Phương pháp giảng dạy ngoại ngữ và “sinh viên thế hệ mới”

PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY NGOAI N G Q<br /> VA "SINH VIEN THE HE MOi"<br /> Vu Thi Ninh<br /> NCS TrUdng DHNN, DHQGHN<br /> <br /> The gidi ngay nay da thay doi qua nhieu. Nhiing thay ddi nay<br /> khdng chi lien quan den ve ngoai eua eude song ma edn lam thay ddi<br /> ea muc dich song, thudc do gia tri va nhiJng thdi quen cua eon ngUdi.<br /> The he tre bao gid ciing khae vdi the he trUde nhung chua bao gid trong<br /> lich sii lau dai eua loai ngUdi nhi3ng thay ddi lai dien ra nhanh nhU<br /> hien nay. Dudi con mat eua cae nha tam ly, sU pham thi sU thay ddi<br /> ve Id'i tu duy, each tfng xii givia eon ngUdi vdi nhau khdng the khdng<br /> tac dgng den giao due, den phUdng phap giang day, dac biet la giang<br /> day ngoai ngii. Nhiing gi la dang tin cay, la hiiu hieu mUdi mudi lam<br /> nam trUde day bay gid cd the khdng edn phii hdp niia. NhUng nhU the<br /> khdng cd ngbia la chung ta phai vuEt bd di tat ca nhufng gi da dudc<br /> nghien ciiu va dUdc chinh chung ta kiem nghiem de roi lam lai txi dau.<br /> Song eung se la vd traeh nhiem neu chiing ta nh4m m^t lam ngd trUdc<br /> nbiJng thay ddi da va dang dien ra quanh chiing ta de rdi chd'i txi tim<br /> kiem nhiing phUdng phap giang day mdi phii hdp hdn vdi tinh hinh<br /> mdi, dap ling muc dich hgc ngoai ngii cua sinh vien chung ta.<br /> <br /> Chiing tdi viet bai nay vdi mong mud'n trao ddi nbijfng suy tU cua<br /> minh ve edng viee giang day ngoai ngii ndi chung va tieng Nga ndi<br /> rieng trong giai doan hien nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> I. NHtJNG DAC miu CUA "SINH VlfiN THjg Hfi M O I "<br /> <br /> Khi ndi tdi the he tre ngay nay nhieu ngudi thien ve chi trich hdn<br /> la khen ngdi. That ra nhU the la khdng edng bing. The he tre ngay nay<br /> <br /> <br /> 535<br /> sinh ra va Idn len trong nhi2ng dieu kien khae vdi the he cha anh ngay<br /> xUa. Phai thira nhan rang d Viet nam gid day eung nhU nhieu nUde<br /> khae cugc song cua thanh nien cd nhieu thuan Idi hdn nhieu so vdi cae<br /> the he trUdc: vat chat d^y du, dieu kien hgc hanh tuyet vdi... Khdng<br /> chi gia dinh dau tu ma toan xa hoi cham lo, tao mgi dieu kien de bg cd<br /> the' phat trien tri tue cua minh. Song chung ta ciing phai thay ring<br /> thanh men ngay nay ehiu siic ep Idn hdn tOf nhieu phia. Va nhieu<br /> ngUdi trong so' hg da thUc sU dap ling dUde niem tin va mong ddi cua<br /> gia dinh, nha trudng va xa hoi. Trong thdi dai giao lUu hoi nhap vdi<br /> nhiing tien bg khoa hgc ky thuat vUdt bae va sU phat trien nhanh nhU<br /> ngay nay thi nbiSng yeu eau, ddi hoi dd'i vdi mot ngUdi lam viee ciing<br /> khae xa so vdi trUdc kia. Dieu nay bat budc hg phai hgc tap nghiem<br /> tiic, tim hieu nhieu linh vUc va ludn cd y thiie vUdn len, neu khdng se<br /> de dang tut hau va se gap nhieu khd khan, trd ngai trong khi lam viee.<br /> Chung tdi dung cum tu" "sinh vien the he mdi" de n h a n m a n h ring<br /> sinh vien thdi nay, dac biet la nhiing sinh vien nghien ciiu ngoai<br /> ngii, cd nhijtng muc dich hgc khae, boan toan khdng gid'ng sinh vien<br /> the he trUdc.<br /> <br /> TrUde khi trinh bay nhiing gi chiing tdi thay txi thUe trang giang<br /> day ngoai ngii hien nay va theo chung tdi can lam gi de dap ling dUdc<br /> muc dich hgc ngoai ngut cua the he sinh vien ngay nay, ehung ta hay<br /> eung nhau quan sat nhijEng ddi thay ciing la nhiing dac diem chinh eua<br /> xa hoi ngay nay ma san pham dUdc sinh ra tir do la the he thanh nien<br /> mdi, sinh vien ma chiing ta dang diu dit.<br /> <br /> Dieu dkxi tien khdng the khdng nhic tdi la thanh nien bay gid doc<br /> sach it hdn nhUng lai xem TV nhieu hdn. The gidi am thanh thUdng<br /> kern theo hinh anh va mau sic. Nhfing cud'n sach giao khoa phd thdng<br /> eung nhU dai hgc trUdc day dUde soan ra gom nhUng bai khoa da dai<br /> lai khd khan thi gid day, nhat la sach ngoai ngii hien dai, da cd rat<br /> nhieu nhiing tranh anh du mau. Trinh bay cae tac pham in an, dac<br /> biet la sach hgc, da trd thanh mot nganh mi thuat. Dieu nay khing<br /> dinh r i n g neu nhU trUdc day ngUdi ta tiep nhan thdng tin chu yeu<br /> bing each doc thi gid day xu the tiep nhan thdng tin qua hinh anh<br /> chiem Uu the hdn. Dieu nay khdng cd ngbia la hgc sinh, sinh vien thdi<br /> nay da hoan toan mat di thii dgc sach nhung phai ndi r i n g gid day<br /> <br /> 536<br /> nhiing cud'n sach kieu "nhieu ehii" nhU xUa da phan nao phai nhudng chd<br /> eho nhiing cud'n cd 161 trinh bay gay hap dan ngUdi hgc b i n g thi giae.<br /> <br /> Dd'i vdi "sinh vien the he mdi" nhiing txi nhU "internet", "compu-<br /> ter" va "mobile phone" da trd nen qua quen thudc. Nhieu ngUdi trong<br /> the he tre ngay nay khdng the tudng tUdng mot cugc sd'ng khdng ed<br /> may tinh, dien thoai di dgng va internet. Nhiing thanh tUu cua khoa<br /> hgc ky thuat hien dai nay da trd thanh tien nghi sinh boat dUdng<br /> nhien hang ngay ma thanh nien rat me sii dung. Nhd edng nghe thdng<br /> tin ma phUdng thutc day hgc mdi - hgc txi xa - da ra ddi va phat trien.<br /> <br /> Ngudi ta thUdng chia edng dong the gidi ngay nay t h a n h 2 nhdm.<br /> Nhdm tbii nhat gdm eac nUde thudc nen van hoa a Dong, con nhdm thii<br /> bai — van hoa Bae My. Cae nUde edn lai dUdc xep vao vi tri giiia bai<br /> nhdm nay. Dac diem ciia nhdm thii nhat la tinh tap the cao, trong khi<br /> do nhdm thii hai la boat dgng ca the. Tuy nhien cae nha xa hoi hgc da<br /> nghien eiiu va thay rang mot so' nen van boa dang ed xu hudng trdi dan<br /> ve nhdm thii hai. Neu trUdc day d nhiing nen van boa nay ngUdi ta hau<br /> nhU khdng chii y den cae nhu eau ca nhan ciia eon ngUdi thi gid day<br /> nhiing nhu c^u do lai rat dUde quan tam. Do la hieu hien cua Id'i tU duy<br /> mdi theo kieu My (nhan xet ciia A.Mu-xtai-d-ki, Ph^n Ian). Con ngUdi<br /> ma trong giang day eua chiing ta la sinh vien ngoai ngii vdi nhOng<br /> tham so', nhu eau va muc dich hgc khae nhau can dUdc chiing ta ton<br /> trgng trong khi thi§'t ke chUdng trinh, lUa chgn ngii lieu giang day.<br /> Hdn liic nao bet phUdng phap ca the boa trong day hgc ngoai ngvi can<br /> dUde ehii y va phat buy.<br /> <br /> Tren the gidi dang dien ra qua trinh toan eau hoa van boa va tU<br /> duy. Nhd nhiing t h a n h tUu khoa hgc ky thuat ma ngay nay ngUdi ta<br /> ed the di lai tii nude nay sang nude khae hoan toan khdng mat nhieu<br /> thdi gian hoac d l dang lien he vdi nhau bang dien thoai, truy cap<br /> thdng tin qua mang internet. Trai dat nhU thu hep lai. Bdi vay cd hdi<br /> de hieu biet ve van hoa, dat nude ngoai ngay cang tang. Sinh vien ngay<br /> nay biet ve the gidi nhieu hdn chiing ta ngay xUa khi chiing ta d tudi<br /> hg. Dieu nay cd tac dgng qua lai rat Idn dd'i vdi viee hgc ngoai ngii.<br /> <br /> Cach day khdng lau ngUdi ta edn ndi tdi sU ton tai cua hai phe dd'i<br /> <br /> <br /> 537<br /> lap nhau, diing d^u la Nga va My. Khi ay eac tif nhU "eac nUde xa bdi<br /> ehu ngbia" hoac "cae nUde tU ban chu ngbia" dUde diing d khap mgi ndi.<br /> Gid day nhiing ngUdi ehiia ban in da khdng con thay chiing xuat hien<br /> trong nhieu cud'n sach niia. Ca hai phe deu t h t o nhan nen kinh te'thi<br /> trUdng. Va mac du khi ndi tdi cae van de lien quan den tdn giao, bao<br /> ve mdi trUdng, binh dang xa hdi, an ninh, giao due tre em... ngUdi ta<br /> van edn cd nhiing bat ddng vdi nhau, nhUng tat ca deu hieu rang day<br /> la cae van de cap bach toan e^u cin dUde ca edng ddng quan tam giai<br /> quyet.<br /> <br /> Mot dieu de nhan thay la nhieu thanh nien ngay nay khdng mud'n<br /> hudng tdi tUdng lai xa. Dgng cd hgc eua hg ehi nham vao nhiing gi<br /> trUdc mat. Hg khao khat lam the nao de nhanh chdng dat dUde muc<br /> tieu da dat ra nhUng lai khdng mud'n lao ddng vat va. Ma de hgc dUde<br /> cai mdi, nhat la hgc ngoai ngii thi phai khd edng ren luyen.<br /> <br /> Neu de y mot ehiit chung ta se thay ngay r i n g tU tudng giai tri,<br /> nghi ngdi da tham nhap vao mgi linh vUc boat dgng cua eon ngUdi.<br /> NgUdi ta khdng con lao dgng ngay dem nhU trUdc day, ma ddi lai hg di<br /> du lich, nghi cud'i tu^n, hat ka-ra-d-ke, tan g^u tren mang... Cae<br /> phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing gid day eung cd them mot nhiem vu<br /> la giiip eon ngudi giai tri. Cae chUdng trinh phim, vui chdi, the thao<br /> dUdc ngudi ta xem nhieu hdn thdi sU. Trong mot xa hdi nhU vay thi<br /> viee trong gid hgc sinh vien ludn chd ddi nhiing yeu to' giai tri la dieu<br /> de hieu.<br /> <br /> Tat ca nhiing dac diem ed ban tren cua xa hdi ngay nay da tao ra<br /> mot Idp sinh vien mdi, mang mot tU duy mdi, mot Id'i sd'ng mdi, khae<br /> so vdi eac the he sinh vien trude kia. Hg lam chiing ta, nhiing ngUdi<br /> lam nghe giang day, phai suy nghi. De qua trinh day hgc dat dUdc ket<br /> qua cao, ma day ludn ludn la muc tieu hang dau cua cae nha sU pham,<br /> thi viee tim hieu dd'i tUdng day hgc, nghien ciiu cae dac diem, dac biet<br /> la muc dich hgc ciia ngUdi hgc can dUde ehii y diing miic bdi mgi v^'n<br /> de khae trong qua trinh day hgc nhU thiet ke chUdng trinh, len ngi<br /> dung, lUa chgn phUdng phap giang day... deu phai b i t d i u tit viee lam<br /> quan trgng nay. Ndi mot each khae, se cd hieu qua neu chinh ngUdi<br /> hgc. cu the la muc dich hgc cua ngUdi hgc quyet dinh ngi dung, chUdng<br /> <br /> <br /> 538<br /> trinh va phUdng phap giang day. Thiet nghi khi ndi tdi sU e^n thiet<br /> thay ddi ndi dung va phUdng phap giang day ma khdng ehii y phan<br /> tich eac tham sd' ciia ngudi hgc thi that la chua du.<br /> <br /> <br /> II. VI$C GIANG DAY TifiNG NGA NGAY NAY<br /> <br /> Tren the gidi ed rat nhieu ngoai ngii. Mdi ngoai ngii deu ed dac thu<br /> rieng nhUng viee day va hgc eac ngoai ngii khae nhau lai cd nhieu diem<br /> ehung. Vi the da tii lau ngUdi ta nghien ciiu phUdng phap day<br /> ngoai ngii, nhUng ciing da cd giao hgc phap dai cUdng va giao hgc<br /> phap bg mdn.<br /> <br /> Ai eung biet r i n g giao hgc phap bg mdn dUdc xay dUng tren ed sd<br /> dac thu eua tufng ngdn ngii va nhiing dac thCi nay lam cho nd khae biet<br /> vdi cae ngdn ngii khae. Dd'i vdi cae nha sU pham, dac biet nhiing ngUdi<br /> nghien ciiu hien soan giao trinh hoac trUe tiep tham gia giang day mot<br /> ngoai ngii nao dd thi ngoai viee thdng thao ngoai ngii dd, biet ro muc<br /> dich hgc ngoai ngii cua ngUdi hgc nhu da ndi tren, hg edn phai n i m<br /> dUde cae yeu to' tam ly ciia ngudi hgc de biet ngUdi hgc ling xii the nao<br /> vdi ngoai ngii dd va dat nUde ndi ngUdi ta ndi thii tieng dd. Neu khdng<br /> ed the se khd khan eho ngUdi day khi len Idp va can trd qua trinh tiep<br /> nhan ngoai ngii do ciia ngudi hgc. Dd'i vdi tieng Nga, theo chiing tdi, dd<br /> la nhiing yeu td' sau:<br /> <br /> Thii nhat, khi chgn ngoai ngii de hgc ngUdi hgc thudng hay bi anh<br /> hudng ciia tam ly do miic do khd de ciia ngoai ngii gay ra. Nhiing Idi<br /> don dai ve ngoai ngii nao dd deu cd the tac dgng rat nhieu tdi tam ly<br /> ngUdi b i t dau hgc ngoai ngii. Tieng Nga dUdc nhieu the he sinh vien<br /> Viet nam xep vao loai khd. Dd la cae tii da am tiet ma ngay tii nhOng<br /> gid hgc dau tien ngUdi hgc da cd the gap phai, ma neu dem so sanb vdi<br /> tieng Anh thi qua that chiing dai den miic khd nhd, vi du nhU cae tii<br /> npeno;iaBaTejib(HHua), AOCTonpHMenaTejibHOCTb, BbicoK0KBajiH4)HUHpoBaHHocTb...<br /> Cdn ve ngfl phap tieng Nga thi cd nhieu y kien khae nhau. Nhieu<br /> ngUdi ndi r i n g nhin ehung ngii phap tieng Nga phiic tap hdn nhieu so<br /> vdi ngii phap cae ngdn ngii §.'n-Au, vi the hgc tieng Nga khd hdn. Mot<br /> <br /> <br /> 539<br /> so' ngudi khae lai cho rang dieu nay diing neu dem so sanh vdi tieng<br /> Anh, nhung chua b i n da diing neu so sanh vdi tieng Phap hay tieng<br /> DUc. Theo chiing tdi khdng the ndi ngoai ngii nay hay ngoai ngii kia<br /> khd hdn ma cd the ndi mdi ngoai ngii khd theo kieu rieng cua nd. Phai<br /> thufa nhan r i n g he thdng each (na;ie>KH), cae pham tru nhU the eua<br /> dgng tii(BH;i rjiarojia) cae hien tUdng ngii phap dac trUng nhU eau triic<br /> phii dinh hai Ian (^iBOHHoe OTpHuaHHc) v.v. eua tieng Nga qua la rat<br /> khd dd'i vdi sinh vien mot sd' nUde, trong dd cd Viet nam. NhUng neu<br /> khi day chiing ta eii xoay vao cai khd ma khdng nhan manh y nghia<br /> tien Idi khi sii dung de dien dat y bing nhiing hien tUdng dUdc coi la<br /> khd nay eho sinh vien luyen tap thi chac chan chiing ta se gay tam ly<br /> hoang mang, nan hgc cho sinh vien.<br /> <br /> Thii hai, viee nam bat tam ly va ddng vien ngUdi hgc eang cd y<br /> nghia hdn dd'i vdi sinh vien tieng Nga khi ngay nay do nhiing bien<br /> dgng xa hdi ma niem say me ngoai ngii nay cua ngUdi hgc da giam siit<br /> dang ke khdng rieng d Viet nam ma d nhieu nUde khae ciing vay. Tat<br /> nhien khdng the phu nhan nhOng gi ma nen khoa hgc ky thuat va van<br /> hgc Nga-Xd viet da mang lai cho the gidi loai ngUdi. NgUdi ta van danh<br /> gia cao nhiing thanh tUu van boa Nga va vi vay tieng Nga v i n ein<br /> thiet trong hgc tap va nghien ciiu. NhUng nhiing gi dang didn ra tai<br /> dat nUdc Nga dUdc dua tren phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing khdng<br /> the khdng anh hudng tdi tam ly va dgng cd ngUdi hgc khi lUa chgn eung<br /> nhu khi hgc tieng Nga.<br /> <br /> Theo chung tdi, rat cd the nhiing yeu td tren dang lam cho edng<br /> viee giang day tieng Nga trd nen khd khan hdn so vdi eac thii tieng<br /> khae, ddi hdi cae nha Nga ngii phai mot mat nhanh chdng tim giai<br /> phap, va mat khae can nhin nhan van de theo hudng lac quan.<br /> <br /> Mot trong nhiing viee can lam ngay la ddi mdi phUdng phap giang<br /> day, trong dd cd dieu chinh ehUdng trinh, ddi mdi giao trinh sao eho<br /> phii hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi, dan dan dap ling nhu eau day ngoai ngii<br /> ehuyen nganh d khoi cae trUdng khdng chuyen ngii. Cai tien eac<br /> phUdng tien day hgc khae nhu bang, dia, phim... (ve mat nay chiing ta<br /> di sau cae thii tieng khae nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap). Ngoai ra, dd'i vdi<br /> khdi cae trUdng chuyen ngii, mong mud'n lam sao khdi phuc lai viee td<br /> <br /> <br /> 540<br /> chiic giang day ed sU tham gia ciia chuyen gia nUde ngoai. G i n day<br /> viee hang nam cd mot so' sinh vien dUdc sang thUe tap tai Vien tieng<br /> Nga qud'c gia mang ten A.S.Puskin tai Mat-xed-va da lam cho khdng<br /> khi hgc tieng Nga thUe sU trd nen sdi ndi hdn, hap d i n hdn va ed ket<br /> qua hdn.<br /> <br /> Tat ca nhiing viee lam tren, theo chiing tdi, deu gdp phan lam eho<br /> sU hiing thii hgc tieng Nga quay trd lai. Dd la yeu to' tam ly can thiet<br /> mang lai hieu qua cho gid hgc ngoai ngii, dap ling yeu c i u dao tao<br /> tieng Nga khi xa hdi v i n dang cd nhu eau.<br /> <br /> <br /> III. "SINH V I £ N T H E H $ MCfr VA PHtrONG PHAP DAY HOC,<br /> DAY NGOAI N G 0 N 6 I CHUNG vA TIENG NGA N 6 I<br /> RIENG<br /> <br /> Cin kbing dinh r i n g giao hgc phap ngay nay da dat dUde nhiing<br /> thanh tUu dang ke. Mot trong nhiing tU tudng mdi trong giang day<br /> dUde ddng dao ddi ngii giao vien ung hg, thita nhan va ap dung dd la<br /> tu tudng lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam. Da cd nhieu bai viet ve phUdng<br /> phap day hgc nay.<br /> <br /> Lay ngUdi hgc lam trung tam khdng cd nghia la khdng cdn cho cho<br /> thay, ma ngUde lai, phUdng thiic day hgc nay ddi hdi ngUdi thay cd<br /> trinh do cao hdn. Chinh vi the gid day ngUdi ta nhin nhan vai trd va<br /> danh gia nang lUc ciia ngUdi thay khae xUa. Ngoai kien thiic chuyen<br /> mdn viing, ed phUdng phap truyen thu de hieu, ngUdi thay cdn phai<br /> biet each hudng dan ngUdi hgc, giiip hg van dung dUdc kha nang cua<br /> minh, tU dieu hanh dUde ed che tiep thu de luyen tap mot each cd hieu<br /> qua nhat. Cd nhU the kien thiie ma ngUdi t h i y day mdi trd t h a n h k i &<br /> thiic rieng ciia ngUdi hgc. NhU vay day hgc ludn la boat dgng chung<br /> cua ca thay va trd. Bang kinh nghiem ban than va quan sat chiing tdi<br /> thay day eho ngudi hgc hieu la edng viee ciia ngUdi t h i y , edn edng doan<br /> tiep theo la lam the nao de dUa vao rdi luu kien thiic trong dau ngUdi<br /> hgc, sau dd bien kien thiic thanh ki nang la lao ddng ciia chinh ngUdi<br /> hgc, khdng bao gid ngUdi thay cd the lam viee nay thay ngUdi hoc. Vai<br /> trd ciia thay la d sU hudng d i n , va nang lUc ciia thay dUde the hien<br /> <br /> 541<br /> trong khi thUe hien vai trd nay. NhU vay, vdi phUdng phap lay ngUdi<br /> hgc lam trung tam thi de day hgc dau phai chi can kien thiic viing<br /> vang. R6 rang kha nang d i n d i t ngUdi hgc tren Idp la pham chat nghi-<br /> ep vu quan trgng nhat dd'i vdi ngUdi thay. Ndi mot each khae, ngUdi<br /> day gidi la ngUdi biet each d i n d i t ngUdi hgc di tii chd tiep thu thu<br /> ddng den chd n i m viing dUde kien thiic de rdi ehii ddng van dung dUde<br /> kien thiic dd khi thuc te yeu eau.<br /> <br /> Cd the la ddn gian va chUa that chinh xac nhUng chiing tdi hinh<br /> dung nghe day ngoai ngii theo hUdng lay ngUdi hgc lam trung tam<br /> gid'ng nhu mot kieu chuyen giao edng nghe trong dao tao nghe tii ngUdi<br /> ky sU sang ngUdi edng nhan de ngudi edng nhan biet each van hanh<br /> mot loai may nao dd nhU ngUdi ky sU. Qua trinh nay didn ra nhanh<br /> hay cham, ket qua ra sao thi chi ngUdi ky sU gidi thdi ehua dii ma edn<br /> tuy thudc vao dieu kien hgc va chii yeu la ngUdi edng nhan. Neu ngUdi<br /> edng nhan chi nghe ngUdi ky sU giai thich ve eau tao may, cae tinh<br /> nang va each svL dung nd thdi ma khdng true tiep md tay vao may tap<br /> v^n hanh, phai tap nhieu lin, tap eho den khi thanh thao mdi thdi, thi<br /> chang bao gid anh ta biet lam viee vdi loai may nay. Ciing tUdng tU<br /> nhu vay dd'i vdi trUdng hdp ciia chiing ta, nhUng d day la t h i y chuyen<br /> giao edng nghe cho trd.<br /> <br /> Nhu vay, trong viee hgc ngoai nguf y thiic va lao ddng ciia ngUdi<br /> hgc ddng vai trd quyet dinh. ThUe te da chiing minh trong ciing mot<br /> Idp hgc ngoai ngii, ciing mot thay day va dieu kien hgc nhU nhau<br /> nhUng sau khi td't nghiep ed nhiing sinh vien dat trinh do gidi, ed the<br /> day ngUdi khae dUde, nhung lai cd sinh vien hoan toan khdng dat yeu<br /> eau. Cd ngUdi ndi r i n g 70% thanh edng trong viee hgc ngoai ngii la do<br /> sU kien tri, ein min, day edng luyen tap cua ngUdi hgc. Neu nhan xet<br /> nay la diing thi viee xac dinh chute nang va thUe hien diing edng viee<br /> eua ngudi thay la vd eung quan trgng. Quan sat chiing tdi thay nhieu<br /> giao vien ngoai ngii, nhat la eac giao vien tre, tren Idp lam viee nhieu<br /> hdn sinh vien. Hg ra tinh hud'ng rdi lai tU giai quyet chii khdng de sinh<br /> vien tham gia. Theo chiing tdi, hoac la hg da nhiet tinh khdng diing<br /> each ma ban than khdng hay biet, hoac la hg mie sai lam khi khdng<br /> kien tri chd ddi sinh vien tU duy mdi khi can ndi hay lam bai tap.<br /> NgUdc lai, neu eii de mac ngUdi hgc, khdng nghe, khdng trao ddi,<br /> <br /> 542<br /> khdng d i n d i t nhU kieu dgc bai giang ma cho den nay mot so' giao vien<br /> cae mdn v i n ap dung tren Idp thi ciing khdng phai each day ngoai ngii.<br /> Ca hai trUdng hdp tren deu vi pham nguyen t i c lay ngUdi hgc lam<br /> trung tam. Hay danh thiic tU duy va kha nang ciia ngUdi hgc, danh eho<br /> sinh vien nhieu thdi gian hdn, tao dieu kien de hg luyen tap, hudng<br /> d i n de hg tU thUe hanh ndi, nghe, dgc, viet.. Cd nhU the gid hgc ngoai<br /> ngii mdi ed hieu qua, sinh vien mdi cam thay hiing thii vi mdi ngay hg<br /> lai trd nen tU tin hdn, tb^'y minh lam chii dUde ngoai ngii dang nghien<br /> ciiu hdn. Viee nen ra tinh hud'ng, tao dieu kien va danh quyen chii<br /> ddng thUe hanh eho sinh vien trong gid hgc ngoai ngii la dieu ai ciing<br /> hieu, nhUng khdng phai ai ciing thue hien va thUe hien td't.<br /> <br /> Viee lUa chgn tai lieu giang day ed ehii y tdi dac diem ciia ngUdi<br /> hgc, nhat la muc dich hgc cua ngUdi hgc nhU da ndi d tren, dang la van<br /> de ma cae nha bien soan giao trinh bet siic quan tam. Can eii vao<br /> nhiing dac diem xa hdi va Idp sinh vien the he mdi ngay nay nhU da<br /> trinh bay d muc 1., xin dUde dUa ra 5 nguyen t i e ma theo chiing tdi<br /> can chii y khi lUa chgn tai lieu giang day ciing nhU khi tien hanh gid<br /> hgc. Dd la:<br /> <br /> 1. K h o n g CO d o n g ccf k h o n g c 6 k e t q u a<br /> <br /> <br /> Da tii lau ngUdi ta thiia nh§n vai trd dac biet ciia dgng cd trong<br /> qua trinh hgc. Hgc ma khdng ed dgng ed chi la phi thdi gian. NgUde lai,<br /> ddng cd hgc ro rang se dan den ket qua nhanh va td't. Mae dxx khdng ai<br /> phii nhan nguyen tac nay nhUng khdng phai ai ciing chii y diing miic.<br /> <br /> 2. Chu y ca t h e h o a<br /> <br /> PhUdng phap day hgc 1^'y ngUdi hgc lam trung tam cd chii y den<br /> dac diem ciia ngUdi hgc ddi hdi da dang boa tai lieu va phUdng phap<br /> giang day. Ludn nhd r i n g ngUdi hgc khae nhau khdng phai ebi bdi kha<br /> nang tiep thu ma cdn kha nang ghi nhd, van dung.<br /> Ngay nay so luong cae nganh hoc mcfi ngay cang tang. Viee bien<br /> soan giao trinh ngoai ngir chuyen nganh (yneGHHK HHOCTpaHHoro H3biKa<br /> m^ cneuHajiLHHx uejieH)cho sinh vien khong chuyen nhim dap ling muc<br /> <br /> <br /> 543<br /> dich hgc cho timg doi tugfng can dam bao tinh phan boa cao. Theo ket qua<br /> so bp cae phieu dieu tra ciia chung tdi d mot so tnxdfng dai hoc khong<br /> chuyen nganh xa hoi tai Ha ngi gan day thi khoang 60-70% so giao vien<br /> va mot ty le tucmg duong sd sinh vien dugc chiing toi hdi y kien tra Idi la<br /> chua hai long vdi chuong trinh ngoai ngii* cua trucmg minh. Hieu ban ai het<br /> yeu eau va nhirng kho khan khi ra truong phai lam viee true tiep voi ngoai<br /> ngir, tren 70% sinh vien de nghi dua them n6i dung chuyen nganh vao<br /> chuong trinh va ngi dung giang day ngoai ngir. Ro rang la chung ta da cd<br /> gdng song viee day ngoai ngir nhu ngay nay vin chua dap ihig dugrc yeu<br /> c^u cua ngudi hgc.<br /> <br /> Viee bien soan giao trinh ngoai ngii chuyen nganh da va dang<br /> dUdc cae trUdng quan tam, trien khai va da dat dUde mot so' ket qua<br /> nhat dinh. d mot so'trUdng sinh vien da bude dau cd "giao trinh chuyen<br /> nganh" va nhd dd ed dieu kien lam quen vdi thuat ngii ehuyen mdn,<br /> tiep xiic vdi van ban ehuyen nganh bang ngoai nguf. Song nhin mot<br /> each tong the thi viee bien soan h i u bet cae giao trinh nay edn tuy<br /> tien, manh miin, mdi trUdng tU soan theo each rieng ciia minh. Do tinh<br /> biic bach eiia van de, chUa cd chUdng trinh thd'ng nhat, it nhat la cho<br /> eac trUdng eung khdi tU nhien hoac xa hdi, lai thieu sU dieu tra, nghien<br /> ciiu, tham khao y kien tii phia cae nha chuyen mdn, ban than ngUdi<br /> hgc va nhat la thUe te sinh vien gap phai trong liie lam viee sau khi ra<br /> trUdng, each lUa chgn ngi dung ngoai ngii va ndi dung ehuyen nganh<br /> cdn vo doan, p h i n nhieu la theo kinh nghiem ciia ngUdi day ngoai ngut.<br /> Bdi vay day dang la van de trung tam, tap trung chii y ciia giao vien<br /> ngoai ngii eac trUdng thudc khd'i khdng ehuyen.<br /> <br /> <br /> 3 . K h o n g p h a i liic n a o a p d u n g e o n g n g h e m d i e u n g l a tot<br /> <br /> Video, TV, may tinh va nhieu phUdng tien ky thuat khae ed the<br /> mang lai eho viee day ngoai ngii ndi ehung va tieng Nga ndi rieng mot<br /> xung ddng mdi, nhUng chiing ta khdng nen lam dung. Cd nhiing<br /> nguyen t i e ddn gian ma ngUdi ta thUdng hay quen. Dd la: ehi ed the<br /> chuyen nhiing edng viee cua ngudi thay eho may khi may cd the lam<br /> dUde nhu thay, va edng viee ma may thUe hien phai dUdc ngudi hoc<br /> chap nhan. NhU the cd nghia la trong giang day khdng phai viee gi<br /> may mdc ciing ed the lam thay t h i y cd dUdc.<br /> <br /> 544<br /> 4. Khong khi buon te c6 the giet chet gid h o c<br /> Chiing ta hgc tieng me de d khip mgi ndi: d nha, ngoai dudng,<br /> trong trUdng, liie an, khi nghi... nhUng vdi dieu kien nhU d nUde ta<br /> hien nay thi ngoai ngfl ehi dUde hgc chu yeu tren Idp. Viee giao tiep<br /> giiia nhiing ngUdi eung hgc ngoai ngii vdi nhau v i n cd gia tri rieng ciia<br /> nd. Dii sao thi day ciing la cd hdi va mdi trUdng, tuy khdng phai mdi<br /> trudng tid'ng tU nhien, cho ngUdi hgc luyen thUc hanh ngoai ngii. Bdi<br /> vay trong gid ngoai ngii nen ddng vien va ed' g i n g td'i da de sinh vien<br /> lam viee theo nhdm vdi nhau. Theo chiing tdi, hinh thiic lam vi$c nay<br /> ed the ap dung khdng phai ehi khi hgc ndi, ma ca khi lam bai tap ngii<br /> phap, xii ly thdng tin bai dgc hieu. Trong khi luyen ky nang giao tiep<br /> giao vien khdng nen dUa nhiing tinh hud'ng mang tinh trinh trgng,<br /> khien cUdng, hay ed' ging tao ra nhiing tinh hud'ng tU nhien nhU trong<br /> cugc sd'ng. NhU vay gid hoc ngoai ngii se sinh ddng hdn, sinh vien d l<br /> ling xik hdn, gid hgc chic chin se cd ket qua hdn.<br /> <br /> 5. Khong nen coi nhe nguf phap cd ban<br /> Ai ciing biet r i n g de ndi, nghe, dgc va viet khdng the thieu kien<br /> thiic ngii phap. NhOng kien thiic ngii phap sd dang chinh la tien de eho<br /> sU thanh edng khi giao tiep. Song khi bien soan sach ciing nhU khi day<br /> can ehii y dinh lUdng cua nhiing kien thiic nay sao cho hdp ly dd'i vdi<br /> tiing dd'i tUdng, tiing giai doan.<br /> <br /> Tren day la nhiing suy nghi ciia chung tdi trUde thUc trang giang<br /> day ngoai ngii ndi chung va tieng Nga ndi rieng d nUdc ta hien nay va<br /> nhiing viee chiing tdi da lam, nhiing gi chiing tdi thay can lam de nang<br /> cao hieu qua edng viee. Viet nhiing cud'n giao trinh hay, phii hdp vdi<br /> muc dich va yeu eau cua ngUdi hgc, cd nhiing gid hgc ngoai nguf hieu<br /> qua, bd ich va ly thii dd'i vdi sinh vien la nhiem vu va ciing la mong<br /> mud'n thudng trUe cua mdi ngudi lam nghe giang day, trong dd cd giao<br /> vien ngoai ngii. Xa hdi ngay nay va san pham dUdc sinh ra tit dd la the<br /> he thanh nien, "sinh vien the he mdi", cd nhiing dac diem rieng ddi hdi<br /> chiing ta nd lUc lam viee, diic riit kinh nghiem, nghien ciiu de tim va<br /> ap dung nhiing phUdng phap mdi phu hdp hdn. Hdn liie nao bet<br /> nguyen t i e lay ngUdi hgc lam trung tam can dUdc phat buy ca trong<br /> giang day va bien soan giao trinh.<br /> <br /> <br /> 545<br />  De ket thiic bai viet nay chiing tdi mud'n ndi r i n g se khdng ed<br /> phUdng phap tdi Uu eho mgi dd'i tUdng. Theo chiing tdi, phUdng phap<br /> hieu qua nhat la phUdng phap phii hdp vdi tiing dd'i tUdng, tCfng giang<br /> dudng. Tinh hieu qua trong giang day ngoai ngii se tang neu chiing ta<br /> biet dieu chinh quan he giiia ndi dung - trd - phUdng phap - thay<br /> trong giang day. Dd la viee can lam thudng xuyen, tham chi cho tiing<br /> bai hgc, tiing gid len Idp.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> 1. KocTOMapoB B.r, MHTp0(})aH0Ba O.fl. VHedHHK pyccKoro asHKa H<br /> npodjieisia ynera cneuna;ibH0CTH. PyccKMH ji3biK 3a py6e>K0M. 1978. X2 4.<br /> 2. JlodaHOBa H.A., /JOHHCHKO F.B. HeKOTopbie npodjicMbi<br /> npo(J)eccHOHajibHOH KOMnereHUHH npeno;iaBaTeji5i pyccKoro asbiKa. B KH.<br /> "HayHHbie xpa^iHUHH H Hosbie HanpaBneHHs B npenoiiasaHMH pyccKoro<br /> sisbiKa H nHTeparypbi". M., PyccKHw asbiK. 1986.<br /> 3. MyciaHOKH.A. HoBbie MCxoiiHHecKHe npHCMbi e npenoAaBaHHw pyccKoro<br /> 5i3biKa. B KH. "OnepKH no xeopHH H npaKTHKC npeno^iaaaHHSi pyccKoro<br /> a3biKa KaK HHOcrpaHHoro". M., 2003.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 546<br />