Nông sản hàng hóa ở Nam Bộ thế kỷ XVII- XVIII

] \ 0 ] \ G !$A]\ HAJVG HOA O ]\AM B O<br /> yv'<br /> <br /> THE K Y X V I I - X V I I I<br /> <br /> N G U Y £ N PHUC NGHlfeP'<br /> TRAN THI THANH HU£'*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 'K Nam Bo, trong bud'i dau khai hoang. ddu khai phd, hdu het ddt dai d Nam Bg<br /> Lido da't rdng, ngQdi thQa, phap che eon hoang vu. NgUdi ddn diiae tii do chiem<br /> long leo; nen iQu dan tuy tien "cdm diii" ddt hoang, khai phd trong trgt. Rugng ddt<br /> chiem hQu da't dai. Dieu dd giup cho viec ngUdi ddn khai phd duac se trd thdnh<br /> khai hoang dQdc day manh ma chinh rugng ddt tU. Chinh quyin edng nhdn sd<br /> quyen chua Nguyen khdng cin phai d i u tQ hiiu tu nhdn ve rugng dd't nhdm khuye'n<br /> kinh phi. Song, cung chinh dieu dd, da d i n khich mgi ngUdi khai hoang sdn xud't" (4).<br /> den mot he qua, ma tic gia Nguyen Dinh Luc d i u mdi khai pha, tu dien, tQ tho la<br /> Diu goi la "sU chie'm hUu rugng dd't mgt loai hinh chie'm hQu phd bie'n cua ngQdi<br /> cdch triet de cua tU nhdn" (1). Trong sud't ndng dan tQ canh. NhQng dan da, dien thd<br /> hai the ky XVH va XVIII, d Nam Bo chi b i t dau tap trung vao tay mot sd' "nhd<br /> duy nha't co mot loai hinh chie'm hQu dat gidu" cd vd'n lieng, cd nhan iQc. Tinh trang<br /> dai ma thdi; do la tQ dien, tQ thd. Ve viec kiem tinh dien thd ngay cang trd nen trim<br /> nay, Le Quy Ddn vie't trong Phit bien tgp trong va phd bie'n. TQ dd, hinh thanh nen<br /> luc nhQ sau: "Nhiing ngiidi di cit mdi (tit giai ci'p dia chu. Le Quy Ddn cho bie't:<br /> Qudng Nam, Qudng Nghla, Bien Bdn, Quy "Nhiing ngUdi gidu co d cdc dia phuang, nOi<br /> Nhan) ra siic chdt phdt cdy cdi, eat co rdm thi CO bon ndm mUai nhd, nai thi co hai ba<br /> vd md mang dd't dai thdnh nhitng viing dd't mUai nhd, moi nhd co hgng ddy td ldm<br /> bdng phdng, thd dia phi nhieu. Nhd rugng hodc den ndm sdu mUai ngUdi. Moi<br /> Nguyen lgi eho ddn duac tit tien chie'm ddt gia dinh cd the nudi han ba bd'n trdm con<br /> md viidn trong cau vd xdy diing nhd ciia ..." bd, cdy biia trong trgt, cdy ddm, gdt hdi,<br /> (2); va "... (hg) diu ra site ldm rugng de tgo ban rgn sudt ngdy, khong luc ndo nghi<br /> thdnh sdn nghiep rieng" (3). Trong luan ngai" (5). Ve vi'n de nay, tie gia Le Vin<br /> vin Sdn xudt hdng hoa vd thitang nghiep d Nam khing dinh: "Ngay tii rdt sdm, sd hUu<br /> Nam Bg theky XVH - niia ddu theky XIX, rugng ddt ldn cdng dd hinh thdnh d Nam<br /> Le Van Nam cung vie't: "Trong cdc the ky Bg. Nhitng ngUdi gidu cd, nhiing dia chu<br /> <br /> ' TS. Dai hoc Tien Giang<br /> " Tien Giang<br /> Rong 5 ^ hang hoa b Ram B6... 27<br /> <br /> <br /> duac chua Nguyin keu ggi di vdo Nam tU ndy ndm duae mdt sd'lUOng ndng sdn to ldn.<br /> eudi the ky XVII, vdi tiin bgc, phuang tien Luang ndng sdn dd dUac dUa ra thi trUdng"<br /> vdt chdt sdn cd, dd gdp phdn thuc day viec (11).<br /> khai hoang duae nhanh chdng; nhiing hg Luc ba'y gid, san xua't ndng nghiep mang<br /> eung chiem nhieu rugng ddt vd trd thdnh tinh cha't hang hda d Nam Bd gap mot sd'<br /> dia ehu ldn" (6). thuan ldi nhQ sau:<br /> Tren cd sd mot nen nong nghiep lua - ThU nhd't, Nam Bd la vung "nhd't thdc,<br /> nQdc k h i p h i t trien; va nhi't la, dQa tren cd nhi cau". Nong san do dia phQdng san xua't<br /> sd che do tu hQu ruong da't triet de; nen ra nhQ lua gao, cau, tom ci,... khong chi<br /> nong nghiep d Nam Bo, ngay tQ ra't sdm, da dip Qng cho nhu cau tai chd; ma cdn doi ra<br /> mang tinh chi't san xuat hang hda. Le Quy vdi sd' iQdng ldn, trd thanb hang hda, dQdc<br /> Don da noi len dieu dd: "Nhd Nguyen lgi buon b i n tQ do tren thi trQdng. Tic gia<br /> cho ddn dUae tU tien chie'm ddt, md viidn Lim Quang Huyen, trong luan vin 300<br /> trdng cau vd xdy diing nhd cUa. Lgi cho hg ndm kinh te Sdi Gon - Thdnh phd'Hd Chi<br /> thdu nhgn nhiing con trai, eon gdi ngiidi Minh, xem dd la "tinh hinh dot bie'n cda<br /> Mgi tit tren ddu ngudn xud'ng, de mua ldm viing dd't mdi" (12); bdi vi "xUa kia, sdn<br /> day td, dUa d, sai khien hdu hg. Bgn ngiidi xud't lua ggo chi de tii cung tit cap, it nai, it<br /> Mgi ndy cung nhau ket thdnh doi lUa va khi cd thiia dem bdn; md nay tgi mien Nam<br /> chdng, sinh due thdnh nhieu ngUdi, deu ra ddt rdng lgi ngUdi thUa, nen lua ggo dU<br /> site ldm rugng, de tgo lap sdn nghiep rieng. thiia phdi dem bdn trong vd ngodi nUdc"<br /> Nhd vdy, md miin Gia Binh cd rdt nhiiu (13).<br /> lua thdc" (7). Tic gia Phan Huy Le cung da<br /> - Thit hai, tuy he thd'ng giao thdng<br /> nhan xet: "Thdi ky tit cudi the ky XVI de'n<br /> dudng bo cdn han che; nhQng vdi mang iQdi<br /> ndm 1836, viing Bong Nai - Gia Binh chi cd<br /> song rach day dac; v i nhi't la, hai con kenh<br /> che do tu hUu rugng ddt vd nong thdn gdm<br /> Vung Cu, kenh Mdi rach Chanh dQdc dao<br /> nhitng thdn dp diia tren che do sd hUu<br /> md trong the ky XVIII nd'i Sai Gdn - Gia<br /> rugng ddt ndy. Bdy Id mgt ket edu kinh te-<br /> Dinh vdi cic tinh ddng bing sdng CQu<br /> xd hgi khde vdi cdc viing khde; vd chinh nd<br /> Long, da khie'n cho he tho'ng giao thdng<br /> dd thdc ddy sU phdt trien mgnh me cua<br /> dudng thuy trd nen rat tien ldi cho viec van<br /> kinh te hdng hda ldm thay do'i nhanh<br /> chuyen ndng san hang hda.<br /> chdng bd mat kinh te cua Bong Nai - Gia<br /> Dinh" (8). Tic gia Nguygn Dinh Diu cung - Thii ba, phQdng tien chu ye'u de van<br /> cd y kien tQdng tQ: "(viec) tii nhdn chie'm chuyen ndng san la ghe thuyen. Luc a'y,<br /> hOu rugng dd't triet de vd (viec) rugng ddt ghe thuyen hoat ddng tren sdng rach ra't<br /> ldn hoi tap trung trong tay mgt thieu so' ddng due va nao nhiet. Tai chd Cii Be (An<br /> ngiidi gidu dd tgo cho xd hdi miin Nam, rd Binh Ddng, nay thudc Tien Giang) ngQdi ta<br /> rdng, cd tinh trgng tien tU bdn chu nghla" da dong dQdc nhQng chie'c ghe ldn de di<br /> (9); ma "dd'u hieu eua sit hinh thdnh chu budn b i n de'n t i n Cao Mien (14). Ddng<br /> nghla tu bdn Id tinh hinh sdn xud't hdng thdi, d Nam Bd cdn nhieu cd sd dong ghe<br /> hda dd tdi mite eao" (10). Va tic gia Le Vin thuyen nQa, chuyen ddng cic loai ghe<br /> Nam tbi cho ring: "Sd hOu ddt dai tU nhdn, thuyen nhd dip Qng cho viec di lai, v i n<br /> nhdt Id viec tap trung rugng ddt trong tay chuyen hang hda cua nhan dan tren nhQng<br /> cdc dia chu. ldn dd giup cho nhiing ngUdi cung dudng thuy ngin. Dieu dd da tao dieu<br /> 22 Rghien curu Lich sit, sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> kien cho viec thdng thQdng hang hda dQdc viec kinh doanh cua thQdng budn nay dQdc<br /> p h i t trien. tien hanh hdn 10 nim.<br /> NhQ da trinh bay, hai m i t hang ndng - Thdi gian thuyen di tren bie'n de vao<br /> san chu iQc cua Nam Bd dQdc budn b i n Gia Dinh: neu gap gio thuan, thdi tie't tdt<br /> tren thi trQdng la thdc gao va cau. Ngoai thi thuyen di khong qui 10 ngay dem se<br /> ra, cdn c6 tdm ci va mot sd' thd san linh vao den Gia Dinh.<br /> tinh khic, nhQ cic loai diu, qua,... - Hai trinh tQ chau Nam Bd Chinh vao<br /> Theo tie gia Li Tana, thdc ggo b ddng Gia Dinh:<br /> bing song CQu Long trd thanh hang hda, + Thuyen qua cQa bien Nhit Le (nay<br /> dQdc b i n di khip ndi sdm nhi't la tQ dau thudc tinh Quang Binh) trinh quan Tran thu.<br /> thekyXVin(15). + Sau dd, de'n ciia Yeu (cdn goi la cQa<br /> Luc bay gid, thdc gao dQdc van chuyen Bat Ld, nay thuoc tinh Quang Tri) trinh<br /> ra bin d Phu Xuan - Thuan Hda. Le Quy quan Tao van, de nhan lanh gia'y phep di<br /> Don viet: "Miin Gia Dinh cd rdt nhiiu thdc bien. TQ ciia Nhat Le de'n cQa Yeu, thuyen<br /> lua ... Hdng ndm, cU de'n thdng 11 vd thdng di mat mot ngay dem va 6 trd'ng canh.<br /> chgp, ngiidi ta thUdng xay, gid thdc lua + Cudi cung, de'n dau dia gidi Gia Dinh<br /> thdnh ggo dem di bdn lay tien tieu diing la xQ Vung Tau, thi dQng thuyen lai de<br /> vdo nhiing le tiet chgp. Nhiing luc binh nghi ngdi; va hdi t h i m ndi nao ma't mua,<br /> thudng, ngUdi ta chuyen chd ggo thdc ra ndi nao trung mua. Sau khi bie't chic chin<br /> bdn tgi thdnh Phu Xudn de ddi chdc hay dia phQdng nao dQdc mua lua thdc, thi mdi<br /> mua sdm nhiing hdng vdc nhieu, triiu dogn cho thuyen di vao dia phQdng a'y de thu<br /> cua ngUdi Tdu" (16). TQ do, hinh thanh ra mua.<br /> gidi thQdng buon chuyen kinh doanh thdc<br /> gao. NhQng ngQdi nay thQdng di thuyen ldn - Cic dia diem budn b i n thdc gao: tai cic<br /> tQ mien Trung vao neo dau tai cac cQa bien cQa bien Cin Gid, Xoai Rap (nay thudc<br /> hoic tai cic thQdng cang, phd' chd ldn; rdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh), ctia Tieu (nay<br /> cho thuyen nhd di k h i p ndi de thu mua thuoc tinh Tien Giang), cQa Dai (nay thudc<br /> thoe gao (17). Dien hinh la Ddng Cham tinh Ben Tre).<br /> (hay Trum Cham). Ong la ngQdi thdn - Canh mua bin:<br /> Chinh Hda, chau Nam Bd^ Chinh; khoang "Ben nhiing dia diem tren, ngUdi ta dd<br /> tQ n i m 1760 trd di da nhieu lln vao Gia trdng thdy budm thuyen mdnh ddu xum xit<br /> Dinh buon thoe gao. Viec kinh doanh cua ke nhau, tap nap tgi hen. Hai ben mua bdn<br /> Ddng Chim dQdc Le Quy Don ghi chep rat thdc ggo dd thUOng lugng vdi nhau vd bdn<br /> ky trong Phu bien tgp luc. Doan ghi chep dinh gid gid cd lua thdc xong rdi, bdy gid<br /> dd (18), xin dUdc phan tich nhQ sau: ngUdi bdn sai cdc tre nho hay diia d ldm<br /> - Thdi diem di va ve: thing 9, 10 di; cdng viec khieng gdnh liia thdc vd van<br /> thing 4, thing 5 ve. NhQ vay, thdi gian ehuyen xud'ng xudng thuyin ngUdi mua".<br /> Ddng Chim iQu tru d Gia Dinh de thu mua - Gii thdc:<br /> thdc gao la khoang 6 thing. Mdi nim, dng + Mot tien (tQc 10 ddng) dong dQdc 16<br /> ta chi thQc hien dQdc mot chuyen vao Gia da'u thdc.<br /> Dinh. Le Quy Ddn cho biet, Ddng Chim di + Mot quan tien dong dQdc 300 b i t ddng<br /> budn td'ng cong dUdc hdn 10 chuyen. Do dd, cua nha nQdc (tQc 30 b i t cua dia phQdng).<br /> Rgng s i n hang hoa 6 Ram Bg.. 29<br /> <br /> Nhin chung, "gid thdc re, cdc nOi khde thue do dan ddng, nhQ thdc thue eua hai<br /> chUa titng ed". Dieu nay phu hdp vdi nhQng trQdng Tam Laeh va Ba Canh d dinh Tri'n<br /> sd' lieu cua dat si Ngd The Lin trong bai Dinh (nay thudc tinh Tien Giang) nop vao<br /> Lugn ve tien te dQdc vie't khoang nim 1770 kho Dinh Vien (25); hoic nhQ nam 1788,<br /> ve gii thoe d cac dia phQdng thudc Dang thdc thue cua bd'n tra'n Phien An, Bien<br /> Trong (19): Hda, Dinh Tudng, Vinh Thanh nop vao Kho<br /> Bo'n tra'n dat d Phien An; thdc thue hai dao<br /> Bang 1: Gia thoe d cap dia phQdng<br /> Long Xuyen va An Giang nop vao kho tran<br /> STT D i a phUdng Gia t h o e Vmh Thanh.<br /> (tien/hoc)<br /> Hing nam, mot p h i n thoe thue cic kho<br /> 1 Gia Dinh 5<br /> 2 Binh Thuan 6<br /> dia phQdng dQdc chd ve trQ d cic kho thudc<br /> Dien Khanh sQ quan ly ciia trung Qdng, nhQ thdc thue<br /> 3 Phu Yen 7 cua kho Dinh Vien dUdc chuyen chd ve kho<br /> Quy Nhdn Tho Khang thudc phQdng Tho Khang,<br /> 4 Quang Ngai 8 huyen Phu Vang (Phu Xuan), thdc cua ba<br /> Thang Hoa kho Tin Thanh, Canh DUdng, Thien Mu<br /> Dien Ban<br /> thudc dinh T r i n Bien dQdc chuyen nop ve<br /> 5 T h u a n Hda 10<br /> Kinh dd Phu Xuan. Sach Phu bien tgp luc<br /> Quang Binh<br /> Bd Chinh<br /> ciia Le Quy Ddn cho bie't, n i m 1768, cd 7<br /> chie'c thuyen cua phu Gia Dinh ve Phu<br /> Do dd, vdi gii thdc d Gia Dinh re nhQ Xuan nop thdc thue; va sd thdc nay len de'n<br /> viy, boat dong kinh doanh thdc gao cua hang t r i m tan (26). Tat ca cic thuyen chd<br /> Ddng Chim thu dQdc ldi nhuan ldn. Mdn thdc ve nop kho trung Qdng deu trQng dung<br /> hdi dd cung kich thich ri't nhieu thQdng cua din. NhQng ddi lai, ngQdi cd thuyen<br /> budn khic. Thuyen budn chd gao ra b i n d dQdc trQng dung thi dQdc mot sd' quyen ldi,<br /> Phu Xuin ngay cang nhieu. Nim 1768, cd nhQ khdi phai nop thue di chuyen ca nim;<br /> 341 chie'c (20); nam 1774, cd hdn 1000 chie'c dQdc ci'p p h i t tien di dQdng va cung le cau<br /> (21). Ne'u tinh binh quin mdi chie'c thuyen gid (27).<br /> cd the chd dQdc 20 - 30 ti'n thi so' gao a'y NhQ vay. Nam Bd la ndi cung ci'p lua<br /> phai len de'n hang ngan tan.<br /> gao chu ye'u cho vung Thuin Hda va ca<br /> TQ dd, chinh quyen chua Nguyen thu mien Trung. Pierre Poivre trong n h i t ky<br /> dQdc tien thue tai cic cQa bien, nhQ n i m ngay 27-20-1749 vie't: "Hien nay, Bong Nai<br /> 1774, tien thue tai c^a bien My Tho (nay (ehi chung Nam bd) Id mgt vita lua cua cd<br /> thudc tinh Tien Giang) la 64 quan (22); tien xU Bdng Trong. Viing ndy dd cung cap eho<br /> thue d ciia bien Can Gid (nay thuoc Thanh todn xU mgt khdi lUOng ldn vi thdc" (28).<br /> phd Hd Chi Minh) la 84 quan (23); tien Quyen Lich sit khai phd viing ddt Nam Bd<br /> thue d cQa bien Xoai Rap (nay thuoc Thanh cung eho ring: "viing ddng bdng sdng Citu<br /> phdHd Chi Minh) la 55 quan (24).<br /> Long, ngay tii rdt sdm, dd Id viia lua ldn,<br /> Ngoai sd' thdc gao hang boa cua nhan sdn xudt thdc ggo dU thiia, so vdi nhu edu<br /> dan, chinh quyen chua Nguyin cdn cd mot luang thitc tgi chd. Lua ggo sdn xud't duae d<br /> khdi iQdng thdc gao nhi't dinh dQdc trQ ddy, ngodi viec thoa mdn nhu cdu lUOng<br /> trong cic kho cua nha nUdc. D6 la so thoe thitc cua nhdn ddn tgi ehd, edn duae dem<br /> 20 Rghien curu L|eh siir. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> bdn di cdc nOi khde d trong nUdc, chu yeu Id nguyen lieu de che tao vu khi, phuc vu cho<br /> cdc phu phia ngodi cua xii Bdng Trong, viec tranh chap vdi nha Tay Sdn. Sich<br /> nhdt la xit Thugn Hda" (29). Lam Quang Qud'c trieu chdnh bien todt yeu cho biet; "Tit<br /> Huyen, trong luan v i n 300 ndm kinh te Sdi dd, ngUdi budn vui viec budn bdn, cdc do<br /> Gon - Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, cho bie't: binh khi cdng duac doi ddo" (36). Ddng<br /> "Thdc ggo tii Nam ehuyen ra mien Trung Id thdi, Nguyen Anh cdn dung thdc gao lam<br /> nhiiu; nhUng khdng tinh duae so lUOng cu phQdng tien de thie't lip quan he chinh tri -<br /> thi' (30). ngoai giao vdi mot sd nQdc, nhQ Trung<br /> Chinh nhd vay, xQ Dang Trong cd dii Qude (37), Xiem (38), Ma Cao, Philippin<br /> iQdng thQc cho nhan dan, mac du vung (39), An Do, Batavia, Malacca (40).<br /> Thuan Hda va Quang Nam cd sQ gia tang Sau thdc gao, cau la m i t hang ndng san<br /> dan sd' lien tuc (31); va dac biet la tQ dau dQng hang thQ hai dQdc tieu thu manh tren<br /> the ky XVIII, khdi phai n h i p khau thoe gao thi trQdng. C. Borri cho bie't: "Cau Id ngudn<br /> tQ Xiem va Cao Mien (32). Phai ndi ring, lai ldn d xvt ndy, cd vUdn cau thi cdng nhii d<br /> tQ the ky XVIII, Nam Bo da gdp phan tich xU chung ta cd rugng nho vd rugng 6 liu<br /> cQc vao viec dam bao an ninh iQdng thQc vdy" (41). Luc bi'y gid, cau dQdc sii dung<br /> cho da't nQdc; va khong chi the, cdn tao dieu vao cac viec sau day:<br /> kien cho boat dong ngoai thQdng, nhi't la - Dip Qng nhu ciu tieu thu tai chd; va<br /> viec xui't khau thdc gao, cd sQ p h i t trien dd la nhu elu ri't to ldn, bdi vi khi do phong<br /> manh me. tuc i n t r i u cau cdn ri't phd bie'n. Trong Gia<br /> Thdc gao cua Nam Bo cdn dQdc xui't Binh thdnh thdng chi, Trinh Hoai DQc cho<br /> khau ra nUdc ngoai, nhi't la thi trQdng biet: "d Gia Binh, cd khdeh den nhd, ddu<br /> Trung Qudc. Sich Phu bien tgp luc cho tien gia ehu ddng trdu cau" (42). 0 vung Gd<br /> biet: "Tgi phd Gia Binh, liia thdc khdng Cong (nay thudc tinh Tien Giang), khong<br /> biet bao nhieu md ke, ede khdch budn ngUdi ke dan dng, dan ba, ai ai cung may mot cii<br /> Tdu thudng tdi nhiing nOi dy mua bdn da tui vai dUng t r I u cau, deo d ngang t h i t<br /> quen thugc, ai cung tdm tdc khen ngai" iQng, dQdc goi la ho phe, de i n va mdi<br /> (33). Thing 6-1789, Nguyen Anh cho phep khich (43).<br /> cic thQdng gia Trung Quo'c den mua gao d - Ban cho cic dia phQdng khic, nhi't la<br /> Gia Dinh; ddi lai, ho mang sit, gang, iQu cho thi trQdng Sai Gdn. Trinh Hoai DQc cho<br /> huynh, vo'n la nhQng nguyen lieu de che biet, b chd Cii Be (chd An Binh Ddng),<br /> tao vu khi, tdi b i n (34). ngQdi ta "ehd't chUa hot cau, de ehd bdn eho<br /> Ve sd iQdng gao dQdc xui't khau theo con ngUdi budn d Sdi Gon" (44). Rdi tQ dd, cau<br /> dQdng nay, theo t i c gia Trin Ngoc Dinh dQdc xui't khau sang cic nQdc khac.<br /> din lai tQ P. Vial trong Les premieres - Ve xui't khau, Phu bien tgp luc chep:<br /> annees de la Coehinchine, thi vao nhQng "Ddn cdc dia phUang miin Ddng Nai - Gia<br /> nim 90 cua the ky XVIII, bang nim, cd Dinh thudng khdng hdi eau. Hg de cho trdi<br /> khoang 12.000 ti'n thoe gao da dUdc ban ra eau tu gid ru d tren cdy; de'n sau hg ehl<br /> nQdc ngoai bdi cic thQdng budn Trung lUOm nhdt hgt eau dem xudng bdn cho ede<br /> Quo'c (35). Thong qua viec budn b i n nhU khdeh buon ngUdi Tdu" (45). Muc dich cua<br /> vay, thQdng budn Trung Qud'c thu dUdc ldi thQdng gia Trung Qud'c thu mua cau la "de<br /> nhuan khong nhd; cdn Nguyen Anh thi cd mang vi Qudng Ddng cho ngUdi ta dn thay<br /> Rong sAn hang h6a i Ram Bg.. 31<br /> <br /> thii trd phil (che trdu)"; nhUng dieu quan thQdng mai ldn nha't dQdc thanh lap dau<br /> trong hdn la, cau dUdc xui't sang chiu Au; tien d Nam Bo. Chd pho' ldn My Tho dQdc<br /> bdi vi, hat cau vdi ham iQdng tananh cao, dQng len d ndi hdp iQu giQa sdng My Tho<br /> ri't cin cho cong nghiep nhudm va thudc da va kenh Vung Cu; nen cd sQc quy tu ghe<br /> dang phat trien manh d chau Au hdi the ky thuyen, vit iQc tQ cic dia phQdng khic den<br /> XVHI (46). Nam 1799, Olivier, mot ngQdi ndi day; va tQ dd lan tda ra k h i p ndi, nhi't<br /> Phap phuc vu trong quan ddi cua chua la thdng thQdng vdi cac trung tam thQdng<br /> Nguyen Phuc Anh, chd mot thuyen cau mai khic, nhQ Sai Gdn, Phu Xuan,... va ca<br /> sang b i n tai Malacca (Singapore) (47). vdi nQdc ngoai. Chinh vi vay, Trinh Hoai<br /> Ngoai thdc gao va cau; Nam Bd cd ngudn DQc chdp ve sQ phdn thinh cua ngdi chd<br /> thuy san het sQc phong phu. Le Quy Ddn nay nhQ sau: "Phia nam tri sd Id cha phd'<br /> cho biet, ngudn ldi ci tdm d vung cQa Tieu ldn My Tho, nhd ngdi cdt chgm, dinh eao,<br /> thi rat ldn; den ndi; ngQdi ta i n khdng bet, chiia rdng, ghe thuyin d eac ngd sdng bien<br /> phai luoc sd qua rdi dem phdi ning de lam din ddu ddng due, ldm mgt dgi dd hdi, rdt<br /> khd, bin cho cic ban hang (48). Ci kho phdn hoa, huyen ndo" (52); va "phdm<br /> cung dQdc b i n nhieu d chd Cii Be (chd An thuyen budn cdc nai qua lgi phdi ddu nghi<br /> Binh Dong) de xua't khau sang Cao Mien d sdng My Tho, hdng mdt, xem trdng, dai<br /> (49). d vung Ddng Thip Mudi, ci, tdm d con nUdc len, thudn ddng len tdy hay xud'ng<br /> ddng" (53). Ddng thdi, b day cdn cd mot ngdi<br /> sdng rach, chim ao, ddng ruong nhieu<br /> chd chuyen kinh doanh thoe gao, ndi tieng<br /> khong ke xiet. Theo Trinh Hoai DQc, d i n d<br /> ca Nam Bd. Dd la chd Gao (nay thudc<br /> day "mudi cd ldm mdm, ehdt tre ke't be,<br /> huyen Chd Gao, tinh Tien Giang). Chd nay<br /> thudn dong xudi, xud'ng bdn tgi ede thi<br /> do dng T r i n Vin Gidng lap dQdi thdi vua<br /> trdn" (50). DQdc bie't, mim la loai thQc<br /> Canh HQng (1744-1786) (54). Ngoai ra, cdn<br /> pham ra't phd bie'n luc ba'y gid. Trinh Hoai<br /> cd nhieu chd khic nQa nhQ chd LQdng Phu<br /> DQc viet: "ngUdi Gia Dinh Ua dn mdm, cd<br /> (55), chd Thanh Sdn, chd Gd Cdng, chd An<br /> ngudi trong mdt bUa dn, dn hit 2 dng mdm,<br /> Binh Dong (56),...<br /> do han 20 cdn, de ldm trd vui trong khi do'<br /> cugc nhau" (51). PhQdng ngon d diy cd cau: Dinh Tri'n Bien (nay thudc tinh Ddng<br /> "An cOm mdm thdm vi Idu" la nhQ vay. Nai) cd Ndng Nai dai phd (tQc cu lao Phd)<br /> dQdc thanh lap cung luc vdi chd phd ldn My<br /> TQ dd, gidi thQdng lii chuyen buon b i n<br /> ci, tdm dQdc hinh thanh ma dan gian quen Tho (My Tho dai pho). Sach Gia Dinh<br /> goi la "ldi rdi". Ho dong nhQng chie'c ghe thdnh thdng chi cho bie't: "Luc ddu khai<br /> ldn de rong ci va chd di b i n khip ndi, thu thdc, tudng qudn Trdn ThUOng Xuyen ehieu<br /> dQdc md'i ldi ldn. tap ngudi budn nUde Tdu den kien thiet phd<br /> xd, mdi ngdi tiidng vdi, lau eao qudn rdng,<br /> Do kinh te hang hda p h i t trien thinh<br /> dgc theo bd sdng lien lgc tdi 5 dam, chia<br /> dat; nen d Nam Bo da xui't hien nhQng<br /> vgch ldm ba dUdng phd', dUdng phd' ldn ldt<br /> ngoi chd cd boat dong ndi - ngoai thUdng ri't<br /> da trdng, dUdng phd ngang lot dd ong,<br /> nhon nhip.<br /> dudng phd' nho lot ggch xanh, dUdng rdng<br /> d dinh Tra'n Dinh (nay thudc tinh Tien bdng thdng, ke budn tu tap, ghe thuyen ldn<br /> Giang), nd'i tieng nha't la ehd phd ldn My a bien vd d sdng den ddu neo, cd nhiing be<br /> Tho (My Tho dai phd) dUdc thanh lap n i m gd lien tiep nhau, dy Id mdt chd dgi dd hdi,<br /> 1679. Diy l i mot trong nhQng trung t i m nhiing nhd buon bdn ldn duy d ddy Id<br /> 32 Rghien curu Lich sit. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> nhieu hOn" (57). Ngoai ra, d day cdn cd mdt thuyin d sdng bien qua lgi nai ddy khdng<br /> so' ngdi chd ldn khac, nhQ chd Ba Ria vdi dot, that Id mdt dgi dd hdi d nOi gdc bien<br /> "nhd cUa lien lgc, giao thdng cd dUdng thuy vdy" (62).<br /> vd dudng bd, la mdt cha ldn nai miin bien"; Tdm lgi, do viec khai khan cua iQu din<br /> chd Binh Quy co "ghe thuyin sdng bien den vao bud'i d i u cdn tuy tien, de dang; hdn<br /> ddu nd'i dudi nhau, ngUdi d ddy chudn bi db nQa, chinh quyen chua Nguyen cd nhQng<br /> ddi hodc vdn, di theo dong nUdc bdn dd hoa chinh sich thdng thoing, cdi md, chQa cd<br /> qud thiie vdt" (58),... phip che chat che; nen d Nam Bd luc bi'y<br /> d dinh Phien Tran (nay thuoc Thanh gid chi cd mot loai hinh sd hQu ruong dat la<br /> phd' Hd Chi Minh), cd chd Sai Gdn rat sung tu dien, tQ thd ma thoi. Luc dau, tQ dien, tQ<br /> thinh. Trinh Hoai DQc md ta chd nay nhQ thd eua ngQdi ndng dan tQ eanh giQ vi the<br /> sau: "phd'xd lien tie'p, ngUdi Tdu vd ngiidi chu ye'u. NhQng ve sau, qua trinh tich tu<br /> Viet d chung ldn ddi khodng ba dam. Hdng ruong dat d i n d i n dUdc diln ra. Mot sd'<br /> hda trong ede phd' bdy bdn cd: gdm, dogn, "nhd gidu" cd vd'n lieng, cd nhan iQc bing<br /> dd sU, gidy, chdu bdu, sdch vd, thudc Bdc, nhieu phQdng each da b i t d i u bao chie'm<br /> trd... Nhiing hda vdt dNam Bdc theo dUdng ruong da't; va tQ dd hinh thanh nen giai cap<br /> sdng Men chd de'n khdng thieu mdn ndo... dia chu.<br /> dy Id mdt cha phd ldn vd dd hdi ndo nhiet" Tren cd sd mot nen ndng nghiep lua<br /> (59). Vi ndi day la dia ban trung tam cua nQdc p h i t trien; va nhi't la, dQa tren cd sd<br /> Nam Bo nen cdn cd nhieu chd ldn khic nQa, che do tQ hQu ruong di't mot cich triet de;<br /> nhQ chd Ben Thinh, chd Cay Da, chd Phd' ngay tQ ri't sdm, nen ndng nghiep b Nam<br /> Ben San, chd Dieu Khien, chd Tan Kieng,... Bo da mang tinh chat san xuit hang hda.<br /> 0 dinh Long Hd cd chd Long Ho (nay Ndng san, nha't la thdc gao va cau, da dip<br /> thudc tinh Vinh Long) dQdc lap n i m 1732 Qng dly du cho thi trQdng tai che; ma cdn<br /> cd "phd xd lien lgc, hdng hda du, cd trdm ddi ra vdi sd' iQdng ldn, trd thanh hang hda<br /> mdn, ddi den 5 dam, ghe thuyen ddu sdt dQdc budn bin, trao dd'i tren thi trUdng<br /> ben, ede nai dinh qudn ddn ca ndo nhiet, trong va ngoai nQdc. Tren cd sd dd, b Nam<br /> dy la cha phd' ldn" (60); chd Sa Dec (nay Bd da xui't hien nhQng trung tam thQdng<br /> thuoc tinh Ddng Thip) vdi "phd' cha dgc mai ndi tie'ng k h i p ca nQdc va qudc te, tieu<br /> theo bd sdng, nhd ciia hai ben lien tiep 5 bieu la chd phd' ldn My Tho (My Tho dai<br /> ddm, dudi sdng cd nhiing be tre ddu sdt vdi phd), chd Gao, chd An Binh Dong, chd cu<br /> nhau, hodc bdn hdng lua, khi dung dNam lao Phd' (Ndng Nai dai phd), chd Sai Gdn,<br /> Bae chd de'n, hoge bdn ddu rdi, than, tre, cang thi Ha Tien,...<br /> mdy,... tren bd vd dUdi sdng trdm thUc Chinh vi vay, san xua't nong san hang<br /> hdng hda td't dep, that Id thdnh dia phdn hda d Nam Bd da cd sQ phat trien manh<br /> hoa vdy" (61),... me, nhQ t i c gia Nguyen Dinh Dau n h i n<br /> Tri'n Ha Tien dUdc hinh thanh n i m xet: "nin kinh tephdt trien nhd't nUde" va la<br /> 1708 cd "dudng lot tiep gidp, phd' xd lien "mdt nin kinh te mang ddu hieu cua<br /> lgc, ngudi Viet, ngUdi Tdu, ngUdi Cao Mien, phuang thUe sdn xudt tiin tU bdn chu<br /> ngudi Do Bd diu theo ehiing logi cU tru, ghe nghla" (63).<br /> Rgng s&n hang hoa dr Rzim Bg... S3<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1), (8), (9), (10), (63). Nguyen Dinh Dau, Che (28), (29). Huj>nh Lfla (chii bien), Lich sH khai<br /> do cdng diin cdng thd trong lich su! khdn hoang lap phd vimg ddt Nam Bd. Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh,<br /> dp d Nam Ky luc tinh, Hdi Sii hoc Viet Nam, Ha 1981, tr. 80, 84.<br /> Npi, 1992, tr. 72, 10, 72, 75, 83. (33), (45), (48). Le Qu5r Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc,<br /> (2), (3), (5), (7), (16), (17), (20), (22), (23), (24), (tap 2), ban dich cila Le X u i n Giao, Sai Gon, 1973,<br /> (25), (26), (27). Le Quy Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc, (tap tr. 418, 442, 443.<br /> 2), ban dich cua Le Xuan Giao, Sai Gdn, 1973, tr.<br /> (34), (36), (38). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen,<br /> 441, 440, 440, 439, 440, 443, 441, 441, 85, 43, 40,<br /> Qudc triiu chinh bien todt yeu, Nxb. Thuan Hda,<br /> 43, 81, 85, 85.<br /> Hue, 1998, tr. 29, 29, 28.<br /> (4), (6), (11), (21), (47). Le Van NSm, Sdn xudt<br /> (35). T r i n Ngpc Dinh, Chedo sd hQu rudng ddt<br /> hdng hoa vd thitang nghiep d Nam Bo theky XVII •<br /> ldn d Nam Bd thdi ky Phdp thdng tri, Tap chi<br /> XIX, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich su!, sd 3, 4, 5, 6<br /> Nghien citu Lich sil, sd 132 (1970), tr. 83.<br /> (1988), tr. 54, 54, 54, 81, 82.<br /> (37). Trinh Tri Ta'n, Nguyen Minh Nhflt, Pham<br /> (12), (13), (30), (32). Lam Quang Huyen, 300<br /> Tua'n, Sdi Gdn tii khi thdnh lap den givta the ky<br /> nam kinh te Sdi Gdn - Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh,<br /> XIX. Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 19.<br /> Ky ye'u Hoi thao Khoa hoc "Gdp phdn tim hieu lich<br /> si - vdn hda 300 nam Sdi Gdn • Thdnh phd'Hd Chi (39). Sdn Nam, Ddt Gia Dinh xUa. Nxb. Tp. Hd<br /> <br /> Minh". Nxb. Tre, 1998, tr. 210, 211, 210, 115. Chi Minh, 1984, tr. 56.<br /> <br /> (14), (44), (49), (50), (53), (56). Trinh Hoai Diic, (41). Cristophoro Borri, Xit Ddng Trong ndm<br /> <br /> Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi (tap ThUOng), ban dich 1621, ban dich cua Nguyin KhSc Xuyen va<br /> <br /> cua Nguyin Tao, Sai Gdn, 1972, tr. 62, 62, 62, 63, Nguyin Nghi. Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 27.<br /> <br /> 56, 61. (42), (51), (52), (55), (57), (58), (59), (60), (61),<br /> (15), (31). Li Tana, XH Ddng Trong: Lich sii; (62). Trinh Hoai Dflc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi<br /> kinh te • xd hot the ky 17 vd 18, ban dich ciia (tap Hg), b a n dich cua Nguyen Tao, Sai Gdn,<br /> Nguyin Nghi. Nxb. Tre, Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 1999, 1972, tr. 11, 14, 119, 121, 114, 115, 98, 127, 128,<br /> tr. 123, 53. 129.<br /> (18). Le Quy Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc, (tap 1), ban (43). Viet Ciic, Gd Cdng cdnh cU ngiidi xiia, Tac<br /> dich cua Le Xuan Giao, Sai Gdn, 1972, tr. 223. gia xua't ban, 1969, tr. 32.<br /> (19), (40). T r i n Vfin Giau, T r i n Bach Ding, (46). Thach Phfldng, Doan Tfl (Chu bien), Dia<br /> Nguyen Cong Binh (Chii bien), Dia chi van hoa chi Ben Tre, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1991, tr. 343.<br /> Thdnh phd'Hd Chi Minh, tap 1: Lich sil. Nxb. Tp. (54). Monographic de la province de Mitho, L.<br /> Ho Chi Minh, 1988, tr. 187. Mdnard, Saigon, 1902, p. 97.<br />