Phác qua tình hình nghiên cứu phong trào Duy Tân ở Việt Nam

PHAC QUA TINH HINH NGHIEN COt<br /> PHONG TRAO DUY TAN 6 VIET NAM<br /> <br /> N G U Y £ N V A N KHANH*<br /> TRirONG BICH HANH"<br /> <br /> au the ky XX, cudc van ddng Duy<br /> D tan, khdi phat tQ dat Quang Nam<br /> va lan rdng ra ca nUdc, da danh<br /> Nha in Tan Viet cho ra m i t bd Viet Nam<br /> chi Sl, lan lUdt gidi thieu tieu sQ va thd v&n<br /> cua mdt so' nha yeu nUdc tieu bieu nhU<br /> dau sU ddi mdi trong tU duy cQu nUdc cua Phan Dinh Phung (tac gia Dao Trinh<br /> cac nha yeu nUdc Viet Nam, ddng thdi md Nhat), Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh,<br /> dau cho mdt thdi ky mdi trong lich sQ dau Huynh Thuc Khang (cung tac gia The<br /> tranh chd'ng Phap cua nhan dan ta. 100 Nguyen). Ben canh phan chinh vfin, trong<br /> nam qua, da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cac cdng trinh nay cd phan phu gidi thieu<br /> cQu d trong cung nhU ngoai nUdc ve phong ve mdt sd' sU kien, nhan vat lien quan den<br /> trao Duy tan. Thdi gian gan day, phong phong trao yeu nUdc d i u the ky XX nhU<br /> trao nay cang dUdc quan tam vi nhieu van T r i n Ddng Phong, Chau ThUdng VSn...<br /> de ma phong trao Duy tan dat ra van cd y Mac du khdng cd ddng gdp nhieu ve mSt<br /> nghia thdi dai ddi vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi ciia hgc thuat, nhUng cac tac pham nay cung da<br /> dat nUdc ta hien nay. Bai viet nay cd' ging cung cip dUdc mdt s d t u lieu cd gia tri tham<br /> khai q u i t nhQng net ndi bat n h i t trong khao. NhQng cdng trinh nghien cQu cd tinh<br /> tinh hinh va ket qua nghien cQu phong ban lam ve phong trao Duy tan chi xuit<br /> trao Duy tan d Viet Nam tQ trUdc den nay. hien tQ sau nSm 1954.<br /> <br /> Tai mien Bic, trong dieu kien mdi dUdc<br /> giai phdng, viec nghien cQu lich sii chdng<br /> NhQng nSm 20-30 ciia the ky XX, da cd ngoai xam, trong dd cd phong trao Duy tan<br /> mdt so' cdng trinh trUc tiep hoSc gian tiep rat dUdc coi trgng. Khi de cap den tinh chat<br /> de cap den phong trao Duy tan, trUdc het la cua phong trao Duy tan, nhieu y kien cho<br /> trUdc tac cua cic chi si lanh dao phong trio r i n g phong trao Duy tan mang tinh chit tU<br /> nhu Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang san va chiu anh hudng cua tU tudng tU san<br /> (1)... Nam 1937, t i c gia Dao Trinh N h i t va do cac si phu tU san hda lanh dao. Ung<br /> cho ra m i t cud'n Dong Kinh nghia thuc do hg va di theo quan diem nay la mdt loat bai<br /> Nha in Mai Linh i n hanh. MSc du cdn han viet dUdc cdng bdvao giQa nhQng nam 1950<br /> che nhieu ve tU lieu nhUng day cd the coi la tren Tap san Van-Sd-Dia (sau nay ddi<br /> cdng trinh sdm nha't gidi thieu ve Ddng thanh Tap chi Nghien cdu lich sd), nhU<br /> Kinh nghia thuc. Tiep dd, vao nam 1950, Nhiing cuoc van dgng Dong Du vd Dong<br /> <br /> <br /> •PGS. TS. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br /> " Khoa Lich sii, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV<br /> 10 Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 9.2007<br /> <br /> Kinh nghia thuc, Duy tdn Id phong trdo tU (2) thi cd y kien khic lai coi Ddng Kinh<br /> sdn hay tieu tU sdn ciia. Tran Huy Lieu nghia thuc "chi la mdt cudc d i u tranh tU<br /> (Tap san Van Sd Dia, 1955, sd' 11; Gop y tudng theo hudng tU san" (3). Dac biet, cudc<br /> kien vdo vdn de: Tinh chdt cdch mang Viet tranh luan xung quanh v i n de danh gia vi<br /> Nam qua cdc cuoc van dgng Duy Tdn/Dong tri ciia Ddng Kinh nghia thuc trong mdi<br /> Du, Dong Kinh nghia thuc ciia Van T i m quan he giQa hai xu hUdng bao ddng va cai<br /> (Tap san Vdn Su! Dia, 1956, sd 15); Tinh each trong phong trao giai phdng dan tdc<br /> chdt vd giai cdp lanh dgo hai phong trdo Viet Nam dau the ky XX diin ra het sQc soi<br /> Dong Kinh nghia thuc vd Dong Du ciia ndi. Neu Nguyen Anh trong luan vSn dang<br /> Nguyin Binh Minh {Van Sd Dia, 1957, sd' tren Nghien cdu Lich su! sd' 32, nam 1961<br /> 33, tr. 19-39; sd34). Nhin chung, nhQng bai cho r i n g "Hoat dgng cua Ddng Kinh nghia<br /> viet dd thd'ng nhat xac dinh phong trao thuc n i m trong pham vi anh hudng cua xu<br /> mang tinh chat tU san (dan tdc dan chu) hudng cai lUdng lUu hanh trong each mang<br /> nhUng chUa triet de. Viet Nam dau the ky XX ma Phan Chau<br /> Trinh la ngudi tieu bieu" (4) thi Nguyin<br /> Rieng ddi vdi Phan Chau Trinh y kien<br /> Van Kiem lai cd y kien hoan toan trai<br /> danh gia cdn cd nhQng diem khdng thd'ng<br /> ngUdc. Ong k h i n g dinh: "Ddng Kinh nghia<br /> nhat. TrUdc day, nhieu nha nghien cQu cho<br /> thtic la mdt bg phan cua cudc each mang<br /> r i n g Phan Chau Trinh yeu nUdc tren lap<br /> dan tdc dan chu do Phan Bdi Chau dQng<br /> trUdng tu san, thien ve cai lUdng. Mat<br /> dau, trong sy chi dao trUc tiep cua Phan<br /> khac, do anh hudng ciia quan niem bao lUc<br /> Bdi Chau" (5). Tran Minh ThU (but danh<br /> each mang, coi dau tranh each mang chi la<br /> cua GS. Hd Song), tren tinh than "Cdgang<br /> d i u tranh vu trang, nen da khdng nhan<br /> tien tdi thdng nhdt nhdn dinh ve Ddng<br /> thQc het nhQng ddng gdp va cd'ng hien ciia<br /> Kinh nghia thuc" da chu trUdng mdt each<br /> Phan Chau Trinh. Do dd, ve cd ban, dUdng<br /> dung hda khi cho r i n g Ddng Kinh nghia<br /> Idl bao ddng ciia Phan Bdi Chau dUdc danh<br /> thuc la "mdt phong t r i o boat dgng chu yeu<br /> gia cao hdn dudng Idl "cai lUdng" cua Phan<br /> tren mat trSn van hda tU tudng, chiu anh<br /> Chau Trinh. Tham chi, cd ngudi cdn cho<br /> hudng cua ca hai xu hUdng bao ddng va cai<br /> Phan Chau Trinh la sd Phap, sd vu khi tdi<br /> lUdng, nhUng anh hudng cua xu hudng bao<br /> tan nen da lUa chgn con dUdng "cai lUdng".<br /> ddng cd phan dam net hdn" (6). Tuy chUa di<br /> Cd the do phUdng phap nhan thQc, cdng den mgt nhan dinh thd'ng nhit, song cac<br /> vdi sU thieu thd'n ve tu lieu trong dieu kien nha s^ hgc mien Bic tQ nhieu gdc do nhin<br /> dat nUdc dang chien tranh da khien cho sd' nhan khac nhau da gdp phan nang cao mdt<br /> lUdng cac cdng trinh nghien cQu ve phong budc nhan thyc ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc<br /> trao Duy tan d Trung Ky va Nam Ky xuat va phong t r i o Duy tan.<br /> hien khdng nhieu. NgUdc lai, gidi sii hgc<br /> mien Bic lai r i t quan tam den Ddng Kinh Trong khi gidi sii hgc mien Bic dac biet<br /> nghia thuc vdi tU each mdt trung tam cai quan tam nghien cQu ve tinh chat, vi tri<br /> each d Bic Ky. TQ nhQng nam 60 the ky cua phong t r i o Duy tan, thi cac tic gia<br /> XX, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd da md cudc mien Nam lai tap trung tim hieu ndi dung,<br /> thao luan ve Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, thu dien bien cua phong trio. TrUdc het, phai<br /> hut sU tham gia cua ddng dao cac nha ke den viec Anh Minh xuat ban mgt sd<br /> nghien cQu. Trong khi Dang Viet Thanh trUdc t i c cua Huynh Thuc Khang - mgt<br /> cho r i n g "Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc la mdt lanh tu cua phong trao Duy Tan (7). Thyc<br /> cudc each mang van hda dau tien d nUdc ta" ra, Anh Minh (Ngd Thanh Nhin) xui't ban<br /> Phac qua Hnh hinh nghien curu... 11<br /> <br /> cac trudc tac cua Huynh Thuc Khang cung s i u sic, nhu chinh t i c gia cua nd thQa<br /> nhu cua Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh nhan: "Cud'n sich nhd ddc gia dang dgc day<br /> khdng chi vi hgc thuat ma cdn phuc vu muc khdng phai la mgt cud'n sii, nd chi chya<br /> dich chinh tri. Tuy nhien, khdng the phu dyng nhQng tai lieu ve sii thdi..." (13).<br /> nhan cac trUdc tac nay da giiip ich rat<br /> Sdn Nam la tac gia cua Phong trdo Duy<br /> nhieu cho gidi nghien cQu mien Nam. La<br /> tdn d Bac Trung Nam do Nha xuat ban<br /> mdt tac gia dUdc danh gia "la nha sQ gia Ddng Phd an hanh nam 1975 va Mien Nam<br /> cua phong trao Duy tan" (8) vdi "tri nhd ddu the ky XX - Thien Dia Hgi vd cuoc<br /> tuyet hao", "nhan xet sau xa, niem tin vQng Minh Tdn in tai Nha xuit ban La Bdi nSm<br /> manh va diin ta b i n g giong van tram 1971. Ca hai cdng trinh nay da dUdc Nxb<br /> hung" (9), Huynh Thuc Khang trong Tre, Tp. Hd Chi Minh tai ban nam 2003.<br /> nghien cQu cua minh da cung cap mgt sd'tu Trong hai t i e pham nay, Sdn Nam da gidi<br /> lieu dang tin cay. Cung dUdi ngdi but ciia thieu nhQng net cd ban ve phong trao Duy<br /> dng, mgt so' sU kien, nhan vat cua thdi ky tan tren pham vi ca nUdc, nha't la da cung<br /> lich sQ nay nhU dUdc hdi sinh, linh ddng cap cho chung ta kha nhieu thdng tin gii<br /> khac thudng. tri ve phong trao Duy tan d mien Nam<br /> Ben canh cac trUdc tac cua Huynh Thiic (thudng dUdc ggi la cudc Minh Tan).<br /> Khing, t i e pham cua mdt sd' chi si Duy tan<br /> Cdng trinh nghien cQu tieu bieu va ndi<br /> khac cung dUdc xuat ban rai rac d mien bat n h i t ve phong trio Duy tan d mien<br /> Nam (10), qua dd cung cap mdt so' sii lieu Nam trUdc nam 1975 l i cudn sach cung ten<br /> giup ich cho viec nghien cQu. Nhin chung, cua Nguyin VSn Xuan. Vao thdi diem xuat<br /> gidi hgc gia mien Nam kha quan tam den ban lan dau nam 1969, cud'n sach dUdc coi<br /> phong trao Duy tan. Tren cac tap chi d la cdng trinh dau tien nghien cQu kha day<br /> mien Nam trUdc nSm 1975, xuat hien mgt du ve phong trao Duy tan, tQ ngUdi lanh<br /> so' bai viet, de cap den nhieu khia canh dao, td chQc, dien bien, cung nhU nhan<br /> khac nhau cua phong trao Duy tan: tQ dinh, danh gia. Nguyen Van Xuan nhan<br /> nhan vat den thd van, tii Dang cd tiing bdo thay "phong trao Duy tan cd p h i n yeu kdm<br /> d mien Bic den A^dn^ cd min dam vdi ve chinh tri neu so vdi nhQng td chQc chinh<br /> phong trao Duy tan mien Nam... (11). Tuy tri Idn lao, cd lanh dao chat che, cd sach<br /> nhien, da phan trong dd chi la nhQng lUdc vQng vang cd kinh nghiem tranh diu<br /> nghien cQu cdn sd lUdc, chUa cd nhQng phat sau nay, nhUng chUa td chQc nao hdn nd ve<br /> hien, danh gia s i u ve mSt khoa hgc. Nhin dai van dgng Tan van hda, t i n sinh hoat,<br /> chung, trong cac nghien cQu ve phong trao p h i t trien toan dien giao due, cdng, ndng<br /> Duy tan d mien Nam giai doan 1954-1975, thUdng" (14), nhUng ddng thdi dng cung chi<br /> ding chu y nhat v i n la cic cdng trinh cua ra nhQng han che cua phong trio: Cac lanh<br /> ciia cac t i c gia Nguyin Hien Le, Nguyen tu cua phong trio chi hieu ve dan quyen<br /> v a n Xuan va Sdn Nam. mgt each thd sd nhUng lai qua tin vao dan<br /> Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc do Nguyin Hien quyen, Phan Chau Trinh l i n Idn dan quyen<br /> Le bien soan, dUdc xuat ban d Sai Gdn nSm vdi ngUdi Phap, ao tudng cd the: y Phap cau<br /> 1956. Den nam 1974, cdng trinh nay da tien bg de den khi sang Phap vd mong, td<br /> dUdc tai ban l i n thQ ba (12). Dieu dd chQng chQc, ky luat ndi bd yeu k6m (15). Ve<br /> td syc h i p d i n ciia cdng trinh. Tuy nhien, phUdng phap, ben canh khai thac tdi da<br /> day cung chi la tap sach n h i m gidi thieu sy ngudn tu lieu, tic gia da di dien da va<br /> kien, sii li?u chQ chUa phai la mdt khao cyu phdng vin dUdc nhieu nhan chyng nhU dng<br /> 12 Rghien curu L|ch sit. s6 9.2007<br /> <br /> cQ LUdng Trgng Hdi, dng Cii Hd Ngai, dng nhan dinh. Tuy nhien, quan diem cua<br /> Le Am (con re Phan Chau Trinh), dng Vd ChUdng Thau ve vi tri cua Ddng Kinh<br /> Hoan (mdt than si d Quang Nam), dng nghia thuc cung khdng khac may so vdi<br /> Nguyen XUdng Thai (nguyen quan ly Bao Tran Minh ThU khi cho ring: Ddng Kinh<br /> Tieng Ddn). Nhd viy, cdng trinh nay la mdt nghia thuc "vln dQng lai d mQc do cua mdt<br /> trong khdng nhieu nghien cQu d mien Nam phong trao duy tan cai cich cd xu hudng<br /> dUdc danh gia cao ve mat hgc thuat va sii thien ve phong trao cai cich cua Phan Bdi<br /> lieu. Tat nhien, cud'n sach cung cd mdt vai Chau, mdt phong trao tien bd nha't d nUdc<br /> khuyet diem. Ban than t i c gia cung k h i n g ta dau the ky XX" (16). De lam s i n g td van<br /> dinh, dng viet cdng trinh nay trong tinh de nay, t i c gia Nguyen Van K h i n h da gdi y<br /> trang rat thieu thd'n ve mat tU lieu. Cac tai mdt hudng tiep can mdi: tren cd sd danh gia<br /> lieu dien da du cd ich den d i u cung khdng s i u sic va chat che cac dieu kien nhQng<br /> the thay the hoan toan cic ngudn sQ lieu dieu kien ben trong va ben ngoai, can phan<br /> chinh thQc. Ong da danh mdt phan rieng tich s i u hdn nhQng dieu kien chu quan va<br /> de khao ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc vdi tU khach quan cua cac xu hudng yeu nUdc d<br /> cich la mdt bd phan thd'ng nhat cua phong Viet Nam dau the ky XX, n h i m giai thich<br /> trao Duy tan ca nUdc nhUng lai khdng he t h i u dio hien tUdng phan hda trong phong<br /> de cap den phong t r i o Duy t i n d mien trao each mang thdi ky nay (17).<br /> Nam. Mat khac, Nguyen Van Xuan viet<br /> phong trdo Duy tdn vdi tam hdn ndng nhiet TQ khi dat nUdc budc vao thdi ky Doi<br /> cua mdt nha van, khien phong trao Duy mdi, nghien cQu lich sQ ndi chung, nghien<br /> tan mang day mau sic, thi vi nhUng cung cyu phong trao Duy tan ndi rieng da cd<br /> vi the ma ddi khi, mdt vai nhan dinh trong nhQng bUdc tien manh me. Mdt trong<br /> cud'n sach cdn mang tinh chu quan. nhQng bUdc tien rd ret nha't trong nghien<br /> cQu phong trao Duy tan thdi gian gan day<br /> Sau nam 1975, dat nUdc hoan toan chinh la cdng t i c tap hdp va cdng bd tU<br /> thd'ng nha't, nen sQ hgc hai mien cd dieu lieu. Nam 1990, bg sach Phan Boi Chdu<br /> kien xich lai g i n nhau, bd sung cho nhau. todn tap ra ddi va nhanh chdng trd thanh<br /> Trong cac khao cQu cd lien quan den phong "cam nang cho nhQng ngUdi nghien cQu<br /> trao Duy tan, d i n g chu y la cudn Dong Phan Bdi Chiu. Mudi lam nam sau sau,<br /> Kinh Nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch vao nam 2005, Nha x u i t ban Da Ning da<br /> van hoa ddu the' ky XX cua ChUdng T h i u cdng bd' toan bd khdi lUdng "di cao" dd so<br /> nam 1982 - cdng trinh dUdc xem la tdng cua Phan Chau Trinh qua 3 tap sach Phan<br /> hdp nhat ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc cho den Chdu Trinh todn tap. Cd the ndi day l i mgt<br /> nay. Ben canh viec phac hga nhQng ndt cdng trinh diy du nha't ve cac trUdc tic cua<br /> chung n h i t ve tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te, Phan C h i u Trinh nhan ky niem 80 nam<br /> xa hdi Viet Nam dau the ky XX, t i c gia da ngay mat cua nha chi si (24-3-2006). Bd sich<br /> dyng lai mgt bQc chan dung kha chi tiet ve cdn sUu tap cac bai viet, cac y kien cua<br /> Ddng Kinh nghia thuc tren ca ba mat boat nhQng nha each mang, nhQng nha nghien<br /> ddng: van hda giao due, xa hdi va kinh te, cQu trong va ngoai nUdc viet ve Phan Chiu<br /> ddng thdi dUa ra dUdc nhQng danh gia ve vi Trinh, nhu "nhQng ldi binh" ve thd van va tU<br /> tri cua Ddng Kinh nghia thuc trong phong tudng, sU nghiep cua Cu. Ngoii ra, mgt sd<br /> trao giai phdng dan tgc Viet Nam. So vdi trUde tic cua Huynh Thuc Khing, nhQng<br /> cac nghien cQu trUdc dd ve de tai nay, cdng nghien cQu cd gia tri xui't ban d mien Nam<br /> trinh cua ChUdng T h i u da vUdt len d mgt trUdc nam 1975 ciia Sdn Nam, Nguyen Q.<br /> mQc do nhat dinh ve tai ligu va danh gia. Thing, Nguyin Van Xuan Ian lUdt dUdc tai<br /> Phac qua Hnh hinh nghien curu... 13<br /> <br /> ban (18), cung mdt so' cdng trinh mdi ra xa hdi Viet Nam luc bay gid, gidi nghien<br /> m i t nhu Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhdng tU cyu ngay cang nhan rd hdn tam tU duy cua<br /> lieu mdi, Nxb Da Ning, 2003 cua Le Thi dng, ty mgt ldi tU duy truyen thdng, bao<br /> Kinh va Vdn thd Dong Kinh Nghia thuc, thu chuyen sang tU duy mdi hUdng ra ben<br /> Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, 1997, da cung cap ngoai, tiep can nhQng gia tri mdi me cua<br /> them nhieu tai lieu tham khao cho nhQng van minh phUdng Tiy, phu hdp vdi xu the<br /> ai quan tam den phong trao Duy tan. van ddng va hdi nhap cua the gidi. Diy<br /> cung la y kien chung cua nhieu nha sQ hgc<br /> Mdt trong nhQng hudng nghien cQu<br /> trong cudc Hgi thao ky niem 80 nSm ngay<br /> dUdc quan tam nQa trong thdi gian gin day<br /> m i t Phan Chiu Trinh diin ra vao thing 3-<br /> la di sau tim hieu phong trao Duy tan qua 2006 tai Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh. GS Dinh<br /> nhQng nhan vat, dia phUdng cu the, tieu Xuan Lam da nhan xdt: "Xu hUdng chinh<br /> bieu nhu ChUdng Thau vdi Dong Kinh tri va nhQng boat ddng cua Phan Chau<br /> nghia thuc vd phong trdo Nghia thuc d cdc Trinh da cd t i e dung tich cQc den phong<br /> dia phuang, Nghien cdu Lich sir, 1997, sd 4 trao each mang thdi dd, do chd yeu cau dan<br /> (293), Hai Nggc Thai Nhan Hda vdi Tdng chii, k b i t vgng nhan quyen Cu de xUdng l i<br /> Bgt Ho - tinh thdn yeu nUdc gdn lien vdi tU phu hdp vdi thdi dai, phu hdp vdi bUdc tien<br /> tudng canh tdn, XUa vd Nay, sd'48B, t h i n g ciia each mang Viet Nam dang chuyen tQ<br /> 2, 1998; Ly Tung Hieu vdi Luang Vdn Can pham tru cu - phong kien sang pham tru<br /> vd phong trdo Duy tdn, Dong Du, Nxb. Van mdi - cd tinh chit tU san. Dudi anh hudng<br /> hda Sai Gdn, Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 2005. ciia xu hudng chinh tri va nhQng hoat ddng<br /> Quang Nam la que hUdng cua phong trao sdi ndi ciia Cu, mdt cudc van ddng cai each<br /> Duy tan vdi nhieu nhan vat xuat sic. Dieu dan chil rdng Idn da dUdc phat dgng tai<br /> dd ly giai tai sao cd nhieu cdng trinh gidi mien Trung va nhanh chdng lan rgng ra ca<br /> thieu ve phong trao Duy tan tren dat nUdc, tan cdng kha quye't liet vao he tU<br /> Quang Nam (19). Tat ca nhQng cdng trinh tudng phong kie'n, thUc hien cai each phong<br /> dd, d nhQng mQc do khac nhau, dem lai cho tuc, day manh phat trien cdng thUdng<br /> chung ta cai nhin diy dii, toan dien, sdng nghiep... Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi nQa, Phan<br /> dgng va chan thUc hdn ve mdt trong nhQng Chau Trinh la ngudi d i u tien cd tU tudng<br /> phong t r i o yeu nUdc Idn nhat dau the ky dan chu d Viet Nam. Vdi tU cich dd, Cu<br /> XX d Viet Nam. that xQng dang chiem mdt vi tri cao trong<br /> lich sii dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc cua<br /> Thanh cdng trong nghien cQu phong<br /> nhan dan ta".<br /> t r i o Duy tan nhQng nam gin day khdng<br /> chi n i m d sdlUdng cdng trinh dUdc cdng bd,<br /> Tren cd sd nhin nhan lai mdt each khach<br /> ma cdn d trong nhan thQc ve tam vdc, vi tri<br /> quan hdn nhQng ddng gdp ciia Phan Chau<br /> va y nghia cua nd ddi vdi phong trao giai<br /> Trinh, mdt so' nha nghien cQu gin day da<br /> phdng dan tgc dau the ky XX va vdi ca thyc<br /> di tim va ly giai sdi day lien he giQa phong<br /> tiin ddi sd'ng dat nUdc hdm nay.<br /> trio Duy t i n va sU nghiep ddi mdi cua d i t<br /> Thay ddi trong nhan thyc ve phong trio nUdc ta hien nay. Nam 1997, nhan ky ni$m<br /> Duy t i n trUdc het n i m 0 thay ddi trong 90 nam Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, trong bai<br /> each danh gia ve Phan Chau Trinh. Theo viet "Gop them vdo sU ddnh gid Dong Kinh<br /> quan niem phd bien trUdc day thi cai lUdng Nghia thuc", t i c gia Hd Song thdng qua tim<br /> la tieu cue, phai dau tranh chdng lai den hieu Vdn minh tdn hoc sdch vk Quoc ddn<br /> cung. Ngay nay, d giac do tien bg xa hdi, dgc bdn cho ring: trong suy nghi ciia cac<br /> tren cd sd nghien cQu ky yeu cau cu the ciia nha lanh dao Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc da<br /> 14 Rghien curu Lich si3r, sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> "phac thao mdt ly luan ve sU phat trien, tuy thiet. Cung vdi thdi gian, hieu biet ve<br /> chUa that hoan hao, song cung khdng k6m phong t r i o Duy tan ngay mdt sau sic hdn<br /> phan sau sic, cap nhat; va cho den nay v l n ve dien bien, ndi dung va dac diem ciia<br /> cdn tinh thdi sU ndng hdi". "NhQng i p u, hy phong trao d ca ba mien; diem tUdng ddng<br /> vgng va mdi chi thUc hien dUdc mdt p h i n va di biet giQa phong t r i o Duy t i n d cic dia<br /> r i t nhd b6 dd, thi nay dang dUdc Dang va phUdng; so phan, h i n h trang cua mdt sd<br /> Nha nUdc ta tich eye thyc hien trong cdng nhan vat cu the... da dUdc lam sing td<br /> cudc xay dUng dat nUdc" (20). Nam 2005, them. Ve cd ban cho den nay, gidi sii hgc<br /> Hai Nggc Thii Nhan Hda cho ra m i t cud'n cung da thd'ng nha't vdi nhau khi nhin<br /> Xu hudng canh tdn, Phong trdo Duy tdn, nhan tinh chat va lUc lUdng lanh dao phong<br /> Su nghiep ddi mdi (Tii gida the'ky XIX den trio. Ddng thdi, nhQng han che trong nhan<br /> cuoi the ky XX), trong dd cd nhQng tim tdi thQc va danh gii ve phong trao Duy tan<br /> dang tran trgng. Di theo hudng nay, nha cung nhu ve Phan Chau Trinh cung din<br /> lich sii kinh te Dang Phong lai cd' ging so dUdc k h i c phuc. Tuy nhien, cho den nay<br /> sanh nhQng diem gid'ng va khac giQa phong v l n cdn mdt sd' van de chUa thUc sU thdng<br /> trao Duy tan va sU nghiep ddi mdi va di nhat, trong dd cd van de quan he giQa<br /> den ket luin: Tuy thdi gian dien ra xa phong trao Duy tan va phong trao Ddng Du<br /> nhau, hoan canh, con ngudi, ddi tUdng khac ndi chung va quan he giQa hai nha lanh tu<br /> nhau va ket qua cung khac nhau nhUng ca dai dien cho hai phong trao ndi rieng.<br /> hai phong trao deu lya chgn cii mdi, cii<br /> tien bg nhU giai phap cd ban cua phat Nhu ta da biet, Phan Bdi Chau v i Phan<br /> trien. Ca hai deu cd ndi dung cd ban la Chu Trinh la hai nha yeu nUdc ddng vai trd<br /> khic phuc nhQng dinh kien va le thdi cu, khdi xUdng va d i n dao hai khuynh hUdng<br /> ke ca nhQng cai tQng dUdc ngd nhan la tieu bieu nhat trong phong trao giai phdng<br /> khudn vang, thUdc nggc mdt thdi. Ca hai d i n tdc Viet Nam dau the ky XX. Mac du<br /> deu cd chung nhQng khudn vang, thUdc khdng t i n thanh dUdng Idl cQu nUdc cua<br /> nggc mudn thud la: dan giau, nUdc manh, nhau, nhUng Phan Bdi Chau va Phan Chu<br /> cdng bing, hQu ai, van minh. "On cd' nhi tri Trinh khdng he d i u tranh, bai trQ nhau<br /> tan", cd the xem day la mdt hudng di mdi ma v l n hdp t i e trong mQc do n h i t dinh.<br /> trong nghien cQu phong trao Duy tan. Tren thUc te, Phan Chau Trinh tuy cUc lyc<br /> phan ddi dUdng ldi bao ddng va ciu ngoai<br /> vien song lai chu trUdng bdi dUdng nhan tai<br /> n h i m cha'n hUng dan tri va dan khi, phat<br /> Phong trao Duy tan la mdt trong nhQng trien dat nUdc. NgUdc lai, Phan Bdi Chau<br /> sU kien quan trgng nhat ciia lich sii Viet mac du chu trUdng dudng Idl bao dgng<br /> Nam dau the ky XX. Tai Viet Nam, phong nhUng v l n hudng den tU tudng cdng hda va<br /> trio Duy t i n dUdc nhieu the he hgc gia nen dan chu tU san. Thdng qua phong trao<br /> quan tam dUdi nhieu gdc do: van hgc, sii Ddng Du, dng da chQng td la mgt nha duy<br /> hgc, triet hgc, van hda... tan tien phong va triet de. Hy vgng ring,<br /> Rieng tren phUdng dien sQ hgc, qua mdt trong khdng khi cua cdng cudc ddi mdi ca<br /> the ky, nghien cyu phong trao Duy tan d ve kinh te, tU tudng va hgc t h u i t hdm nay,<br /> Viet Nam da dat dUdc mgt so' thanh tUu nhQng ban che va dinh kien trong nhin<br /> dang ghi nhan: Cac trUdc t i c cua cac chi si thQc ve hai phong t r i o dan toe cung chiu<br /> Duy tan cung cic tai lieu cd lien quan dUdc anh hudng cua tU tudng tU san vdi hai<br /> sUu tam va gidi thieu rgng rai, cung cap n h i n vat dai dien la Phan Bdi Chau va<br /> cho cac n h i nghien cyu nhQng tU lieu can Phan Chau Trinh se dUde k h i c phuc, tQ dd<br /> P h a c qua Hnh hinh nghien ciru... 15<br /> <br /> cd cai n h i n d u n g d i n va k h i c h q u a n hdn ve nghia t h u c chiu a n h h u d n g cua P h a n C h a u<br /> vai trd vi t r i c u a h a i k h u y n h hUdng bao T r i n h h a y P h a n Bdi C h i u ? Day cung la chu<br /> dgng va cai each t r o n g p h o n g t r a o yeu nUdc de ciia cudc t r a n h l u a n d i i n r a tQ nhQng<br /> Viet N a m d i u t h e ky XX. nSm 60 t h e ky XX den n a y cQng chUa cd hdi<br /> ket. Mgt k e t l u a n thd'ng n h i t tQ gidi sQ hgc<br /> Ben c a n h p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n , Ddng<br /> v l n cdn d p h i a trUdc.<br /> K i n h n g h i a t h u c c u n g la mdt de t a i ludn<br /> d a n h dUdc sU q u a n t a m cua cac n h a n g h i e n Cudc v a n ddng Duy t a n dien r a tuy n g i n<br /> cQu t r o n g n h i e u t h a p ky q u a . T r o n g k h i n g u i va k e t cue t h a t bai, song n h i e u v i n de<br /> mdt so' n h a sQ hgc coi Ddng K i n h n g h i a ma nd d a t r a nhU d a n chu, d a n quyen, cai<br /> t h u c va p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n la h a i p h o n g each giao due, c h i n hUng thUc nghiep...<br /> t r i o r i e n g biet t h i mdt sd' k h a c lai cho r i n g v l n cd y nghia thdi sy t r o n g cdng cudc ddi<br /> dd chi la "mdt p h o n g t r a o dUdc ap d u n g t a i mdi cua d a t nUdc h i e n nay. N h i n lai phong<br /> hai diem" (21). Ve cd b a n , ndi d u n g h o a t t r i o Duy t a n , k h d n g chi n h i m tiep tuc<br /> dgng cua Ddng K i n h n g h i a t h u c k h a g i n k h a m p h i , n h a n thQc d u n g d i n va day du<br /> vdi p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n d T r u n g Ky. Cd t h e hdn nhQng v i n de thudc ve qua khQ, ma<br /> coi Ddng K i n h n g h i a t h u c la p h o n g t r a o cdn de due r u t nhQng bai hgc lich sQ va tim<br /> Duy t a n d B i c Ky n h u each ggi cua N g u y e n r a ldi giai cho nhQng v i n de cua d i t nUdc<br /> V a n X u a n . V i n de d a t r a la Ddng Kinh hdm nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Mgt so cong trinh xufi't ban tru6c nfim (3). To Trung, Phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia<br /> 1954: Bdi dien thuyet dgo diic, ludn ly Dong Tdy thuc - mot cudc cdi cdch xd hoi ddu tien (trao doi y<br /> vd doan litac sCt cu Phan Chdu Trinh, S. Nhfi in kie'n vdi dng Dang Viet Thanh), Tap chf Nghien<br /> Xiia Nay, 1926; Phan Chau Trinh, Lich sH quoc cUu Lich si, 1961, tr. 53-55.<br /> gia huyet le, Thinh Quang, 1926; Ngo Diic Ke, (4). Nguyin Anh, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc cd<br /> Phan Tdy Hd di thao, Thinh Quang, 1926; Tap phdi cudc vdn ddng cdch mang vdn hda ddn tdc<br /> diin van cita dng Huynh Thuc Khdng, Chan khdng? Tap chi Nghien cUu Lich sit, 1961, so 32,<br /> phUdng a'n quan, 1926; Sii Binh Tii (Huj^nh Thiic<br /> tr. 38-46.<br /> Khang), Thi van vdi thdi da\, Nhfi in Tieng Dan,<br /> Hue, 1937; Thi van cdc nhd chi sl Viet Nam cua (5). Nguyen Vfin Kifm, Tim hieu xu hiidng vd<br /> Huynh Thuc Khdng, Dan Thanh, Hue, 1937; Dfio thiic chd't cda Ddng Kinh nghia thuc. Tap chf<br /> Trinh Nhfi't, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, Nhfi in Mai Nghien ciiu Lich siC, 1964, so 66, tr. 39-45.<br /> Linh, Hfi Noi, 1937; Minh Vien Huynh Thiic (6). Tran Minh ThU, Co gang tien tdi th&ng<br /> Khang, Biic thii trd ldi chung, Nhfi in Tieng dan, nhdt nhdn dinh ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc. Tap chf<br /> 1945; Duong Bd Trac - Tieu siC vd thii van, Dong Nghien cihi Lich su", 1965, so 81, tr. 31-37.<br /> Tay, 1945; The' Nguyen, Huynh ThUc Khdng, S.<br /> (7). Huynh ThUc Khdng tU truyen, Anh Minh<br /> Tfin Vift, 1950; The Nguyen, Phan Chdu Trinh<br /> dich vfi xufi't ban. Hue, 1963; Biic thU bi mdt gid<br /> (1872-1926), S. Tan Vi?t, 1950.<br /> Ky ngoai hdu Ciidng De, Anh Minh xufi't ban, HuS',<br /> (2). Dfing Vi?t Thanh, Phong trdo Ddng Kinh 1967. Hai cuon sach nfiy dU(?c nhfi xufi't ban Vfin<br /> nghia thuc • cuoc cdch mang vdn hda ddn tdc ddn h6a Thong tin in lai nfim 2000 vdi tiJa de Huynh<br /> chu ddu tien a nUdc ta. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich Thuc Khdng nien pho: Huynh ThUc Khdng tii<br /> Si?, 1961, so 25, tr. 14-24. truyen vd Thdgiti Ky Ngoai hdu CUdng De.<br /> 16 Rghien ciiru Lich stir, sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> (8). Nguyen Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy tdn, (16). ChUdng Thau, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc vd<br /> Nxb. La Boi, Sai Gon, 1970, Nxb, Da Nfing in lai, phong trdo cdi cdch van hda Viet Nam ddu the ky<br /> 1995, tr. 9. XX, Nxb. Ha Noi, Hfi Noi, 1982, tr. 91.<br /> <br /> (9). Nguyin Vfin Xuan, sdd, tr. 10. (17). Nguyin Van Khanh, Doc sdch "Ddng Kinh<br /> Nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch vdn hda ddu the<br /> (10). Thai Bach, Tha vdn quoc cam thdi Phdp<br /> ky XX, Tap chf Nghien cUu Lich sH, so 5 (283),<br /> thudc, Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1968; Nguyin Thieu<br /> 1983, tr. 82-85.<br /> Dung, Vdn hoc thdi Duy Tdn, Bach Khoa, so' 389-<br /> 390, Sfii Gon, 1973; Nguyin Vfin TUcIng vfi Pham (18). Huynh ThUc Khdng nien phd: Huynh<br /> Lieu, Ddng Diiang chinh tri ludn: Mdt di thao chiia Thdc Khdng tii truyen vd Tha giti Ky Ngoai hdu<br /> dUdc cdng bd'cua Phan Chdu Trinh, Bach Khoa, so Ciidng De, Anh Minh dich, Nxb. Vfin h6a Thong tin.<br /> 406, Sai Gon, 1974... Ha Noi, 2000; Nguyen Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy<br /> tan, Nxb. Da Nfing vfi Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc<br /> (11). Co the ke ra day mot so bfii viet tieu bieu;<br /> hoc, 2000; Nguyin Quyet Thfing, Huynh Thuc<br /> Thai Bach, Thd van quoc cdm thdi Phdp thudc,<br /> Khdng • Con ngitdi vd tha vdn (1876-1947), Nxb.<br /> Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1968; Vu Dfic Bang, Dai hoc tii<br /> Vfin hoc, Hfi Noi, 2001; Nguyin Hie'n Le, Ddng Kinh<br /> lap ddu tien d Viet Nam hien dai, Tu tiidng, Sfii<br /> Nghia thuc, Nxb. Vfin hoa Thong tin, Hfi Noi, 2002;<br /> Gon, so 1-2/1975; Pham Long Dien, Vai trd cua<br /> Sdn Nam, Phong trdo Duy tdn d Bac Trung Nam;<br /> Ndng CO mim dam trong phong trdo Duy tdn miin<br /> Mien Nam ddu the ky XX - Thien Dia Hdi vd cudc<br /> Nam, Bach Khoa, so 425, Sfii Gon, 1975; Lam<br /> Minh Tdn, Nxb Tre, Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 2003.<br /> Giang, Trdn Quy Cdp vd tii trdo cdch mang ddn<br /> quyen ddu the ky XX, Dong A xufi't ban, Sfii Gon, (19). Trdn Quy Cdp - Nhd chi sl Duy tdn Viet<br /> 1970; Phan Khoang, Nhiing ngitdi Viet Nam cd Nam ddu the ky XX, Nxb. Dfi NSng, 1995; Phan<br /> tinh thdn cdi cdch Duy tdn khi niidc nha mdi tiep Thtic Duyen trong phong trdo Duy tdn Viet Nam,<br /> xuc vdi vdn minh Tdy phuang. Bach Khoa, so 71, Nxb. Vfin h6a, 1996; Phan Chdu Trinh - nhd chi sl<br /> thang 12-1959. Thieu Sdn, Mot thieu sdt quan yeu nitdc, nhd canh tdn ddu the ky XX, UBND thi<br /> trong: Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc trong vdn hoc sic Viet xfi Tam Kj>, Quang Nam, 2002; 100 ndm trUdng<br /> Nam, Pho thong, so 86, thang 8-1962... Tdn hoc Phil Ldm vd nhd thiic hdnh Duy tdn xudt<br /> sdc: Le Ca (Ky yeu hdi thao), Sd Vfin hoa Thong tin<br /> (12). Nguyin Hie'n Le, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc,<br /> Quang Nam, 2006; Qudng Nam trong hdnh trinh<br /> Tac gia xufi't ban tai Sfii Gon nfim 1956, Nxb. La<br /> md cdi vd giii; nitdc, Nxb. Tong hcjp Thfinh pho Ho<br /> Boi, Sfii Gon xufi't ban lin thit hai nfim 1968, lin<br /> Chf Minh, 2005 cua Nguyen Q. Thfing...<br /> thii 3 nfim 1974.<br /> (20). Gdp them vdo sU ddnh gid Ddng Kinh<br /> (13). Nguyen Hien Le, sdd, tr. 13.<br /> Nghia thuc. Tap chf Nghien cihi Lich sit, so 44<br /> (14). Nguyin Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy tan, (293), 1997, tr. 1.<br /> Nxb. Dfi Ning vfi Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc hoc,<br /> 2000, tr. 301. (21). Nguyin Q. Thfing, Qudng Nam trong hdnh<br /> trinh md cdi vd giQ nudc - nhin tit gdc dp vdn hda,<br /> (15). Nguyen Vfin Xuan, sdd, tr. 299. Nxb. Tdng h?lp Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tr. 304.<br />