Nước Phù Nam và hậu Phù Nam

Nl/dC PHI) NAM VA HAU PHU NAM<br /> t.:ityi IV i :<br /> <br /> <br /> LUONG NINH*<br /> • • • ' ! • :, : ; : j f . -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> I. Ve Vvidng quoc Phu Nam tien s^ Lang Cudm d Bdc Ky... NhQng dac<br /> diem chung ciia cac ca the trong di chi cl<br /> De'n nay, khong con cSn phai chiing ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet-Varcin neu<br /> minh sU -xu&'t hien mot nu6c Phu Nam len la co voc dang trung binh, hop so tron<br /> tren viing chau tho song Me Kong, sU phat vQa, CO the co vom hong cao hay trung<br /> trien tijf mpt vufdng quo'c thanh mot de quoc binh, xUdng hoc mSt nho, tran hdi vat, mat<br /> hdng hdi nQa (tiT ciia Wang Gung Wu). rgng, lu3ng quyen cao, khoang each hoc<br /> Ca vi tri, ten goi, toe ngUcJi, dia diem va mat rong, mui tet... Toan bo nhQng dac<br /> ten goi dung ciia kinh do cung da dUdc xac diem do cho phep dat chung nhQng ca the<br /> dinh ro rang, chdc chin (Xin xem LUdng ngUdi Tram Pho'vdi nhom Indonesiens hay<br /> Ninh: VUdng Quoc Phu Nam. DHQG HN Proto-Malais va theo Giao sU Vallois thi<br /> 2009, in lan 3) (1); song cung nen xac dinh cung da thS'y ca trong Tien sii Dong DUdng<br /> lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hOn: ma nhQng dai dien hien nay cua ho co<br /> 1.1. Mot vai tac gia hinh nhU muo'n trong so' nhQng ngUdi ThMng d Tay<br /> nha'n manh r i n g cU dan co Phu Nam la Nguyen-Viet Nam, ngUdi Klia Boloven d<br /> ngUdi noi tie'ng Malayo-Polynesians, tifc la Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre d<br /> tif bien vao, chQ khong phai noi dia, de iSn Campuchia. Roi ngUdi ta cung tha'y ca<br /> v6i Khmer, nen mUdn dung mot tCf cua trong ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, ngUdi Igorot d<br /> L.Malleret, ngUcJi Proto-Malais, hieu la Philippin, ngUdi Batak d Sumatra, mot vai<br /> Nguyen Md lai, noi tie'ng Ma Lai (?). Dieu nhom cl Celebes hay Moluques. "Dang dau<br /> do khong diing. Malleret noi ve nhan chung trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem pho<br /> chil khong phai ngon ngQ. Co the tham bien ciia phSn 16n ngUdi Indonesiens luc<br /> khao mot doan cua ong: dia, con goi la Proto-Malais hay Proto<br /> Indochinois, da tha'y cl Oc Eo, Samrong<br /> Sau doan mo ta phan tich cua nha nhan<br /> Sen, ma phan Idn Chung Vang, chimg<br /> chiing hoc, ba Genet-Varcin, ong viet<br /> Indonesiens, co dang dau tron<br /> "Chung toi con nhan manh sU tUdng dong<br /> (Brachycephalie), trong khi dang ddu ddi<br /> ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc<br /> (Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the trong chiing<br /> nghien cQu, nhUng ngay gid day cung tha'y<br /> Den..." (L.Malleret (2).<br /> khong phai nglu nhien ma phat hien<br /> nhQng tUdng quan giQa cac hop so nho Hieu sai, nhUng ly cung khong diing;<br /> Melanesiens d Nouvelle Guinea v6i hang NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la de'n<br /> <br /> 'OS. Vi§n Khoa hoc xa hpi Vi§t Nam<br />  Rghien euu Ljch siir. so 1.2QtO<br /> <br /> ndi dat hoang vu de lap nu6c?, chSng le la mSu ma Dia Trung Hai; md ciia, tie'p nhan<br /> di xam chie'm? Thuc ra da co bo lac ban dia, nhieu ngoai kieu de'n dinh cU, buon ban va<br /> mot bo lac Proto Indochinois, goi theo G. phat trien van hoa, la dac trUng khong the<br /> Olivier, nay goi la Proto-Mon, diing hdn, bi lan dUdc cua Cang bien, cOia dan von co<br /> ky xUa kia goi la Vnam, nay la ngUdi nghe di bien, buon ban van bien.<br /> Mnong. Bo lac nay da co mot sU tien trien, 1.2. Ndi ve mpt vUdng quoc Phu Nam<br /> da tQ chan niii trUdng Sdn, xuong dong ton tai hdn 6 the ky ma khong ndi tdi Vdn<br /> bing, ra de'n bd bien, nhu ngUdi Cdn Gid, hod Phil Nam la v6 nghla. Chinh vi khong<br /> Trdm Pho', dong thuyen di ra bien va theo hieu ro dieu nay ma nhieu hoc gia nudc<br /> truyen thuye't, do mot nQ vUdng dQng dau, ngoai dinh vi nham Phu Nam d cho khac,<br /> goi ten la Lieu Diep. Chinh ten goi toe ha tha'p gia tri van hoa ban dia - mpt trung<br /> ngudi/bo lac nay da dem lai ten nu6c Phu tam van hoa ciia ca khu vUc<br /> Nam va ten toc-dong toe ngUdi Mien Niii-<br /> 1.3. Cuoc khai quSt khao co hoc ciia L.<br /> vua toe Niii (Sailaraja) hay Kiriuamsa<br /> Malleret nam 1944 (2) xac nhan dia ban<br /> (Nay la ten mdi ciia tinh Takeo/ Kirivong),<br /> ban d£u cua nudc Phu Nam la mien Tay<br /> ndi CO kinh do Phu Nam; chQ khong phai la<br /> song Hau vdi true chinh la con kenh dai<br /> mot danh tCr chung khmer, chi vat- Phnom:<br /> 100 km, ndi hai dau, dau Nam la cang thi<br /> niii: Ch6 nen nghi nQ vUdng "con trSn<br /> Oc Eo va dau Bae la do thanh Angco Borei,<br /> truong" ma coi la lac hau; thUe ra eo the eo<br /> vdi vung dan cQ hai ben bd kenh, tQ song<br /> mot cai kho'. "Phong tuc dan nude Phu Nam<br /> Hau ra de'n bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te dinh<br /> xUa vo'n d truong, xoa toe, khong may quan<br /> mQc lam tieu chi cho ca quoc gia, ndi ed;<br /> ao" (Luang thu 54, Liet truyen 48). Khong<br /> phai chi CO xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham - Nghe nong, trong lua nUdc quanh nam,<br /> chi den nay, mot so' tpc van con glQ nhu<br /> - Nghe danh bat hai san, tom ca va cuoc<br /> the, le cang trpng, cang phai giQ theo<br /> song pho bie'n tren song nUdc phan anh qua<br /> phong tuc.<br /> cac do dung bang go'm; noi, v6, a'm, be'p cui.<br /> Ditdng nhien khong the khong co mot bp - Nghe trong mia, ep la'y mat, lam dUdng<br /> lac til ngoai bien vao, the hien bang "Co ma 2 true quay 6p lam b i n g da eon lai tQ<br /> ngUdi ngoai coi ten la Hon Dien, dUdc than xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y.<br /> bao mong, eho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen<br /> de'n (LUdng thii). Bp lac nay co the noi ngon - Nghe lam gom dac skc-Gom 6c Eo-Phii<br /> ngQ Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesian, tuy Nam,<br /> ><br /> khong biet chac la ho noi ngon ngQ gi. Su<br /> - Nghe kim hoan lam do trang sQc bang<br /> hien dien ciia hp khong the hien bang sU<br /> vang, bae, da quy, -' •<br /> tUdng dong suy doan vdi tpc nay, tpc np, ma<br /> hkng phong cdch bien, hoa tron vdi dan ban - Nghe lam do thie'e ma nha khao co' gpi<br /> dia tao nen mot nin vdn hod bien: md cang, la cd ca mpt nen ky nghe thie'e,<br /> giao luu thUdng xuyen, trao doi hang hoa - Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhQng vSt<br /> vat pham (kieu chQ viet, m i u tUdng thd dung bae, dong va ca s i t .<br /> tien trien theo nguyen mau trong nhieu the Cac thd thu cong tap trung vQa san<br /> ky), manh kim loai khic hinh kieu An Dp,<br /> xua't, vQa buon ban, tao nen canh song<br /> 120 eon da'u (trien), do trang sQc thuy tinh<br /> dong due nhpn nhip. Phai chang canh so'ng<br /> Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram<br /> <br /> ngay hom nay "Pho tren kenh, Cha tren 0 moi Tinh hien dai ed ten rieng di lien<br /> song" d Nam Can va d Kien Giang phu hdp 1-3 dia danh la ten nhQng di ehi khao ed'<br /> moi sinh, la hinh anh cdn luu giQ cua mpt hpc noi tie'ng, da di vao danh muc khao cd<br /> thdi xa xQa? Ndi nay eon tu hpp ca ngoai hpe the gidi, ndi da phat hien ra it nhat mpt<br /> kieu de'n lam an buon ban ma hinh anh hp phe tich kie'n triic gach, mpt hay mpt so<br /> con dUdc tha'y tren hien vat go'm, thie'e. tUdng Phat hay Visnu, ra't nhieu go'm 6c<br /> Dudng nhu mpt liic nao dd, mpt dai dien Eo, mpt so' vat dung bang dong, eho tha'y cd<br /> xuat sic cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu ye'u la the da tQng la mpt dp, mdt vung dan cQ cua<br /> ngUdi An Dp cd the dUde tin nhiem nhan nude Phu Nam xQa.<br /> chQc vu cao nha't trong bp may chinh Cd nhQng ndi eho tha'y ro da'u vet ngUdi<br /> quyen? _ J.,,,^^5 .^,!, ,.,,. ^ thdi sau da la'y gach ciia thdi trUdc xay den<br /> 1.4. Luang thu chep "Hon Dien la'y Lieu tren nen cu, nhu 6 Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh<br /> Diep lam vd, sinh eon trai, phan cho lam mdi, Binh Thanh... Ca hai lan trude, sau,<br /> vua bay (7) d'p. Sau, eon (?) la Hon Ban nay da sup dd thanh phe tich, di tich.<br /> Huong thu phuc lai dUde, phan chia eon Cd nhQng ndi ra't phong phii ve hien vat,<br /> chau cai tri cac a'p, hieu la Tieu vUOng. Cai nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap ed ra't nhieu, tdi<br /> quan 7 dp: cac cuoc khai quat khao eo hpe 15 pho tUdng Phat bing go tram va vai pho<br /> tiep theo, nam 1975-1995 va 1995-2005 Visnu bang da, la ndi cd mpt phQc h$ kie'n<br /> tuy khong trUc tiep khing dinh 7 dp nay, true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim thay bia ky<br /> cung da cho tha'y cd the nhan dien khoang Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phii Nam 1), xQng<br /> 7-8 Thi tu - Tieu viing: ., dang la mpt tieu Vung quan trpng bae nha't.<br /> - 0 Kien Giang la Nen Chiia hay eon gpi Tay Ninh cung khong k6m, nhieu di tich<br /> la Thnal Moroy, Trdm Pho'; kie'n true gach ma den nay cung chua phan<br /> - 6 Ca Mau la Nen Vua hay Ta Keo, dinh dUde ro quy mo, dien mao va thdi<br /> gian. NhQng Trung Dien (nay la Trung<br /> hay Tien cdng;<br /> Hie'u, huyen Vung Licm, tinh Vinh Long)<br /> • 6 An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la ndi tie'ng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va<br /> Cang thi chinh, cd the la Samudrapura- Visnu d mpt ngdi den, chua nao dd, nay da<br /> Cia Bien; khong cdn, nhung tUdng thi dUde coi la<br /> - 6 Long An la Go Don,Gd Binh Td.. dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat<br /> tUdng Phil Nam 3. Pho tUdng Gd Thap phat<br /> • O Dong Thap la Gd Thap, rj ^jg ngifj hien nam 1998 cung thude phong each nay.<br /> - d C£n Thd Id Nhan Nghla. Trong dd, nd'i bat hdn la Cang thi 6c<br /> - d Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh M&i, LUu Eo. Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt a'p<br /> Cii, Trung Dien. binh thudng ma la mpt dd thi cd', cd nhieu<br /> t i n g nen kie'n tnic bing gach, da, nhieu<br /> - d Tien Giang la Go Thdnh. tUdng thupc nhQng phong each khac nhau,<br /> - d Tay Ninh la Binh Thanh, Thanh mot ludng Idn do go'm va manh go'm, nhieu<br /> Dien. Tien Thuan. loai do trang sQc. Cang thi edn la bp mat,<br /> tie'p xue vdi ben ngoai nen edn cd rat nhieu<br /> - d Dong Nai la Bien Hod. hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu nhan mat<br />  Rghien ciJru Ljch sJr. sd 1.2010<br /> <br /> ngpc An Dp, gUdng dong Trung Qud'e, huy 2. VUtfng quoc va cac a'p/Tieu quoc<br /> chUdng vang Roma, nhQng vong chudi hat Luang thu da chep, cho eon "Idm vua 7<br /> thuy tinh cd nguon gdc Dia Trung Hai. dp", sau lai ndi them "hieu la tieu vuang.<br /> NhQng phong phu, hoanh trang nha't Nhu the cd le cac soan gia da dich diing tQ<br /> vin la kinh dd Angeo Borei, mpt each gpi ngQ Raja, gpi thao An Dp, la ngQdi dQng<br /> chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chQ Phan - dau eiia mpt vung/xQ nha't dinh; nhQng<br /> Nagara-pura - Qud'e do, edn dUde gpi la vung nay lai cd quan he mat thie't vdi nhau<br /> vung Kirivong/Girivamsa - ddng Vua Nui trong cung mpt lanh thp, do mpt tpc trudng<br /> ciia Phu Nam. Kinh do cd da'u tich nen cai quan, xUng la Dai vUang-Maharaja,<br /> cung dien, thanh luy b i n g gach, da, va ed hay Pu po tana Raya - Chda te Todn the<br /> ca mpt khu den ehua thd ciing d mdt ngpn gian hay Hodn vUang vdi ngQdi Cham, hay<br /> nui nhd ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay, Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, d<br /> nha khao cd phat hien trong hang nui, mpt ngQdi Khmer. Quan he trong dd nhu<br /> kho tUdng khong lo, khoang 50 pho, tUdng thudng tha'y trong eae xa hdi phQdng Ddng<br /> Phat, Visnu, tQ ed' nha't, the ky V, de'n cd' xUa vQa chat che vQa long leo, luc chat,<br /> mudn nha't, the ky VII, ed du tieu ban ciia 5 liic long, nhu quan he cha-con, vua-tdi, be<br /> phong each nghe thuat titdng Phu Nam, cQ tdi vdi tdn chu. Cac nha nghien cQu Au-My<br /> nhu mdi tieu vung tac tUdng phai lay day thudng khd hieu dUdc dieu nay.<br /> lam mau, hay moi ndi phai mang mpt tieu<br /> Mpt so' nha nghien cQu, ca trong va<br /> ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cao". Kho<br /> ngoai nudc gan day deu hpc theo<br /> tUdng dUdc phat hien trong hang da Phnom<br /> W.Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen<br /> Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat da'u nhQng vat thd<br /> Phu Nam gid'ng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay<br /> linh thieng, quy bau trUdc khi chay giac<br /> "mdnh. mdi" ma dng gpi la Mandala, tQc la<br /> ngoai xam Chan Lap (3).<br /> nd rdi rac, quan he long leo, khdng ra mdt<br /> Ta't ca nhQng di ti'ch, tUdng va hien vat qud'e gia cd td' chQc. NgQdi dQng dau khdng<br /> ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai tQ the ky II thQc la vua, ma ehi la mpt kieu thu linh,<br /> de'n the ky VII, thupc nien dai Phii Nam, ngQdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xac dinh<br /> deu cd sQ tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu dQdc, luc khdng. M. Vickery tham chi edn<br /> each ciia cac loai hinh, phong each. Xem phu nhan hoan toan khi tha'y cd it nhat hai<br /> nhu the, dUdng nhu cd sQ tuang dong. lan mpt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn de'n "lam<br /> thd'ng nhd't giiia cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp vua" Phu Nam. Cd le W. Wolters khdng<br /> cuoc sdng, each sdng, qua do gdm, ve do hieu sic thai, tinh cha't mpt xa hpi phQdng<br /> diing va dd trang sQc, nha't la ve van hoa,<br /> Ddng, ndi ma tap hOp nhiing thon. dp,<br /> qua tdn giao, tUdng thd.<br /> khong bao gid thiic sU thdng nhd't chat<br /> Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac che, cung nhu khong bao gid hodn todn tdn<br /> nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan giong quyen dUdi mot ngdi vi thu linh phuang<br /> nhau ve binh do, kieu each, giQa cac phe Dong. M. Vickery thi lai khdng hieu mdt xa<br /> tich d 6c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su hpi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai<br /> (Dong Thap), Luu CQ va Gd Thanh mdi kieu khac nhau, nhQng sic tpc khac nhau,<br /> (Vlnh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang)... hay thu tich cd' ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi<br /> dd la giQ lai sQ da dang trong thd'ng nha't dan sd'ng budng ra bien, budn ban, danh ea,<br /> cua mpt vUdng qud'e cd'? thi mpt ngUdi gd'c xQ ngoai, ed tai, ed dQc,<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram<br /> <br /> dam bao dUdc cude song, phQdng thQc sd'ng cac ten nQde nhQ CQu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang<br /> chinh eiia hp, cd the dudc tdn "lam vua". Tdi Nha T Q Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Tho va Don<br /> da thao luan, phe binh hdn mdt lan y kie'n Tdn. Viec nghien cQu va thao luan may<br /> cua hai dng. Thuc te ddi sd'ng hien nay tren chuc nam qua ciia gidi sQ hpc the gidi mdi<br /> the gidi b i n la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hoc di den xac dinh, cac nQde nay deu nim tren<br /> cho viec nghien cQu. n :>.• •• -:;;: foit ban dao Malaya, an ngQ dQdng budn ban<br /> Ddng-Tay va gom hai nhdm nUdc: 5 nQde<br /> Den day, thdi gian nay, hoan toan<br /> nhd gdp lai thanh mpt nhdm, gpi chung la<br /> khdng cd da'u vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chQa<br /> ed ca Khmer va Chan Lap-Bhavapura, cai Xi'ch Thd' n i m d phia Nam ban dao, 5 nQde<br /> ma L. Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tien Khmer. khac d phia Bae ban dao, gom ca ha iQu Me<br /> Nam, gdp thanh mdt nhdm, gpi chung la<br /> Theo sdch co, khoang the ky III, vua Dd'n Td'n. Cac cude khai quat khao cd' hpe d<br /> Phu Nam la Pham SQ Man danh cac nudc U-Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop<br /> lang gieng, bat than phue, lai ddng tau to, Buri, Chansen eho tha'y ndi day, xQa kia<br /> vQdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dQdc hdn 10 nUdc kha phat trien vdi nhQng nen kie'n true<br /> cdi ngoai, de'n xQ Kim Lan. NhQng nude gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, thanh luy,<br /> lang gieng va ngoai bien bi chinh phue ed tQdng Phat, Visnu bing da de thd, nhieu<br /> that khdng? La d dau? vat gdm, dd trang sQc, cho tha'y rd quan he<br /> Cuoc khai quat khao ed hpc trong nhQng giao IQU van hoa, kinh te mat thie't vdi Phu<br /> nam 90 trdn da't Thai Lan, tren ha luu Me Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu<br /> Nam-Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat Nam. 0 U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn<br /> da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thii. 20 dong tien bae Phu Nam.<br /> Ben tren da trinh bay sQ phat trien cua Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh<br /> Vudng qud'e Phu Nam nhd ke't qua nghien trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai<br /> cQu khao cd' hpc; cac nUdc lang gieng phai quan Vudng qudc cua minh nhu the nao?<br /> than phuc Phu Nam la vung iQu vQc sdng Rat tide, sil sach cd cho biet ve cuoc sd'ng<br /> Se Mun tren binh nguyen Khorat, ndi sinh phong tue, tham chi vUdng gia ciia nhQng<br /> sd'ng cua mdt sd' bd lac Mdn co. Mdt sd' qua ngQdi quyen quy, trinh dp van hoa cao cua<br /> sQ xuc tac cua chinh Phu Nam ma tie'p can nQde, da ed tQdng Phat mang tang vua<br /> van hoa An Dp va dang tren dUdng phat Trung Qud'e va ea mdt dan nhae, ca mua,<br /> trien, dang cl giai doan Tien Nha nude, sang IQU diSn d Trung Qud'e, nhQng lai<br /> dQng trUdc ngudng cita cua viec lap Nude. khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd may nha nQde.<br /> Mdt trong sd' nay la bd lac cQ tru d nga ba Cho nen, d day, cd nhieu phan phai suy<br /> sdng Se Mun-Me Kong, ndi se xua't hien doan. Trifdc bet hang ndi ve dd'i npi. Phu<br /> nudc Bhavapura - Chan Lap. Nam ed 7 dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky<br /> Nhung ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha<br /> nhieu hdn la dia vi ddu md'i thUdng mai cua Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 CL.<br /> minh, la con dudng thdng thUdng Ddng- Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam<br /> Tay, Trung Qudc va An Dp, nen vua Pham 190 C.L., dan huyen TUcfng Lam khdi<br /> Su Man ddng tau, vQdt bie'n, chinh phue nghla t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap. Huyen dQdi<br /> hdn 10 nQde, ta't ca deu t h i n phuc. Tuy quan (Nhat Nam); dp difdi huyen, nhQng<br /> nhien, khi ke eu the, sach co chi cho biet dp d day.khdng phai la huyen ly, tri sd, vi<br />  Rghien curu Ljch sir. s61.2010<br /> <br /> cdn ed Tuong Pho', pho cua huyen TUdng Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac<br /> Lam, ed le day mdi la huyen ly. Hdi ric rdi tQdng, 1-2 ngdi ddi vdi mdt a'p, ed the da trd<br /> nen cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai, ngQdi thanh mpt viec lam tQ nguyen, tham chi la<br /> thi dich dp la xom (hamlet), ngQdi thi dich thich thu, khdng phai can den sQ can thiep<br /> la Xd (commune). TQ dp trong sach nha ciia chinh quyen.<br /> Han dUde dung gan cung thdi vdi sach nha Hdn nQa, vdi mpt quoc gia thUdng mai,<br /> Ngd, ehi each nhau chQng 30 nam, khai mdt cang thi qud'e te, lai san xuat va ban do<br /> niem ed the khdng khac nhau lim. Thu trang sQc cung vat dung vang bae thi ngUdi<br /> linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd thanh vua. dan binh thUdng, ndng dan, ngQ dan,<br /> Sau khi nQde dinh hinh hay md rdng, dQdc khdng de'n noi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma<br /> goi ten chinh thQc la Champa, gpi du la vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g bat vang, bat<br /> Champa-pura, ngQdi Han phien am la bae va thu thue bang vang, bae.<br /> Chiem-bd, dich la Chiem Thdnh (4). Trong Dd la ddi vdi dan ciia minh, cdn doi vdi<br /> ca hai trQdng hdp, dp h l n la mdt Vung cac nQde phu thude thi sao? Cd the tin mdt<br /> Idnh tho, ed the cd trung tam, thQdng la each chic chin cd ma'y hinh thQc sau day:<br /> trung tam van hoa/tdn giao, n i m giQa<br /> a- Hang qua cang thi chic phai nop mpt<br /> cdng ddng cQ dan, lam ndng nghiep, danh<br /> khoan thue, tuy khdng cd ghi ch^p nao cho<br /> ca, nghe thii cdng va trao dd'i. Ben tren,<br /> biet mQc thue bao nhieu.<br /> khi sach cd' viet ve Phu Nam, "Idm vua 7<br /> b- San pham cua eae nQde neu ed gia tri<br /> dp, xQng la Tieu vUOng b i n la ed y nghla<br /> cao thi tdn chii dQdc mua Qu tien vdi gia re,<br /> mdt vung, mdt tieu qud'e. Khdng tha'y rd<br /> thQdng la dUde nop thue b i n g chinh san<br /> vai trd ciia bd may quan ly, nhQng chic<br /> pham dd. Dd la trQdng hdp thie'e dac san<br /> r i n g khdng cd sQ biet lap giQa cac Ap-<br /> cua Xich Thd' (Malaysia ngay nay) xua't<br /> Vung: bdi sU dong dang van hoa, nhU cac<br /> hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren<br /> vat gdm dac trQng cua dan sdng nQde,<br /> cang 6c Eo.<br /> xQdng gdm cd 3 Idp, van sdng nude tren<br /> c- NQde le thupc b i t bude phai nop mpt<br /> than gdm, cac hinh tQdng Phat b i n g gd,<br /> khoan phu cdng dang ke. Cho nen khi vung<br /> da, tUdng Visnu b i n g da cung dUdc qui<br /> len gianh dQdc quyen tu ehu thi cac vua<br /> chua'n thd'ng nha't vdi nhau de'n mQc kinh<br /> Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da<br /> ngae, giQa tat ea cac vung. Cd le tap quan<br /> giQt dQt dQdc sdi giay xieng xich eiia sQ<br /> lam an, sinh sd'ng tQ bao dam ddi sd'ng<br /> cong nap" (bia Baksei Chamkrong).<br /> ciia gia dinh minh cd tQ thdi cdng xa cd'<br /> XQa van dQdc tie'p tuc duy tri ed hieu qua d- Hdn nQa, nQde phu thupc phai chiu<br /> trong dieu kien mdi. Chi ed mdt viec vQdt sQ kiem soat chat che, khong dUOc co quan<br /> ra khdi pham vi tQ quan eiia cdng dong la he vdi nUdc ngoai. nhQ vdi Trung Quoc<br /> ching han. Cho nen chi de'n khi Phu Nam<br /> nghla vu ddng gdp vdi nha nQde va cd sd<br /> bi suy vong (giQa the ky VII), nhQng vung<br /> tdn giao. Cd le qua thdi gian, ngQdi ta da<br /> le thupc trQdc kia mdi tU chu, lap quoc gia,<br /> quen vdi mQc ddng gdp, mpt mQc vQa phai<br /> c\l sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sQ gia<br /> ma hien nay khdng cd tai lieu nao eho<br /> de'n, mdi tha'y dQdc ghi ch^p, dQdc biet cd<br /> biet, ma trai qua hang the ky cung khdng<br /> sQ xua't hien cua cac nQde nhu Chan Lap,<br /> tha'y ed dieu gi gay ca'n xay ra.<br /> Xich Tho' v^ Doa La Bat De (Dvaravati)<br /> Rude Phil Ram vb hflu Phu Ram<br /> <br /> thay the cho cua Don Td'n. Khdng the de'n nay, khdng ai biet do dau ma cd ten gpi<br /> khdng de y, sach sit eo' khdng he coi/ gpi cac nay.<br /> di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang d ha IQU Me<br /> Dan Phu Nam, nhQng ndng dan, ngQ<br /> Nam nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ea Chan Sen,<br /> phii, cd le da qua 5-6 the ky cham chi gieo<br /> la nhQng qud'e gia hay tieu quo'c, bdi mpt le<br /> trong gat hai, ra khdi, cac thQdng nhan, thd<br /> ddn gian, ta't ca dd ehi la Dd'n Td'n ma Dd'n<br /> thii cdng budn ban kie'm Idi, nha nQde lo<br /> Td'n ehi la thupc qud'e cua Phu Nam. Sau<br /> thu dii thue, ddi song phong tuc, khdng cd<br /> khi Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kie'm soat<br /> ke thu tranh gianh, khdng ed da'u hieu ban<br /> nQa, cac xQ nay mdi tQ chii, tQ gpi la<br /> tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau<br /> Dvaravati- Cda ngd. Day la dieu ma nhieu<br /> cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bi ke than<br /> nha nghien cQu, ca J.Boiselier da tQng<br /> thupc quay lai danh minh.<br /> nham lan.<br /> Bhavapura - Chan Lap hinh thanh cudi<br /> Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990) (5) mdi the ky VI, cung la thdi diem hinh thanh tgc<br /> md dIu gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire, ngUdi Khmer va van hoa Khmer, da vQdn<br /> sau dd nhieu hoc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi len tie'n cdng Phu Nam tQ d i u de'n giQa the<br /> theo. Empire ed ngQdi dich la deche, khdng VII thi chinh phuc dQdc. Cac sach co va ca<br /> sai, nhQng de lan khai niem trQu tQdng, van bia ciia ke chien thang cung chi tha'y<br /> nhQ de che dau hoa, de che truyen thdng. khoe sQc manh, "quan di bui mu", ma<br /> Tdi gpi theo dung thQc cha't ciia nd, la mpt khdng tha'y ndi de'n lUc iQdng, giao chien,<br /> he thd'ng cai quan, ed kiem soat, la de qudc khang cQ. Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan<br /> trong khu vQc Ddng Nam A. bi gi, khdng cd iQc iQdng, vua Phu Nam<br /> phai bd chay ra bien, cd le den Java.<br /> 3. H a u P h u N a m - C h a n L a p - Tien<br /> Angco Cd the nhQ van bia ndi, nd'i len de gianh<br /> quyen tQ chu, de thoat khdi ach cdng nap,<br /> Phu Nam da ed da'u hieu bi suy thoai tQ nhQng sach g^iao khoa Lich sil bae Tieu hpc<br /> the ky VI, do si^ chuyen dd'i dQdng giao ciia Singapore thi khing dinh Chan Lap<br /> thUdng tren bien ra xa bd. Thuyen be it di tham cua cai giau cd cua Phu Nam mdi<br /> ven bd, ho$c qua canh eo Kra (Dd'n Td'n dem quan danh chie'm.<br /> ngay trQdc), khdng cap cang 6c Eo ma di<br /> 3.1. The ky VII (600-690 CL.) la the'ky<br /> vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda de'n Bien<br /> Ddng, gan va thuan ti^n hdn, nhQng cung chuyen bie'n sau sic:<br /> do phQdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tie'n Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay; nhQng<br /> bp hdn. Budn ban giam sut, thu nhap k^m nam cudi the' ky VI- dau the ky VII la thdi<br /> di, nhieu thQdng lai la nhQng ngQdi cd tai, gian thit sQe, ta'n cdng kinh dd Phu Nam d<br /> cd van boa cao, bd di ndi khac lam an. Angkor-Borei; tie'p theo, phai mat ma'y<br /> Nhan cd hpi nay, mpt bp lac cQ tni b ha iQu chuc nam gian khd' nQa, d i n quan "vQdt<br /> Se Mun da vQdn len lap nifde, gpi ten nQde kenh laeh sau b i n g chieu cao con voi", tie'n<br /> theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tQng bQdc ta'n len de'n tan dinh nui", mdi danh chie'm<br /> cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nQde tdn ehu dQdc Phu Nam (khoang nam 649 C L.). Day<br /> cu cua nd, cQ sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap md rdng<br /> dU(?c ghi nhan vdi cai ten ciia mpt qud'e gia quyen iQc ve phia ddng, de'n ha iQu sdng<br /> mdi xua't hi^n la Chan Lap (Chen La) ma Me Kong, den ea cang-thi 6e Eo, ne'u<br /> 10 Rghien curu Lich sit. s61.2010<br /> <br /> mudn. Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng<br /> tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi<br /> luu sdng Me Kong, ed le do hp chQa quen nhieu ve viec lap den, cung rupng... (bia<br /> tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen trong lua trQng bay trong Bao tang Tp Ho Chi<br /> tren rudng ngap nQde, eho de'n the ky XX Minh), phai chang la mpt bieu hien phan<br /> (B.P. Grosher, 1973) (6). Cd le nhd the ma tan, ly khai?<br /> the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sQc thQc<br /> Viec 2:<br /> hien dUdc 3 viec, ba thanh tQu Idn, ra't ed y<br /> nghla; 1/ Sang tao va sit dung chQ viet mdi, Sau khi danh t h i n g , chinh phuc dQdc<br /> cbQ Kha me cd] 2/ Xay dQng kinh dd mdi Phu Nam, vQdng trieu 1 ciia Chan Lap,<br /> Isanapura tren iQu vQc StQng Sen, nay la vQdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600-<br /> Kompong Thom, bd ddng-bic Bien Ho, gan 680) gom bd'n (4) ddi vua. Cac vua eo ve dia<br /> song Me Kong; 3/ Xay dQng van boa Chan ban cua minh, cl iQu vQc sdng Stung Sen,<br /> Lap sd ky, thUdng dQdc gpi la Vdn hod Tien ddng bic Bien Ho, nay la tinh Kompong<br /> Ang-co-611-802). Thom. Cd tac gia cho day la que hifdng cua<br /> Vice 1: chac da dQdc chuin bi tQ khi lap ddng vua nay, nhQng khdng tha'y cd can cQ<br /> nQde va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu nao. Dieu chac chan hdn la nd d vao khoang<br /> Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau giQa ha iQu - dia ban mdi md - vdi trung<br /> tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't iQu, gan Se Mun, da't gdc eiia ea tpc<br /> Angkor Borei. Sau dd ed khoang 5 bia, viet ngQdi. 6 day, hp tie'n hanh xay dyng kinh<br /> niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung dd, tren dia diem gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk<br /> kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639, ed 5 cau va dQdc gpi theo ten vua la Isanapura, la<br /> Sanskrit va 24 ddng Khmer ed', cd ten vua mpt nhdm gom 5 cum kien true den thap<br /> Bhavavarman nhQng khdng ro lai lich, gach. hoanh trang, cau ky, dep; nay tuy da<br /> Prasat Prathat, d Prey Veng, nam 655 cd bi sup do' thanh phe' tich, nhQng v i n cdn<br /> 9 ddng khmer, Ang Chumnik, d Prey Veng, cho tha'y binh do, dang ve, cung vdi tQdng<br /> nam 667, ke thQ tQ eae vua, cd 26 cau t h i n cua nd va cd the, 1-2 vua nQa khong<br /> Sanskrit, khdng ed Khmer; Prah Kuha chac chan, theo dudi xu hQdng co cum ve<br /> Luong, hang Kampot, nam 674 ed 9 ddng vung da't ddng Bien Ho-trung iQu sdng Me<br /> Khmer. Dang chu y, tren da't cu Phu Nam, Kong, xay kinh do va dQng bia chQ Phan 6<br /> cd 4 bia; Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren), day. Viet bia chQ Phan trong khi b i t d i u cd<br /> Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer ed', nien chQ Khmer rieng, dQdng nhu muo'n chQng<br /> diem 713, ke ten mpt nhan vat la, Puskara, td van la sQ tie'p nd'i van boa va da cd trinh<br /> tQdc V K A (vua?) va xa nha't ve phia nam dp cao (7).<br /> la bia Phd Hihi (Sa Dee), nien diem 639 cd<br /> 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer, ndi ve Cung vdi viec xay dUng kinh dd, thyc te<br /> viec lap den, cung rudng, thd than. NhQ la 5 cum den thap gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung<br /> the, trong the ky VII, da'u tich xa nha't cua tam cua qud'e gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn<br /> Chan Lap tren da't Phu Nam la 4 ndi dd va cho viet, khic bia ke ve than the sy nghiep<br /> cung la rat gan vdi da't Chan Lap, gan nhQ dQng dat d ngay va g i n cac den thap<br /> la vung giap ranh ngay nay. Rieng Phu Sambor Prei Kuk.<br /> Hihi, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi<br /> Viec 3:<br /> Rif6c Phii Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk dd cd da'u an sinh boat ciia cQ dan mdi, dac<br /> cung la sQ tie'p noi va sang tao cua kie'n biet la do dung, do gdm, cd den, chua, bi ky<br /> tnic den thap gach; v i n la nhQng binh do hay khdng? chQ viet nao? da'u a'n ciia van<br /> vudng vQc thu nhd len cao din; do dd cd the boa nao? NgQdi ta da phat hien dQdc 2 ngdi<br /> nghi r i n g binh do kie'n tnic Phu Nam cd den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd thanh cu cua<br /> the dQdc IQU giQ it nhieu d Sambor Prei Phu Nam, gpi la din Angkor Borei: b day cd<br /> Kuk? Ngoai ra edn cd cac ye'u to'; n bia viet chQ Khmer cd', nien diem 611 C.L.,<br /> la bia viet chQ Khmer dau tien dQdc phat<br /> - NhQng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng<br /> hien eho den nay va cung la nien diem md<br /> gach kha phong phu, la mIt;<br /> dau van boa Khmer, thdi ky Khmer. Bia ke<br /> - Cd them mi cda (linteau), bdng da, tac day la mdt ngdi den thd than, cd 22 nhae<br /> hinh hoa la each dieu, bien ddi theo phong cdng va ea cdng (phuc vu le nghi Hindu<br /> each, thdi gian; giao), 22 ngQdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng<br /> cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau. Cd cQdng dieu<br /> - D3 mi ciia la hai cot nho (colonnette),<br /> hay khdng thi khdng biet, nhQng de chQng<br /> cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh tru trdn, ed ba<br /> td tQ the ciia ke chien thang thi h l n la ed.<br /> vdng nhan va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve<br /> Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Dong<br /> sau cot trd nen ciu ky hdn, hinh sau canh,<br /> Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia<br /> hoa tiet trang tri rglm rap hdn;<br /> viet 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd',<br /> Bau ciia dd cd Id de lap canh cQa, ddi ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang<br /> khi bing go; cd bae cQa, hai-ba bae bing Tp. Ho Chi Minh). Khong tha'y ghi ten vua<br /> da, bae tha'p nha't rdng hdn, cd hinh ddu ma le ra thQdng phai cd. Nam trung vdi bia<br /> gdp (accolade) (8). Ta Keo, cd ten mdt dng vua Bhavavarman,<br /> - O kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd ma'y nhQng cdn chQa rd lai lich. Mpt ngdi ehua<br /> pho tQdng thd b i n g da, v i n la "Visnu ddi nQa, gpi la Vlt Sre Ben tQc la 6 Lam d<br /> mu, tru. mac do ddi kieu Phii Nam" song da Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd<br /> cd ddi chut cai tie'n, cai mu tru d i n cao hdn, nien dai, mpt ten ngQdi, Baladitya, rat md<br /> ddi eho cdn giQ mai tdc tet thanh dai bang nhat, khdng hieu la ai, ed vai trd gi? The'ky<br /> tren diu. Thanh ngang giQ tay bie'n thanh VII ta't ea chi cd the, vai ba diem, deu la ndi<br /> khdng the cQ tru d'n dinh lau dai (Angkor<br /> vdng cung vQng chac b Phnom Da da mat<br /> Borei la dinh nui). Ta't ea deu la nhQng dia<br /> di din. Dd Id ddc trUng vdn hod - nghe<br /> diem giap ranh.<br /> thuat Phil Nam cdn dugc gid lai vd cdi tie'n.<br /> Cho nen, tuy cac nha nghien cQu nQde TQ day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi<br /> ngoai gpi day la thdi "Tien Ang-co", nhung Hau Phu Nam, cung la Tien Angkor, tuy<br /> ve van boa, thUc cha't la Hau Phd Nam. ke nhien, khdng phai la kdo dai trien mien,<br /> tie'p Phu Nam, tuy da bat dau bQdc sang ma cd dinh thdi gian vd ndi dung eu the.<br /> thdi ky van boa Khmer. Ndi dung dd la sy hinh thanh vQdng trieu<br /> The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sU hinh<br /> thyc hi$n cuoc di dan xud'ng phQdng Nam, thdnh vdn hod Khmer, chu ye'u chu! Khmer,<br /> ne'u cd nhu ciu va kha nang. Cd the nhan cung la sy tie'p nd'i hoc theo Phu Nam, chd<br /> bid't sy ed mat cua cQ dan mdi hay khdng va ye'u hinh tUang Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd<br /> la mpt tieu chf hoan toan xac dang la b ndi cung la sy sang tao mdi, chu ye'u la cac loai<br /> 12 Rghien ciru Ljch siSr. stf 1.2010<br /> <br /> hinh gia ed' trang tri bang da tren thap Lap phan chia thanh Chan Lap Da't va<br /> gach. Cho nen, mpt so' tac gia gpi la Vdn Chan Lap NQde. Chan Lap Da't cl tren cao,<br /> hod Tien Angkor. Thdi gian do la tQ nam da't ban bp ciia hp, b nga ba Se Mun-Me<br /> 611 (bia chQ Khmer dau tien) den 680 Kdng, phia blc Dangrek, chQ khdng phai b<br /> (nam qua ddi ciia Jayavarman I), vua cudl nQde Campuehia ngay nay, cdn Thuy Chan<br /> ciia vQdng trieu Bhavapura, md dau sy Lap cung khong phai toan Dong b i n g sdng<br /> khiing hoang, chia re, de'n nam 802, nam CQU Long, toan Nam Bd ngay nay, ma chii<br /> cha'm dQt Vdn hod Tien Angkor. ye'u la co ve vung trung iQu sdng Me Kdng,<br /> quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sambor,<br /> 3.2. T h e ky VIII d Kompong Cham. Phe tich kie'n true va ndi<br /> NhQ da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap tim tha'y bi ky xac nhan dieu nay, dieu ma<br /> CO cum tren da't ciia minh, d vung quanh eae nha chuyen mdn b trong va ngoai nQde<br /> Bien Ho Tonle Sap. Hp xay trQdc tien, hai da ndi tQ lau roi. Nam 610-649 (39 nam),<br /> cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d ea Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cii sQ t h i n<br /> Battambang va Tuol Baset (640) nhU mpt sang nha Tuy. Kinh dd Phu Nam da bi<br /> sy tham dd, thi diem (?), roi de'n xay tap chie'm, vua chay ve Naravaranagara, tdi<br /> trung tren iQu vyc Stung Sen (Kompong doan la b niii Ba The-6c Eo, vua v i n cii sQ<br /> Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac t h i n rieng sang nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan<br /> cum den thap Sambor Prei Kuk (giQa the Lap, sau dd, bi danh Ian nQa mdi thdi. Tuy<br /> ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (niia nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng de'n nam 617<br /> sau the VII). roi cung dQt b i n . Chan Lap Da't v i n dQng<br /> rieng, di sQ rieng vai lan nQa vao cac nam<br /> Ca the'ky VIII, cung chi cd them ba cum 753, 771 va 779. The la tQ 617-753 (136<br /> den thap d vung quanh kinh dd; Trapeng nam) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai<br /> Phong, Kompong Prah va Phum Prasat. giao vdi ben ngoai; ngQcfi ta khdng hie'u<br /> Prei Khmeng dQdc coi la lam dd, tuy nhien, bie'n ddng gi ma Chan Lap di de'n cho nhu<br /> cung da kha day dii, keo dai tQ cudi the ky the. Va neu tinh tQ khi Jayavarman I qua<br /> VII de'n d i u the'ky VIII, nen trd thanh mdt ddi, nam 680 - de'n 802, Jayavarman II len<br /> tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van hoa ngdi, 122 ham thi ed tdi 258 nam, ngudi ta<br /> Tien Angkor. Dac biet, d day cd cai mi ciia khdng he dQdc biet ten mpt vi vua nao, mpt<br /> da khac tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gid'ng VQdng trieu nao cua Chan Lap. Thyc te<br /> mi ciia Ml Sdn E 1 nhu "sinh ddi". cung khdng cd mpt da'u hieu nao ciia sy cai<br /> Sau hdn niia the ky hinh thanh va md quan ciia trung Udng hay dia phQdng, mgt<br /> mang (tQ nam 600 de'n 680), Chan Lap rdi van ban hay mpt hanh dpng nao. Sil Trung<br /> vao khiing hoang trieu chinh ma trQdc dd Quoc cung khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang<br /> da cd nhQng da'u hieu tan quyen. Nam 680, dau ma biet.<br /> vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t d i u xua't Tuy nhien, nhQ the khdng phai se dien<br /> hien nhQng vua ehua dia phQdng, khdng cd ra canh Ion xpn, lung tung. Lang xdm hinh<br /> lai lich rd rang, Cd 3 ta'm bia nho va xa'u thanh tQ xa xUa gom nhQng ngQdi dan<br /> khic ten mpt ngQdi la l i m la Puskara hay cung song tren mpt dia vyc, lam cung mpt<br /> Puskaraksa, 2 tim tha'y d Dong Thap va 1 d nghe, chu ye'u la nghe ndng, danh ea va<br /> Kratie. SiJ nha DQdng b i t d i u chep Chan dyng nha go la. TQ dd hinh thanh nhQng<br /> Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram IS<br /> <br /> cpng dong ty quan n h i m dam bao cude til ra't khac la. Tren da't Nam Bd Viet Nam<br /> sdng gian di, binh lang, tQ ca'p, ty tuc p h i n cung cd mdt sd' dau tich den thap gach.<br /> Idn, mien la khdng cd ai khua'y ddng ho. Hien nay, ebi duy nha't thap Binh Thanh<br /> Cude sd'ng cua hp khdng phai ep xat nhieu, (Tay Ninh) cdn dQng, tuy da dQdc xay lai<br /> cho de'n ngay nay v i n the. Rudng da't rdng, tren nen cu va ed the ca vat lieu eu. Dang<br /> ngQdi thUa. NgUdi Phap da tQng khai quat chu y la thap nay cdn giQ mdt mi ciia da<br /> ddi sd'ng eiia ngQdi Khmer - "Hp chie'm hQu hinh canh la khum cong nhe, mem mai,<br /> rudng da't b i n g iQdi cay" va lam ndng kieu Tien Angkor the ky VIII. Nhieu ndi<br /> nghiep bang nUdc tQdi ty nhien, tQc la nQde khdng edn nhan ra binh dang, lai cd dau<br /> mQa, khi du lam dat trong, gieo hat thi vet xay den thap mdi de len tren cai cu da<br /> chay tran bd xud'ng sdng; khdng phai va't va sup dd, tham ehi lay gach cu de xay den<br /> lam thuy Idi, tQdi-tieu, Sy dum bpc giup mdi, nhan dQdc kha rd; tuy nhien, vi the,<br /> nhau thi cd nhQng sy hdp tac trong san khd tach bdc, phan biet hai Idp kie'n true,<br /> xua't chQa that ein (ed the tham khao B.P. hai nien dai. NgQdi Phap lam mdt cude<br /> Groslier- 1973 (6). Ne'u khdng ed bie'n ddng kie'm ke- H. Parmentier (1909) (7) cho biet<br /> chinh tri thi cQ nbu the, lang le tie'p dien, cdn ed dau tich nen kien true d PhQdc<br /> nhQng van boa thi khdng dQng yen, nd HQng, Ham Ninh Ha, Chdt Mat, Thanh<br /> tham nhap va anh hQdng de'n ddi sd'ng; ed Dien, Tien Thuan, RQng Dau, deu d Tay<br /> the khdng cin ai chi huy, ra lenh, cdng Ninh, xay gach nhQng ta't ca cung da trd<br /> dong cQ dan hpp nhau ban, ty ddng gdp, td' thanh phe tich. Tuy nhien Laksmi Tien<br /> chQc, xay den thap gach. '•' ' •' Thuan, ddi cot da va mi ciia da Tien Thuan<br /> (Tay Ninh) cung ed nien dai cuoi the ky<br /> De'n the ky VIII, Chan Lap trd thanh<br /> VIII. Ngoai ra, cac cude khai quat khao cd<br /> mpt thdi chia re va tao loan, khdng cdn vua<br /> hpc nhQng nam qua da phat hien ddi cot va<br /> chua, trieu dinh, rd rang la tinh hinh da<br /> linteau, cd khi khdng hoan toan du, ehi la<br /> khac r l t nhieu:<br /> loai cot trdn, ed 3 vdng trang tri d Thanh<br /> Vua chua khdng cdn, ngoai xam hoanh Dien, Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh), Gd Xoai, Gd<br /> hanh, dan cd the iQu tan tim eho yen dn de Don, Gd Binh Ta (Long An), Gd Thap<br /> sinh sd'ng. NgQdi van cd the d lai ehd'n cu, (Dong Thap). NhQ the, mpt sd' di tich, di vat<br /> nhUng van hoa thi cd the khdng n i m yen, chiu anh hUdng vdn hod Tien Angco md<br /> nha't la nhQng ye'u to' gia ed' kie'n true b i n g nhat, tap trung chii ye'u d vung giap ranh, d<br /> da, mdi la, dep va vQng chic. Cd ngQdi dan Tay Ninh, Gd Thap. 6 day, dieu kien sinh<br /> thi edn cd sd nguyen thd t h i n thanh, xay sd'ng, san xua't thuan Idi, cd the ed mdt<br /> den va b dd nhQng ye'u td' kie'n true vdn hod nhdm dan di cQ tQ trung iQu sdng Me Kdng<br /> Tien Angkor I^i cd dip xuat hi^n. ,,_-^ ...,, xuong, sd'ng canh/ chen vdi dan ban dia,<br /> 0 Lop Buri, trung iQu sdng Me Nam, Phu Nam- Bnam-Mnong. Ta't ca ehi cd the,<br /> nay v i n cdn dQng mdt nhdm 4 thap gach, tren nhQng dia diem ban hep nhQ the. Vi la<br /> xay khdi dac giat ca'p kieu Phum Prasat, anh hQdng van boa nen vin cd the cd sy<br /> tuy da xieu v?o r l t nhieu va v i n cdn dQdc "trdi dat" de'n mpt dia diem nao khac, mpt<br /> goi la " thdp Khmer", tuy nhien, khdng chic thdi gian xa hdn, song dd chi la ca bipt,<br /> gi la da cd sy cai quan Khmer, vi mpt t i m hiem cd va md nhat, ching ban cl Gd Thap,<br /> bia viet Sanskrit phat hi^n b day, nien Gd Xoai, Gd Don (Long An) "trdi dat" tham<br /> diem 937 ndi ten ngUdi dQng d i u va hoang ehi den ca Ben Tre; ma khao ed' hpc thi cd<br /> 14 Rghien eiiru Ljch sir, sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> nhieu vi du ve "hien vat-van boa trdi dat" nhu ca vua ba'y gid la Mabipati, cUdp cua<br /> (drifting ware), do mang de'n, mua ve, ddi cai va b i t mpt so' ngQdi trong hoang gia,<br /> chac. Sy cd mat ciia mpt so'ye'u to'kie'n tnic mang theo ve Java. Nhieu ngQdi nghi rang<br /> Tien Angkor khdng nha't thie't di lien sy di tQ 787 de'n 802, 15 nam, ngQdi Java cai tri<br /> cQ ddng dao ciia ngQdi Khmer. Viec tac da trye tie'p Chan Lap, nbUng ngQdi ta khdng<br /> thanh mi ciia, cot chd'ng, khdng the la viec dQdc biet gi ve cd hay khdng che dp cai tri<br /> cua bat ky ndng dan, ngQ dan nao, ma phai nay. Y nghi rang thdi dd cd mpt dQdng bien<br /> la nhQng thd da chuyen nghiep, ca nhQng gidi, mpt che dp quan ly tQ trung Qdng den<br /> nghe nhan, (ddi khi edn cd tQdng thin). dia phQdng la khdng thyc te vdi trinh dp<br /> NhQng hiep thd/nghe nhan da ed nhQng thdi dd, ea thdi Chan Lap va Java. Khdng<br /> m i u ma quen thupc dQdc Qa chuong mdt hon ddn, nhQng cung khdng cd mpt che dp<br /> thdi cd the dUde ddn de'n lam het ndi nay banh chinh ro rang.<br /> de'n ndi khac, ma edn cd gia thuyet hp la<br /> 4. B a t d a u thofi A n g k o r<br /> ngQdi gd'c An Dp/ Ba TQ. TrQdng hdp cl Cat<br /> Tien, vung nui doi ngQdi Ma rat cd the la 4.1. Khoang nam 800, mpt trong nhQng<br /> nhu the. Giao iQu van hoa, anh hQdng van ngQdi thupc hoang tpc Chan Lap bi bat<br /> boa thi ra't cd the ed. . ; sang Java trdn dQdc ve, den Kompong<br /> Cham, hinh nhQ la que dng va cung gin<br /> Mpt vai nhdm nhd cd the cd, tQ da't Chan kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap cu, Sambor, nhieu<br /> Lap di cQ xud'ng, thUa thdt, tan mat, khdng<br /> ngQdi iing hp di theo. Ong td' chQc thanh<br /> dQdc bd' sung, tQ nam 802-1432, hdn 600<br /> mpt lye iQdng lam cho dya roi ty tuyen bo'<br /> nam, da ban dia boa hoan toan, cung vdi<br /> lam vua mdi, gpi ten la Jayavarman II<br /> ngQdi Mnong. Stieng, khdng cdn dau vet<br /> (nam 802- 850). Sau dd, dng b i t dau mpt<br /> rieng nao.<br /> qua trinh dai, dich chuyen ndi ddng dd, tQ<br /> Nghi rang tQ sau nam 649, Chan Lap phia ddng-nam len phia Blc Bien Ho, di<br /> cai tri toan bp ba iQu sdng CQu Long that qua 3 dia diem ma de'n nay chUa that ro<br /> khdng dung. Hp lap kinh dd Thuy Chan nguyen do. Chinh dng chQa chpn dia diem<br /> Lap d Sambor tren bd trung iQu sdng Me Angkor ma ddi vua thQ 4, chat dng,<br /> Kdng, nay cdn di tich, nhQng khdng tha'y cd Yasovarman (889-900) mdi chpn Phnom<br /> bieu hien cai tri nhQ the nao. Khdng ndi xa Bakheng de xay den thap dau tien, gpi ten<br /> ve phia ddng ma ngay tren dat ban bp, kinh dd theo ten vua, Yasodharapura,<br /> vung quanh Sambor, da'u hieu quan ly chinh la Angkor, tuy Angkor dydc gpi rS't<br /> cung khdng tha'y rd va vi sao khdng cd da'u mudn, chuyen am cua tQ Phan Nagara, chi<br /> hieu trd lai kinh dd eu d Kompong Thom, cd' cd nghla la Qudc gia. Jayavarman II la<br /> dd Isanapura? ngQdi mcl d i u ddng ho, mcl dIu vUdng trilu<br /> nen thQdng dQdc coi la ngQdi md d i u thdi<br /> Trong bdi canh dd, ngQdi Java vao xam<br /> ky Angkor keo dai tQ nam 802 de'n 1432-<br /> chie'm lam chd tinh trang t r i m trpng hdn.<br /> 630 nam, rat dai, nhUng khdng hen tyc,<br /> NgQdi Java tie'n danh nhieu ndi, ca dong<br /> nhieu dQt quang, nhieu vQdng trieu, tuy<br /> bang sdng Hong, Champa va Chan Lap.<br /> v i n d cung mpt cho va cd thdi gian tie'n len<br /> Den dau cung cQdp, pha, dd't, roi nit ve, ca<br /> dinh cao cua nd.<br /> hai Ian, nam 774 va 787. Ddi vdi Chan Lap,<br /> hp tan cdng lan 2 de'n kinh dd Sambor, tren Campuehia cd mpt nen kinh te nong<br /> bd ta ngan Me Kdng, gie't nhieu ngQdi, hinh nghiep d'n dinh, vQdn cay td't tUdi, gia siic<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram 15<br /> <br /> phong phu, mdt cuoc sd'ng day du, d'n dinh. Kinh thanh Angkor d Tay-Bic Bien Hd<br /> Cho nen bp cd nhieu giai doan phat trien (tinh Xiem Riep) d sud't 630 nam khdng<br /> CQdng thinh; da cd nhQng dng vua chinh thay ddi, ma nao cd phai cung dien nguy<br /> chien nhu Indravarman (877-889), con la nga gi. Day chu yeu la den thd thin, vua<br /> Yasovarman (889-900), md d i u xay dyng quan dyng nha gd la de 0 (Chu Dat Quan-<br /> Angkor, roi Rajendravarman II ( 944-968), Chdn Lap phong thd'ky : "Dinh thy eiia cac<br /> ngQdi thd'ng nhat lai vUdng quo'c, mdi len hoang than va quan Idn deu Idp tranh") ma<br /> ngdi da danh Champa de'n Po Nagar, dau ed yen ban gi, da nhieu lln bi danh,<br /> Suryavarman II (1113-1150), "ngQdi chinh CQdp, dot pha, bi chiem ddng (Champa<br /> chien" va xay dyng Angkor Vat, roi<br /> chie'm ddng 4 nam, 1177-1181; Ayuthaya 5<br /> Jayavarman VII (1181-sau 1200) "ngQdi<br /> nam, 1352-1357, l l n nQa 2 nam, 1394-<br /> anh hung da giai phdng da't nQde khdi ach<br /> 1396 va chuan bi danh tie'p nam 1430). Npi<br /> dd hd Champa, da chien t h i n g va cai tri<br /> bd cung danh nhau, bd chay vai lln. CQ<br /> lai Champa trong 2 nam, da xay dyng<br /> moi l l n nhQ the, lai quay ve sQa chQa,<br /> Angkor Thom va nhieu cdng trinh khac.<br /> dyng hoang cung nha san, d tie'p. Tuy dyng<br /> Cd mpt sd' dieu roi cdn phai mat nhieu nha gd la nhQng cung phai d ben ngoai<br /> cdng nghien cQu, xem vi sao Yasovarman khudn vien tQdng thanh Angkor Vat va<br /> than thien vdi Dai Viet, ma Suryavarman Angkor Thom, vi day la ndi thd t h i n thanh,<br /> II thi hung hang gay chien nhieu lln, linh thieng.<br /> nhQng Jayavarman VII lai rat than thien.<br /> Cude khao cQu va dao khao cd' cua Dpi<br /> Hp cd the de dang di den dong bang sdng<br /> Bao quan Angkor eiia Nhat Ban (9) cho<br /> Ciiu Long, nhQng sud't ma'y the ky dd,<br /> tha'y khdng cd da'u vet nen xay nha gach<br /> khdng he thay ddu vet ngUdi/vdn hod<br /> boSe vet chdn cot go gan eae den thap da.<br /> Khmer tren dd't ndy. Hdn 10 hd' dao khao ed'<br /> Cd the la ndi dyng lau go la cho vua va<br /> tren 10 tinh, khdng he tha'y go'm IQimer d<br /> hoang gia. Hd bdi tam (Srah Srang) va cd<br /> cac Idp tren. Den thap thupc thdi gian nay,<br /> le ca hoang cung n i m d phia ddng-nam,<br /> tuyet nhien khdng cd. Trong hd' khai quat<br /> gin vdi ho nude Mebon Ddng, each tQdng<br /> Bdi Xdo (Sde Trdng), Idp tren ed ma'y vSt<br /> thanh Angkor Vat va Angkor Thom tdi<br /> gd'm ed ve gid'ng go'm Khmer, nhUng it qua,<br /> chQa cd nien dai chinh xac, nen chQa the 4km.<br /> ke't luan. Anh hQdng va sy cai quan cua vua<br /> Jayavarman VII de'n Luong Phabang (Lao)<br /> 4.2. CQ xem khi vua Ponhea Yat cung<br /> va Champa (d Vijaya, Qui Nhdn thi rd hdn,<br /> vdi trieu t h i n xud'ng thuyen rdi Angkor<br /> nam 1432, di ve Basan, gin Kompong vi d day cdn cd bia va dau a'n kie'n true<br /> Cham, gpi ten dd mdi la Srey Santhor, mpt Khmer). Day la thdi hai nUde Champa va<br /> thdi gian n g i n lai chuyen ve Pursat, bd Cambd't danh nhau to.<br /> Tay-Nam Bien Ho, may nam sau chuyen NhQ the, thdi a'y, mpt thie't che bifn hQu<br /> de'n Lovek (1529-1595), roi lai chuyen de'n hay khdng, the hien b i n g nhQng da'u hi^u<br /> Udong (1620-1867), den 1867 mdi chuyen van hoa cua nd, chQ chQa cd van ban qui<br /> ve Phnom Penh, chi each Udong 20 km ve dinh cu the, cang chUa ed viec "cam mdc<br /> phia Ddng. Day la cb$ng cudl cung, nhQng bien gidi". 6 Nam Bp Viet Nam hoan toan<br /> 433 n i m ddi dd de'n 5 lln. ,-*, .^f,i khdng cd da'u tich gi ve loai nay. NgQdi dan<br /> 16 Rghien cihi Ljch sJr. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> chUa bd di tim da't sd'ng mdi vi cdn c i n phai da't nao cua vua nao, de'n dau; cung chQa cd<br /> gin vdi kinh dd. vua nao that yen vi cl ngdi. Hdn nQa, theo<br /> Khdng phai chi cd kinh thanh, ea vung tap quan gan nghin nam, canh tac ndng<br /> nghiep tren them cao, dung nQde tQdi ty<br /> dan cQ so'ng lien ke b bd bae Bien Ho cung<br /> nhien thi cd the tim tha'y ndi dd la them cao<br /> vdi ca hoang gia va kinh thanh da gan vdi<br /> sdng Me Kdng b ca trung iQu va ha iQu,<br /> he thd'ng ndng nghiep va thuy Idi hdp ly va<br /> nhQng dd't giong, ma ngQdi Khmer gpi la<br /> chat che de'n mQc khdng the ddi xa (10).<br /> Chamcar (dpc la chomca) (B.P. Groslier:<br /> Kinh dd Angkor va vung dan cQ g i n lien Bourrelet de berge). Ba'y gid dong bang sdng<br /> vdi nd xay dyng tren bd bae Bien Ho Tonle Ciiu Long rai rac van cd ngQdi sinh soiig,<br /> Sap, ndi dat nghieng 30°, lai b mdt vung ed ngQdi Stieng, Ma Ndng ma to' tien xa ciia hp<br /> 6 thang mQa tam ta hang ngay va 6 thang chinh langQdi Bnam, da lap nUdc Phu<br /> mua khd, khdng cd mpt gipt mQa; nQde mQa Nam, nhQng cdn ra't thQa thdt, do phai<br /> chi mpt budi la chay het xud'ng ho. Cac vua tranh nhQng vung d i m Iiy, ngap lu, "dQdi<br /> Cambot tQ Yasovarman da nghi ra, tao nen sdng sa'u Idi, tren giong epp um". Cho da't<br /> mdt he thd'ng thuy Idi hdp ly, thdng minh, giong nao cdn trd'ng thi hp de'n, d i n din,<br /> trQ dQdc nude trong mua mQa, dii dung tQng it mdt, vai gia dinh roi thuan Idi thi rii<br /> eho sinh boat ciia hoang gia va ea san xuat them, lap xdm, thdn. NhQng thdn xdm nay,<br /> ciia dan chung trong sud't mua khd, dieu hp gpi la sde, viet srok, cdng dong Idn hdn<br /> ma cac nha nghien cQu ngQdi Phap gpi la gpi la phum. NhQng tQ nay cl thdi Angco gpi<br /> "Chinh sdch nUdc" (Xin xem them V. la grama / sruk /. Thdi S'y dQdc to' chQc kha<br /> Goloubew (1941) (11). Cd dieu, lam mdt l l n quy cii, de chung nhau nifdc tQdi, Idng gpi<br /> de dung sud't 600 nam, nay v i n edn dd, theo tQ CO, chQ Phan la Grama, viet trong<br /> cac van bia, nay hoan canh mdi, grama<br /> nhQng da het tac dung; tuy nhien, nd lai<br /> khdng cdn thich hdp, gpi mdi la srok,<br /> Cling cd' them tap quan canh tac chi dung<br /> chuyen am tQ sruk. tQ eo, ed tQ thdi Angeo,<br /> nQde tQdi ty nhien, mpt nam mdt vu. «•<br /> nghla la rudng, cung ed nghla la lang (viet<br /> 5. Thc'i H a u A n g c o trong van bia, cat sruk cd nghla la lap lang,<br /> Cho nen, ne'u sud't thdi Angco, mac du cung vdi rudng de lam nghla vu vdi den. Cd<br /> manh me, chinh chien ma tha'y ca vua the ndi ehle r i n g ngQdi Khmer chi bQdc<br /> chua, ngQdi dan khdng ddi xa que hQdng dau va dan dan de'n dong b i n g sdng Ciiu<br /> ban quan cua minh d bd Blc Bie'n Ho Tonle Long tQ sau nam 1432, dung ra la lan chay<br /> Sap, thi cung khdng phai la dieu dang ngae loan, so'ng tren cac chamcar/giong, b i t dau<br /> nhien. NhQng tinh hinh da thay dd'i tQ tQ Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Vlnh Long, song<br /> khoang nam 1432. Vua da chuyen thi dan cdn kha thQa thdt. Chay loan tim da't song<br /> cung chuyen theo... Vua tim de'n Lovek, roi thi ndi nao sd'ng dQdc, ndi nao khdng hi ai<br /> sau khi Lovek bi pha tryi, thi lai de'n ca'm doan thi de'n. TrQdc nQa, thi nhU tren<br /> Udong, xay hoang cung mdi, nhQng dan thi da ndi, ne'u cd thi Id thd, lac dac, nhQng da<br /> tim den chd nao cd the lam ndng nghiep khdng cd dau vet gi sud't 630 nam thdi<br /> theo tap quan de sd'ng yen d'n. Hp tim de'n Angco. Nhdm tac gia Thai (James C. M.<br /> cho nao khdng phai tranh cha'p, ep xat, bdi Khoo (2003) (12) da r l t n h i m khi cho r i n g<br /> tiep dd ma'y the ky, chinh vua cung cdn ngUdi ndi tie'ng Khmer de'n trudc, gianh<br /> phai lao dao, long dong. ChUa ai qui dinh lay da't giong, them cao de song, cdn ngUdi<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 17<br /> <br /> Viet den sau thi lam rudng tha'p b ven la trQdc hay sau. Tuy nhien, cung khdng<br /> sdng, (tr. 16). Va'n de la d cho tim ndi thich nen vi the ma ndi "la'y dQdc"- "da't dai<br /> hdp vdi tap quan canh tac, chQ khdng phai hoang vu, toan rQng ram, dim lly"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Lucfng Ninh: Vuang quo'c Phu Nam. Tay Ninh, BEFEO 1909.<br /> Nxb. Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi, in l l n 3, H^<br /> (8). Henry Parmentier, Art architectural<br /> Npi, 2009.<br /> hindou dans I'lnde et en Extreme-Orient, Paris,<br /> (2). Louis M a l l e r e t . L'Archeologie du delta 1948<br /> du Mekong. ADM, t o m e 1-4, P a r i s , 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 3 .<br /> (9). Japanese Government Team for<br /> (3). P. Dupont, La Statuaire Safeguarding Angkor UNESCO ISA, Tokyo,<br /> Preangkorienne, P a r i s , 1955. Reports 1996-1999.<br /> <br /> (4), L u d n g N i n h : Vuang quoc Champa, Nxb. (10). Ludng Ninh: Quan he kinh te-xd hgi thifi<br /> Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 2 0 0 5 . Angco vd Hau Angco, trong Lich sCl Dong Nam A<br /> thdi cd, Vien Nghien cClu Dong Nam A (Vien<br /> (5). W a n g G u n g Wu, The Nanhai Trade-The<br /> KHXH Viet Nam) Ha Npi, 1983, tr. 81-138.<br /> Early History of Chinese Trade in the South<br /> China Sea, S i n g a p o r e , 1998. (11). Victor Goloubew, L'Hydraulique urbaine<br /> <br /> (6). B.P. Groslier. Pour une Geographie et agricole d I'epoque des rois dAngkor, BE.I.,<br /> <br /> historique du Cambodge, P r e s s e Univ. P h n o m Hanoi 1941.<br /> <br /> P e n h 1973. (12). J a m e s C M . KhooArts& Archaeology of<br /> (7). H . P a r m e n t i e r , Inventaire archeologique a Fu Nan. S.A.C.S-Bangkok 2003.<br />