn Nghia Phu, Bdn thdo (dieh Ndm, da m i t ) , Duac tinh chi<br /> xa c i m Vu, huydn C i m Binh, tinh HQng nam, Nam dUcfc qud'c ngQ phu, TrUc gidi<br /> Yen). Ong la ngQdi ddi H i n thudc nidn dai chi nam duac tinh phu...<br /> vua T r i n Du Tdng. Len sau tudi, cha m? Cd the t h i y , Tud H n h la mot trong<br /> diu m i t , dng dQdc n h a sQ d chua Hai Triiu nhQng nhan vat Uch sQ cd n h i l u diem ddng<br /> d Yen Trang dQa v l nudi cho an hoc (tQc gdp cho lich sQ. Ong la ngQdi ddi T r i n mat,<br /> chua Giam, xa C i m Sdn). Dd'n 10 tudi, dQdc la mot tang quan - thudc v l loai hinh nhan<br /> chua Giao Thuy d Sdn Nam (Nam Dinh) vat lich sQ dac trQng cua giM doan d i u dpc<br /> dQa v l cho d hoc vdi nha sQ chua Dung lap tQ chu, thid't lap qud'c gia tQ tri. VQa di<br /> Nhue trong huydn. O diy, dng dQdc goi la tu vQa nhap thd' dd la xu the chung cua<br /> H e u Hue, sau l i y phap hieu la Hue H n h thdi dai "hda quang ddng t r i n " . V l mat y<br /> (Tue Hnh). Ong dQdc hoe Nho va y de giup hoc, dng la t h i y thud'c d i u tien trong lich<br /> vide trong chua. Vi vay, dng la ngQdi "tinh sQ de IM cie trQdc t i c v l y dQdc hoc, ddng<br /> thdng le am dQdng h u y i n bi, va dao Ki - gdp cho lich sQ khdng phM la nhd. V l mat<br /> Biln tinh truyen". 6 n g do de nhi giip hQu van hda, cd the coi dng la mpt trong nhiing<br /> sM khoa Tan Mao nam 1351, nhQng khdng ngQdi d i u tien xay diing ban s i c dan tdc<br /> ra lam quan, ndn khdng dQdc chdp trong Viet. Ong chinh la dieh gia cd danh tinh<br /> Ddng khoa luc. Ong v i n tid'p tuc tu hanh d i u tidn trong lich sQ Viet Nam dieh sach<br /> va chQa bdnh giup dan d cae chua lan can, Han van (sach Khda hU luc) r a van xudi<br /> nhQ chua Ho Xa (Nghia Xa). Nam 30 tudi, Ndm (46). Khdng nhiing the, dng cdn<br /> dng v l tru tri d chua Yen Trang. Ong da tu chuyen dieh eic bM thud'c sang thd Ndm v i<br /> bd lai chua nay va 24 ngdi chua khac d h a t phu Ndm, va dieh ca sieh Bdn thdo ndi<br /> Sdn Nam va qud hQdng, day y hoc eho cac tid'ng sang tid'ng Viet... Tuy nhidn, vi$c<br /> tang ni d? tQ, md rdng vide chQa bdnh lam nghidn cQu v l dng v i n cdn dang d phia<br /> phuc. Nam 45 tudi, dng thi dd Hoang giap trQdc. Bdi con dQdng tim dd'n nhQng tQ li?u<br /> khoa Giap D i n nien hieu Long Khanh gd'c khdng phai la ngay mpt ngay hM m i cd<br /> (1374). Cd the vao giM doan nay dng cdn dQdc.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Tr^n Van Giap. Liigc truyen cdc tdc gia Viet (2). Nguyen Lang, Viet Nam Ph&t gido sd lu^n.<br /> Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi. 1977. tr. 421. Nxb. van hgc. Ha Ngi. tr. 153.<br /> 50 Rghign cum Lich sJr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> (3). Le v a n Quan. Nghien cdu ve chd Ndm. am nay c6 le khcli diu trong tieng Han trung dai.<br /> Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1981, tr. 155-156. v a tui vige dong am d i n den vige dilng thong ve<br /> (4). Le van Quan. Sdd, tr. 156. m§t van ti^ eho hai ehiJ nay.<br /> <br /> (5) Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr.l56 (17). Le Tr4n Diie. Tinh hinh y hoc thdi Trdn.<br /> T?Lp chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 5-1985, tr. 71-76.<br /> (6). Le van Quin. Sdd, tr. 157.<br /> (7). Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr. 158. (17). Nay khong r5 cd quan nay thuge tinh Hai<br /> DUdng hay Hung Yen.<br /> (8). Hoang Thi Ngg. Chd Ndm vd tie'ng Viet qua<br /> bdn gidi dm "Phdt thuyet dgi bdo phu mdu dn (18). Nguyen Ba Tinh. Tue Tinh todn tap. Nxb.<br /> trgng kinh". Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1999. Y hge. Ha Ngi, 2007 tr. 367.<br /> tr. 182. (19). Vo Duy Doan soan (1654), Le Nguyen<br /> (9). Ph^ng Minh Hieu. Bdng tra chd Ndm trong Trung soan tiep (1843). Dgi Viet lich trieu ddng<br /> "Qude dm thi tap" (Ban thao). Nhan day xin cam khoa luc [Chuyen dSn theo Tr^n Duy Von. Viet<br /> dn tae gia da ehia se tU ligu. Nam dgi khoa td dien. Quyen trung. Kf higu<br /> Vhv.20. S t t 6 l 3 b ] .<br /> (10). Trfin Trgng DUdng. Khdo sdt he thdng td<br /> cd trong bdn gidi dm Khoa hii luc AB.367 cua Hba (20). Su vigc nay eh6p d thang 10, Dgi Nam<br /> Thugng Phuc Dien. Trong Thdng bdo Hdn Ndm thiic luc chinh bien (A S I t tt IE H), D$ tam ky,<br /> hoc {nam 2005). Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, quyen LXI nhU sau: "... Vao thang 10 nam Thigu<br /> 2006, tr. 192. Tri thiJ 6 (1846) xa Van Trai thuge huygn C^m<br /> Giang tinh Hai Diidng gin day diigc cai bia da cd,<br /> (11). Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr. 159<br /> ngoa truyin la Hug Tinh Thien sii giang th^<br /> (12). Le van Quan. Sdd, tr. 159. (thien sii ngiicli lang Nghia Phii, huygn Cim<br /> Giang) la'y thuoc nam chQa khoi hgnh, gin xa<br /> (13). Ha v a n Ta'n. Bia chiia Gidm vdi Thiin sii<br /> Tue Tinh. Thong bao Khao co hgc. Nxb. Khoa hge tranh nhau den cfiu dao, hang ngay ke den hang<br /> xa hgi, 1992, tr. 256-257. nghin hang tram, quan tinh a^y khong the ngan<br /> ca'm duge, dem vigc a'y tau len. Vua bao rang; "Vigc<br /> (14). Chan Nguyen Tug Dang. 1825 (Minh a'y thugc v l hoang dUcing, nen pha bo ngay di, de<br /> Mgnh thii 6, ban in) Kien tinh thdnh Phdt. Sa di ni bo si^ me ho$c cho ngUcli ddi". B6n sai d^p do bia.<br /> Digu Thjnh (ehCia Siing Phuc, Tho Khoi, huygn Den day, an sat Nguyen Khic Trach vao hiu, vua<br /> Gia Lam). ThU vign Vign Nghien ciiu Han Nom, kf trigu vao hoi den vige da'y. Tr^ch tau; "Bgn h?<br /> higu A.2597. Cuon sach nay c6 ghi bai kg truyen<br /> t h i n kfnh theo chi vua, mai bo bia da, tit d6 di l^i<br /> thiia nhu sau: Tri Tug Thanh Tinh/ Dao Diie Vien<br /> ciu dao mdi het". Vua bao ring; "Dkn hdn khong<br /> Minh/ Chan NhU Tinh Hai/ Tieh Chieu Pho<br /> biet gi, de eho ldi ngoa truyen liia doi dugc, cot cl<br /> Thong...<br /> ngUdi tren phai ran ca'm, hieu dy". Tuy nhien.<br /> (15). Cy the xin xem: Le Quoe Vigt, Ph?im Van Cling chua the xae quyet ta'm bia bi dap e6 phai la<br /> Tua'n. Di tim danh vd tiidng thien sii Vien Khdng. bia Nguyen Danh Nho dvJng hay khong.<br /> T?ip chf Hdn N6m, so 6 (79)-2006, tr. 58-65.<br /> (21). Nguyen Danh Nho higu la Sim Hien<br /> (16). Hdn ngd dgi tii dien (3t S A ? ^ ) (T|lp (1638 - 1699), ngudi xa Nghia Phii, huygn C^m<br /> trung). Tii Xuyen tix thii xua't ban xa & Ho Bic tii Giang, tinh Hai DUdng. Nguyin Danh Nho thi do<br /> thu xua't ban xa, 1995, tr. 3210. Mat khac, hai chQ Dg tam giap dong Tien si xua't than nam Canh<br /> nay deu la til dong am trong tieng Beijing, sU dong Tua't, nien higu Canh Trj thii 8 (1670) ddi vua Le<br /> Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh 51<br /> <br /> <br /> Huyen Tong. Ong lam quan chiJc Boi tyng Hiiu thj (27). Trin Huy Phac (1754 - 1834), ngUcfi<br /> lang, tudc Nam va dugc eii di sU sang nha Thanh xa Binh Vgng, huygn Thugng Phiic, tinh Ha Dong<br /> (Trung Quoe). Sau khi ma't, ong dugc tSng Ta thi (nay thugc huygn ThUdng Tin, tinh Ha Tay). Trin<br /> lang Bg Cong, tUdc tii. Tae phim; - C6 thd trong Huy Phac thi dau HUdng cdng nam Dinh D^u,<br /> Todn Viet thi luc ... [Trinh Khac M^inh. Ten tii ten nien higu Canh Hung thii 31 (1770) ddi vua Le<br /> hieu cdc tdc gia Hdn Ndm Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa Hien Tong. Thdi Le va thdi Tay Sdn, hign chUa r5<br /> hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 2006, tr. 345]. Ciing theo Mai than the si^ nghigp cua ong. Thdi Nguyen, ong lam<br /> Hong, Nguyin Danh Nho di sii sang Bae, c6 gh6 Trg giao xU Hai DUdng va Quang Yen, sau dugc<br /> qua tham mg Tug Tinh va cho in giap bia mg Tug thang Ddc hgc Thanh Hoa, phong tudc Phac Ngge<br /> Tinh ve de lap din thd. Va'n d l dat ra la tai sao la hiu. Tac pham; - Hdi DUcfng phong vdt chi .- Cao<br /> in giap? Neu ta'm bia d6 ehi la bia mg, ddn thuin Bang phong thd ky • Bien soan sach; Viet sd tap<br /> chi ghi danh tfnh, thuy higu thi khong nha't thilt yeu - C6 thd, van trong eac sach; An Nam tgp chf,<br /> phai in ye. Theo chiing toi, d6 c6 le la mgt ta'm bia Binh Vgng Nguyen tgc bfnh phai pha, Chieu bieu<br /> ghi ch6p vl hanh trang, cong diie ciia Tug Tinh. tap, Ligt tinh phong vat phii,... [Theo Trjnh Khic<br /> Chfnh vi nhiing thong tin lich sii quan trgng trong Mgnh. 2006, sdd, tr. 94].<br /> d6 (ma b trong nUde khong con), Nguyin Danh<br /> (28), (30). Chuyen din theo Mai Hong. Bdd.<br /> Nho da cho in gi$ip l^i. Va theo suy luan cua chiing<br /> toi, ta'm bia da tai din Bia thd Tug Tinh chinh la (29). Nam dugc thdn hieu.A.1270ll-3 (Ql).<br /> mgt phd bdn cua ta'm bia ben da't Bie. NhUng hign<br /> (31). Qude sd di bien ( 3 i i l H) bdn viet.<br /> gid, phii ban da hi pha hong. Con chinh ban ben<br /> A.1045/l-2;718 Tr; 30.5x20.5. ThU vi^n Vign<br /> Trung Quoe thi khong biet c6 con hay khong.<br /> Nghien cUu Han Nom. Sach ch^p lich sii triiu<br /> (22). Chuyen din theo Mai Hong. Tim hieu tii Nguyin tu Gia Long (1801-1819) den Thigu Trj<br /> lieu vi Tue Tinh. Tap chf Hdn Ndm sd 2-1985. (1841-1847), c6 danh higu 16 ngUcfi thugc tong tgc<br /> nha Nguyen, tii Nguyen Bac den Nguyin Kim.<br /> (23). Mai Hdng. Bdd.<br /> Ngoai ra sach nay eon c6 1 ban in tai mang kf hi$u<br /> (24). Tug Tinh. Nam dUdc thdn hieu ( S 81 # Paris.MG.FV.57171 do TrUcing Dgi hgc Trung van<br /> 5&). Nxb. Y hge, 1960. [Cung xem ban dieh trich Hdng Cong in nam 1973, 407 tr.<br /> theo Do Ta't Lgi. Tu$ Tinh sinh va hogt dgng cl the (32). Quoe sd di bien (B i i l l i ) (Quyen hg).<br /> ky nao? T^p chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 03 (228)- A. 1045/1-2. tr.35b. (Ban djch tU hgu, sip xuit ban<br /> 1986, tr. 13 va chii thfch sd 11], phong Nghien ciiu Ljch sii Dja 1^, Vign Nghien eiiu<br /> http://www.hannom.org.vn; Cdng xem ban djch Han Nom, nhan day xin cam dn cac djch gia da<br /> trich theo Mai Hdng. bdd. Hong Nghia Gidc Tii y eung ca'p tu ligu).<br /> thu (Q Thugng vd Q Hg). ^ » » Sf H * . A. 162<br /> (33). Nguyin To Lan. Phan Thuc TrUc co phdi<br /> 488 tr. 31x 22, 1 tUa cua Thi ngi phd, vie't ndm<br /> Id tdc gid cda "Qude sii di bien'? Tgp chf Nghiin<br /> Vinh Thinh 13 (1717).<br /> eitu Lich sd, sd 12-2006.<br /> httpil Iwww.hannom.ore.vn ;<br /> (34). Dia danh ndi chfnh quan ciia Tug Tinh tit<br /> (25). ^ II X Sir H ff. A.162.tr 2a<br /> nam 1397 vl trUde ggi la Hdng Chfiu Thugng.<br /> (26). Le Trin Diic. Tinh hinh y hgc thdi Trdn. (35). Le Trin DUc. Tinh hinh y hgc thdi Trdn.<br /> T^p chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 5-1985, tr. 71-76. Tgp ehf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 5-1985, tr. 72, xem<br /> Chii thfch sd 9. chii thfeh sd 2.<br /> 52 Rghign curu Lich sir. s6 8.2010<br /> <br /> (36). Le v a n Quan djch: "Hong Nghia dubng, (42). Nguyin Xuan DUdng. Tue Tmh, 'Dong y<br /> tuc thiin Tue Tinh trd {= trUdc tac ciia nha sU Tug tiing bao", sdngay 1-10-1939 va Viet Nam y bdo sd<br /> Tinh que cl Hdng NghTa). Nghien cdu vi chd Ndm. 9, ngay 1-3-1941, chuyen d i n theo Do T i t Lgi. Tue<br /> Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1981. tr. 154]. Tinh sinh vd hogt dong d the ky ndo? T^p chf<br /> (37). Le Trin Diic. Su nghiep cua Tue Tinh. Nghien cdu lich sd, sd03 (228)-1986, tr. 42.<br /> Tap chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 100 (7/1967), tr. 48. (43). Theo Do Ta't Lgi [sdd, tr. 42] thi p h i n tieu<br /> (38). Nguyen Trgng Thu^t. 1936-1937. Dud'c sii Tug Tinh trong ban dieh Nam dUgc thdn hieu<br /> Tue. Sdngay 14-7-1936 va 15-7-1937. [Chuyen din (do phong Tu thu hua'n luygn Vign Nghien ciiu<br /> theo Do Ta't Lgi. 1986. 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Tap chf Nghien cdu xiic cudn sach nay, nen cii tgm neu ra de sau dl bl<br /> Lich sd, sd 01(272)-1994, tr. 62 da viet; "Tim bia tra cUu.<br /> nay noi vl cong vigc tac tugng Phat ba Quan Am,<br /> sdn lai cac tugng va tu sxia. b chiia Nghiem Quang (44). Nguyin Ba Tinh. 2004. Tue Tinh todn tap.<br /> do nha sU Sa mon Chan An Giac Tinh higu Tug Le Trin DUc (higu dfnh va khao ciiu). Nxb. Y hgc.<br /> Tinh ehii tri. Chii Tjnh viet Bang vdi Tranh (/f am Ha Ngi. tr. 9. Theo Le Trin Diic, cudn t h i n pha<br /> la Tinh, tat sinh thiet) c6 nghia la thanh tinh. Con nay dugc thd cl din Yen Lu, huygn Thiiy Nguyen,<br /> danh y ddi trUde lam thudc b chiia iy c6 de lai sach Thanh phd Hai Phong. Hign chiing toi ciing khong<br /> thudc va da giai nghia sach Thiin tdng khoa hU luc tim thiy cudn t h i n pha nao v l Tug "Hnh duge trii<br /> la Th^n Trai, Trang Tvf Vo Dat Tug Tinh. Chii tai Thu vign Vign Nghien ciiu Han Nom.<br /> Tinh viet Lap vdi Tranh (Jt) hay Thanh vdi Tranh<br /> (45). Nguyen Ba T^nh. Tue Tinh todn tap. Nxb.<br /> ( # am la Tinh, t$p tfnh thiet) co nghia la yen tinh.<br /> Y hgc. Ha Ngi, 2007.<br /> Hai ngUdi c6 ten higu, chQ Han viet khac nhau,<br /> nghia khac nhau, am thi na na gidng nhau, ma (46) Trin Thai Tong. Thiin tdng khoa hU ngd<br /> bigt higu ciia moi ngUdi c6 6 chil thi khac nhau ro luc. Tug Tinh giai nghia. Trin Trgng DUdng khao<br /> rgt". Thuc ra, hai chii khae nhau, chii fl dgc am ciiu & phien chii. Trung tfim Nghien ciiu Qude hgc<br /> Han Vigt la tjnh, eon chU 1^ dgc la Tinh. & Nxb. v a n hge, Ha Ngi, 2009.<br />