N H U N G M O I L I E N HE T H l f l J N G M A I GlGfA P H I - L I P - P I N VOfl K H U VlTC<br />
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D O N G B A C A THE K Y X V I I<br />
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DUXTNG VAN HUY*<br />
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J h e ky X V I I dugc coi la giai doan vdi y dinh bien no thanh tien tram dS tiep<br />
bung no cua thuong mai bien Dong A . can v d i thi trudng Trung Qudc giau cd.<br />
Ngudi phuong Tay can d u manh me vao thi Tay Ban Nha luon dat thi trudng Trung<br />
trudng phuong Ddng, ddng thdi cac thuong Qudc vao v i t r i uu tien trong nhung hoat<br />
nhan khu vuc cung ndi len manh me, nhat la ddng thuong mai ciia cac nude v d i thuong<br />
cac thuong nhan ngudi Nhat, ngudi Hoa. cang Manila. V d i v i t r i khong xa vdi cac<br />
Tinh hinh nay dan tdi viec xuat hien tai Bien thuong cang vung duyen hai ddng nam<br />
Ddng A nhung thi trudng ldn, hay nhung Trung Qudc. Manila da thu hut nhieu thuong<br />
dau mdi quan trong trong hoat ddng thuong thuyen chd day to lua den tir Trung Qudc.<br />
mai cua khu vuc.O Phi-lip-pin, thuong cang Trong nhung hoat ddng thuong mai giua cac<br />
Manila ra ddi va trd thanh mot trong nhung thuong cang ciia Trung Qudc v d i thuong<br />
thuong cang quan trong ciia khu vuc Ddng cang Manila, chiem nhieu nhat van la cac<br />
Nam A va la dau mdi quan trong de ngudi hoat ddng ciia cac thuong thuyen ciia ngudi<br />
Tay Ban Nha tham nhap vao thi trudng Hoa, v i cac thuong thuyen ciia ngudi Tay<br />
Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban trong the ky X V I I Ban Nha khd tiep can true tiep dugc v d i thi<br />
va nhung giai doan sau do. trudng Trung Qudc. B d i vay, nhung thuyen<br />
1. Hoat dong t h u o n g mai ciia P h i - l i p - buon ciia ngudi Hoa, nhat la nhung thuong<br />
pin v d i cac t h u o n g cang v i i n g D o n g N a m thuyen den t u Phuc K i e n , da t r d thanh nhan<br />
T r u n g Hoa to quan trgng trong tuyen thuong mai nay va<br />
V d i vai trd la trung tarn to lua va gdm su la ngudi cung cap t o lua thuong xuyen cho<br />
ciia the gidi duang thai, Trung Qudc da t r d Manila, tir do t o lua lai dugc cac thuong<br />
thanh mot dja chi quan trgng ma cac thuong thuyen ciia Tay Ban Nha chd sang Mexico.<br />
nhan phuong Tay hudng t d i . N h u n g v i nhieu Thdi ky nay cd nhieu thuong thuyen ciia<br />
ly do khac nhau ma cac thuong nhan phuong Phiic Kien den buon ban d Luzon. M o t tuan<br />
Tay khd cd the tiep can thi trudng Trung phii Phiic K i e n song d thdi ky nha M i n h bai<br />
Qudc mot each true tiep va thuong xuyen. bd tung phan chinh sach Hai cam (nam<br />
Chinh v i vay, cung nhu nhung ngudi phuong 1567) la Tir Hoc N g u n g da nhan djnh:<br />
Tay khac, Tay Ban Nha da chiem lTnh Phi- "Chung tdi buon ban vai Luzon vi a do co<br />
lip-pin, xay dung thuong cang Manila t r d bac trang cua Phat Lang Co (Tay Ban Nha)".<br />
thanh mot cang thi thuong mai phdn thinh, Mat khac. Ha K i e u V i e n , ngudi Phiic K i l n<br />
cung cho biet "£>/ duang bien tu Phuc Kiin<br />
di ve huang Nam, cd qudc gia Luzon... [noi<br />
do] cd nhieu vang va bac, viec luru hanh bac<br />
Thac sT, Viijn Nghien curu Dong Nam A giong nhie viec hru hanh tien a Trung Qudc.<br />
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40 NGHIEN CUU DONG B^C fl. SO 11(117) 1T2OIO<br />
Nghien cihi khoa hoc<br />
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Bac ciia cac nuoc Tay Duong (chi Tay Ban X V I , nhu trong t h u Tong doc Manila Pedro<br />
Nha) deu duoc chuyen tdi day qua nhimg de Rojas gui Quoc vuong Tay Ban Nha<br />
hoat dong thuong mai bien, cho nen ngudi Philippe I I nam 1586 co noi: "Mdi nam cd<br />
Phuc Kien buon ban nhieu d Luzon'' '. Ben 0<br />
khoang 30 van peso bac tu Manila den<br />
canh do, vao nam 1633, T6ng d6c Tay Ban Trung Qudc, md nam nay vuot qua 50 van<br />
Nha 6 Manila, do bat man v o i ngudi B6 Dao peso". Vao nam 1598, trong thu ma Don<br />
Nha, da ban lenh cam thuyen t u Macao den Francisco Tello giri cho Philippe I I cung noi:<br />
Manila. T i n tuc nay lan truyen ra. nam sau "Ngudi Trung Qudc den day buon ban moi<br />
co 40 thuyen Ion cua thuong nhan Trung nam dem bac di 80 van peso, cd luc vuot qua<br />
Quoc cho day to song va lua da tran vao 100 van peso"°\ Ngoai ra, theo tuyen bo ciia<br />
Manila, den muc nam do nhung thuyen Tong giam muc Pedro de Baeza d Manila<br />
buom Ion di Mexico khong co each nao cho vao nam 1609, binh quan moi nam khoang<br />
het toan bo so to lua do . ,2)<br />
30 - 40 thuyen Phiic Kien tir Manila van<br />
Ngudi Tay Ban Nha 6 Manila kinh doanh chuyen di 250 - 300 van rial bac trang, so<br />
buon ban to song va lua Trung Quoc nhu bac trang nay chii yeu diing de mua hang hoa<br />
nhung mat hang chii dao, ho kinh doanh to song va lua tarn ciia Trung Qu6c . D o B o<br />
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nhung hang hoa to song va lua tain ma Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha dem bac trang cac<br />
thuong thuyen Trung Quoc cho den Manila, noi tren the gidi tap trung ve Trung Quoc,<br />
sau do so to lua nay duoc mang den nen dau the k y X V I I , ho deu goi thuyen<br />
Acapulco (Mexico), roi tir Acapulco va buom ldn Manila (The M a n i l a Galleon) va<br />
Sevilla tham nhap vao thi truong Chau A u . Macao la "thuyen bac" (Silver-Ship), bdi v i<br />
Theo thong ke, vao nhung nam binh thuong, thuyen buom ldn Manila tir M e x i c o va Peru<br />
moi nam nhung thuyen manh Ion tir van chuyen bac trang den thuong cang<br />
Acapulco den Manila van chuyen bac trang Manila mua to lua va hang hoa khac ciia<br />
tri gia khoang 200 van peso, hanh trinh quay Trung Quoc; thuyen Macao lai tir Nhat Ban<br />
ve van chuyen to song va lua tarn Trung chd bac thoi den Quang Chau va Macao mua<br />
Quoc tri gia khoang 200 - 300 van peso. San to lua, vang va xa huong ciia Trung Quoc >. (5<br />
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pham to song va lua det ciia Trung Quoc da Ngoai nhung thuong thuyen Trung Quoc<br />
trd thanh mot trong nhung mat hang duoc den tir cac cang thi d dai luc nhu Quang<br />
buon ban tren toan cau luc do, ket qua la Dong, Phiic K i e n , N i n h Ba, cung co nhieu<br />
khien cho bac trang khap noi tren the gidi do thuong thuyen tir ciia ho Trinh d Dai Loan<br />
don ve Trung Quoc. N g u d i Tay Ban Nha den Manila buon ban, va ho chiem so luong<br />
cung chd bac trang tir M e x i c o den Manila roi<br />
khong nho trong cac thuyen buon neo dau d<br />
do ve Trung Quoc, chung ta co the nhin thay<br />
thuong cang nay. Khoang giua the ky X V I I ,<br />
tir nhung con so duoc ghi chep t u cuoi the ky<br />
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"' Ha Kieu Vien, Man thu, Q. 150, "Dao di chi". Dan theo E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson, The Philippine Islands<br />