Phương thức tuyển dụng quan lại cho bộ máy chính quyền nhà nước thời Lý (1010-1225)

PHUONG THUrc TUVCN DUNG QURN LRI CHO BO<br /> MnV CHINH QUVCN NHJii Ni;6C THdl LV (1010-1225)<br /> <br /> TRAN THI VINH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> au khi da dinh dd d Thang Long, ciia trieu Tien Le, nha Ly da ra't coi trpng<br /> S cung vdi viec kien toan bp may chinh<br /> quyen Nha nUdc, cac vua nha Ly da<br /> phUdng thUe tuyen cii de bd' sung them dpi<br /> ngu quan lai mdi vao giup vipe trieu dinh.<br /> ehu y ngay tdi vipe xay dUng mdt he tho'ng PhUdng thUe tuyen c^ cu the nhU the nao<br /> quan chUc theo phUdng thUe rieng cua ddng khdng tha'y sii sach ndi rd. NhUng chac<br /> hp Ly, De xay dUng dUde mpt he tho'ng chan nhUng ngUdi dUdc dU vao hang tuyen<br /> quan chUc theo phong each rieng ciia ddng cii phai thupe tang ldp tren, vi theo ghi<br /> hp Ly, cac vua nha Ly mpt mat da tim each chep eua Phan Huy Chii trong sach Lich<br /> day nhanh qua trinh qui tpc hoa tang ldp trieu hien chiidng logi chi thi "eon chau<br /> qui tpc ddng hp Ly; mpt mat da sii dung cat nhUng ngudi thd thuyen, con hat va nd ty<br /> nhac nhUng cdng than khai quo'c va cuo'i deu khdng dUdc ghi ten vao danh sach<br /> cung la xuc tien dan dan vipe dao tao dpi tuyen cii" (2). Sau khi lap Van mieu Qudc<br /> ngu quan lai nho si mdi, bd sung vao bp Tii giam, vao nam Thai Ninh thU 5 (1076),<br /> may ehinh quyen Nha nUdc, vua Ly Nhan Tdng da eho "la'y nhUng ngUdi<br /> PhUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai d thdi hien lUdng ed tai van vd cho giU vipe quan<br /> Ly dUde tien hanh bang ba con dUdng chinh dan, tuyen quan vien van chUc biet ehU bo<br /> la: Tuyin cii, Nhiem tii va Khoa cii. NhUng, vao Qud'e TcL giam" (3). NhUng trUdc dd, khi<br /> vao budi ban dau khi chUa d i t khoa trUdng, bat dau kien toan bp may chinh quyen Nha<br /> con dUdng xuat than eua quan lai d thdi ky nUde, de cd dii ngudi vao giiip viec trieu<br /> nay chii yeu phai dUa vao che dp tuyen cU, dinh, vua Ly Thai To da phai tuyen cii<br /> rdi den che dp nhiem tU (dung con cua cac quan lai bang each tuyen chpn rdi bd dung<br /> quan) va them vao do la hinh thUc nop tien. nhUng ngUdi tU trong hang ngu than tpc va<br /> Sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi, mue nhUng ngUdi cd cdng cao de dUa vao lam<br /> Quan chiic chi cua Phan Huy Chii eiing cho vipe trong bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc.<br /> biet ra't rd ve dieu nay la; "Ddi Ly khi chUa TUe thdi gian nay nha Ly da bd' dung quan<br /> dat khoa trUdng, dUdng xua't than quan lai lai bang hai con dUdng chinh la tuyen dung<br /> la'y tuyen cii lam trpng, rdi den nhiem tii, nhflng ngUdi tU hang ngu thdn tgc vk tH<br /> sau nUa mdi den nop tien" (1). hang ngd nhUng ngUdi gpi la thdn hudn.<br /> Tuyen cii Phan Huy Chu viet trong sach Li^h trieu<br /> VUdng trieu Ly khi mdi thanh lap, ben hien chUcfng logi chi rkng 'Thdi nha Ly ban<br /> canh viec sii dung lai tang ldp quan lai eii tUdc, lay tUdc vUdng tudc cdng dUng dSu eae<br /> <br /> <br /> "PGS.TS. Vipn Su hpc<br /> Phucfng thirc hryen dung quan loi... 31<br /> <br /> than (than tdc eiia vua), huan (ngudi cd Dd... Bien nien sii ghi ro "Cdng Tin vd'n hp<br /> cdng ldn)" (4). Phi, trUdc kia, do chUc Phung ngU thU gia<br /> thang len den Ta ty lang trung, rdi cho ddi<br /> Dd'i vdi hang ngu than toe, ngay sau<br /> la hp Ly" va cho phep "dUdc ra vao thang<br /> khi len ngdi, vua Ly Thai To' da ban ehUc<br /> trong cung ca'm tau bay mpi viec" (7). Hoac<br /> tudc cho hang loat eon chau va nhUng<br /> Dd Kinh Tu, ngUdi huypn Van Canh (TU<br /> ngUdi trong hp hang than thich. Cac<br /> Liem- Ha Ndi ngay nay) dUdc ban qud'e ti'nh<br /> Hoang tii ciia nha vua deu dUdc phong<br /> mang hp Ly la Ly Kinh Tu, gifl chUc Binh<br /> lam vUdng, nhu Hodng thai tu Phat Ma<br /> tao, cung vdi Td Hien Thanh lam phu chinh<br /> lam Khai Thien vUdng, Hoang tii Bd lam<br /> cho vua Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1184 cdn dUdc<br /> Khai Quo'c vUdng, Hoang ti( LUe lam<br /> ban hieu la de sU (8) (thay cua vua). Hay<br /> Ddng Chinh vUdng, rdi cac Hoang tii khae<br /> trUdng hdp Mau Du Dd cung la ngUdi cd<br /> lam Due Thanh vUdng, VU Uy vUdng...<br /> cdng phd giup vua Ly Than Tdng khi len<br /> Cae vUdng deu c6 phu dp rieng, nhU Khai<br /> ngdi, dupe phong lam Gian nghi dai phu (9)<br /> Thien vUdng Phat Ma dUdc d cung Long<br /> va dupe mang hp Ly.<br /> DUc, Khai Qud'e vUdng Bd d phii TrUdng<br /> Yen... Cac con gai (13 ngudi) deu dUde Cung vdi viec qui tpc hoa qui tpc ddng hp<br /> phong lam Cdng chua. Cac vUdng hau va Ly, cac vua nha Ly cdn de cao vai trd ngoai<br /> cdng ehua thi deu dUdc quan cae thue tdc, dUa nhflng ngUdi than thich cua eae<br /> theo thU bac khae nhau (5). Sau dd, vua hoang hau vao giU nhflng ehUe vu chu ehdt<br /> Ly Thai To' cdn phong cho anh trai lam trong trieu dinh nha Ly, ddng vai trd nhU<br /> Vd Uy vUdng, chii lam Vii Dao vUdng, con la qui tpc eua ddng hp Ly. Nam 1028, sau<br /> Vii Uy vUdng la Trung Hien thi phong khi Iftp cac hoang hau, vua Ly Thai Tdng<br /> lam Thai uy, con Duc Thanh vUdng lam da cat nhac ludn cha cila Mai hoang hau la<br /> Phd td'ng quan (6)... HUu lam An qud'e ThUdng tUdng, cha cila<br /> Do coi trpng che dp tuyen eii til trong VUdng hoang hau la Dd lam Phu qudc<br /> hang ngu than tpc nen nhieu ngUdi trong thUdng tudng, cha ciia Dinh hoang hau la<br /> ddng hp Ly da dUde giQ lau nhflng chUe vu Ngd ThUdng lam Khudng quoc thUdng<br /> chii ehd't trong trieu, nhU Ly Dao Thanh tudng (10). Day la nhflng tUdc hieu ra't cao<br /> giu chUc Te tudng trong vai chuc nam sud't phong cho ngUdi ngoai thich ma sau nay sii<br /> tiif ddi Ly Thanh Tdng den Ly Nhan Tdng; than Ngo SI Lien da len tieng phe phan<br /> Ly Cdng Binh gifl ehUc Te tUdng cung hang rang "... lay thich thupc cung phai lay ngUdi<br /> chuc nam trong hai ddi vua Ly Anh Tdng cd tai. Bpn HUu qua la ed tai chang? Thi<br /> va Ly Cao Tdng... Nhieu ngUdi khdng phai khong eU la cha cua Hoang hau cung dung<br /> hp Ly nhUng cd cdng phd vua, trd giup trieu la phai. Qua khdng ed tai chang ? Thi ban<br /> dinh Cling dUdc phdp "qui tpc hoa", nhU cho lpc hau la phai, trao tudc phong la<br /> dupe ban qud'e tinh mang ho Ly. TrUdng khdng phai" (11). Vi coi trpng ea ben hp<br /> hdp Ly ThUdng Kipt, vd'n hp Ngd, ton that ngoai nhu the, nen d thdi Ly, vai trd eua<br /> la Tua'n nhUng dUdc ddi thanh hp Ly va ngoai thich dae biet ldn, nhU trUdng hdp Dd<br /> ban la 'Thien tii nghia dp", rdi Do Anh Vu Anh Vu, em Dd Thai hau dUdi trieu vua Ly<br /> eiing dUde ban la 'Thien tii tii tinh". Hay Anh Tdng da tUng gay thanh the ldn trong<br /> nhieu ngUdi khae ciing dUde ddi sang hp Ly, trieu va ddi khi edn lam nhflng viee khuynh<br /> nhu Phi Cdng Tin, Do Ki'nh Tu, Mau Du loat ca trieu dinh.<br /> 22 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> Ben canh viec bo' dung quan lai dUa vao Ta tham tri ehinh sU, Kieu Bdng lam Hflu<br /> tieu chuan than tpc nha Ly cdn dung "than tham tri chinh sU, Lieu Gia Trinh lam<br /> huan", tUe dung nhflng ngUdi than thich cd Trung thu thi lang. Ha Vien lam Ta gian<br /> cdng cao vao giup viec trieu dinh. Vao thdi nghi dai phu, Nguyen Quang Ldi lam Thai<br /> Ly, hang loat cdng t h i n dUde ca't nhac ngay uy. Dam Toai Trang lam Dd thdng, Vu Ba<br /> trong nhflng nftm d i u tien xay dUng ehinh Tu lam Uy ve thUdng tudng, Nguj'ln<br /> quyen. NhU Dao Cam Mpc dUde phong lam Khanh lam Dinh thang dai vUdng, Dao Van<br /> Tin Nghia hau va dUde lam Pho ma cua Loi lam Ta phuc tam, Ly Nhan Nghia lam<br /> nha Ly, ket hdn vdi TrUdng cdng chua. Hflu phuc tam va Phan Dudng Liet lam<br /> Nhflng ngUdi khae nhu Tran Cao dUdc gifl Npi thi (16).<br /> chUc Tudng cdng, Ngd Dinh lam Khu mat Vipe phong chUc tUdc cho nhflng cdng<br /> sU, Dao Thac Phu lam Thai bao, Dang Van than phd giup nha vua van cdn phd bien<br /> Hieu lam Thai phd. Phi Xa Loi lam Ta Kim trong nhflng ddi sau. Nam 1128, sau khi<br /> ngd, Ve Triic lam Hflu Kim ngd. Dam Than len ngoi, Ly Than Tong da ban chUc tUdc<br /> lam Ta vu ve, Dd Gian lam Hflu vu ve (12), cho hang loat cdng than cd cdng phd ta liic<br /> Ve viee nay Phan Huy Chu cung ghi trong nha vua len ngdi. Phong cho Npi vu vp Le<br /> sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi rang: Ba Ngpc ldm Thai Uy, tUde h£u; Npi nhan<br /> "Ly Thai To, nam Thuan Thien thU nha't hoa dSu Luu Ba va DUdng Anh Nhi lam<br /> (1010), phong quan tUdc cho ngUdi than Thai phd, tudc Dai lieu ban; Trung thifa<br /> thude va ngUdi cd cdng, cd cac danh hieu; Mau Du Dd lam Gian nghi dai phu, thang<br /> Thai sU, Thai pho. Thai bao, Tong quan, trat chu ve; Ndi nhan hoa diu Ly Khanh,<br /> Tudng cdng, Cd mat sU, Ta hUu kim ngd, Nguyen Phuc va Cao Y lam Thai bao, tUdc<br /> Ta hUu vu vp, Vien ngoai lang" (13), Ndi thupng che; Npi chi hau quan giap Ly<br /> Sang thdi Ly Thai Tdng, nhflng hi.y tdi Sdn lam Dien tien chi huy sU, tUde Dai lieu<br /> than tin cd cdng cung tiep tuc dUdc trpng ban; Linh nhan Ngd Toai dUdc phong tUdc<br /> dung, nhu Le Phung Hieu la ngUdi cd cdng Thupng che; NgU khd thU gia TU Dien lam<br /> dpp loan ba vUdng bao ve ngdi vua dUpc Ly Ngoai lang (17)...<br /> Thai Tdng cho lam tdi chUc Dd thd'ng Vdi che dp tuyen cii rpng rai nhU the, ldp<br /> thupng tudng quan va dUdc ban tUdc hSu quan lai bd sung cho bo may chinh quyen<br /> (14); Ly Nhan Nghia ciing Le Phung Hieu nha nude thdi Ly cung da dUdc gia tang<br /> tham gia vao vu dpp loan nay cung dUdc dang ke. NhUng de bd sung them va cung<br /> nha vua trpng dung vao gifl nhflng chUe vu la de tang them dac quyen dac ldi cho dpi<br /> chu ehdt trong trieu ([km Hflu phuc tam) ngu qui tpc quan lieu, nha Ly da duy tri<br /> va dupe b lai gifl kinh sU trong dip nha vua them hinh thUe nhipm tii ma hai trieu<br /> di danh dep phu TrUdng Yen vao thang 4 Di ih va Tien Le trUdc dd da tifng lam.<br /> nam 1028 (15). Cung nam nay, vua Ly Thai Nhiem tH<br /> Tdng cung ca't nhac va ban chUc tUde cho Nha Ly trpng dung quan chUc khdng chi<br /> hang loat bay tdi, nhU; Ludng Van Nham dUa vao phUdng thde tuyen cii qua cdn<br /> lam Thai sU, Ngd ThUdng Dmh lam Thai dudng than tpc vk huan cdng nhU tren ma<br /> phd, Dao Xu Trung lam Thai bao, Ly Dao vipe nhiem t^ - dung con chau cac quan lai<br /> Ky lam Ta khu mat, Ly Triet lam Thieu su, dUde tap a'm cung la mpt phUdng thUc lUa<br /> Xung Tan lam Hflu khu rriat, Ly Mat lam chpn de la'y ngudi lam quan. Che dp nhipm<br /> Phuang fhuc hiyen dung quan Ini.. 23<br /> <br /> <br /> tii cd tU thdi Dinh va Tien Le trUdc dd, den bd lam Lai, nop l i n thU hai dUde bd lam<br /> nha Ly vSn edn tiep tuc. NhUng viec dung ThUa tin lang; lam viee xUng chUc thi bd<br /> con cai cac quan vao lam quan nhU the nao Tri chau" (19). NhU vay, Tri chau la chUe<br /> ciing khdng tha'y svf eu ghi lai eu the. Ve quan dUng d i u ca'p chau d thdi Ly ciing cd<br /> viee nay, Phan Huy Chu cung ndi trong the bd dung qua phUdng thUc nop tien.<br /> sach Lich trieu hien chiicfng logi chi rang; NhUng hinh thUe nay chic chin khdng the<br /> 'TU ddi TrSn trd ve trUde, ca'p bac phong dem lai hieu qua mong mudn.<br /> ^m khdng the ke cUu... viee phong a'm cho Hinh thUc dam bao nha't va cung la<br /> cac quan van vd cung khdng the ke cUu chinh thd'ng nha't trong phUdng thUe tuyen<br /> dupe" (18). Nhu vay, ta chi eo the biet rang dung dpi ngu quan lai cho mdt ehinh the<br /> vao thdi Ly trong each bd dung quan lai quan ehu phai la hinh thUc tuyen dung qua<br /> vSn cdn cd con dUdng nhiem tii- tap a'm cho con dudng hpc nghiep. Dieu nay cung dUdc<br /> con chau quan lai, nhUng eu the ra sao thi Phan Huy Chu ndi rd trong phin Khoa<br /> chUa rd. Song, chac chan den thdi Ly ehe dp mue chi eiia sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng<br /> nhiem tii cQng khdng cdn coi trpng nhU d logi chi r i n g "Con dudng tim ngUdi tai gioi,<br /> hai thdi ky trUde vi che dp nay khdng the trUdc het la khoa mue. Pham muo'n thu hiit<br /> dam bao eha't lUdng ciia dpi ngii quan chUe ngUdi tai nang, t u i n kiet vao trong pham vi<br /> trong tinh hinh mdi va dae biet vdi che dp ciia minh, thi ngUdi lam vua mpt nUdc<br /> "con quan lai lam quan" vd hinh trung da khdng the nao khong ed khoa cii" (20). VSy,<br /> mang den cho tSng ldp qui tdc quan lieu khoa cxi la mdt trong phUdng thUc tuyen<br /> them nhieu dac quyen dac ldi trong khi dung quan lai kha quan trpng va dUdc xiic<br /> nhu c£u ve dpi ngu quan chUe cd trinh dp tien bat d i u tU thdi Ly.<br /> va nang lUc ra giiip nUdc thi lai bi han che.<br /> Khoa cvt<br /> Chinh tU nhflng dieu ba't cap nay, nha L^<br /> Hinh thUc khoa cii tuyen chpn nhan tai<br /> da bat diu nghi tdi vipe md mang khoa cii<br /> qua con dUdng hpc van bat diu cd tU thdi<br /> de tuyen chpn quan lai xua't than tU con<br /> Ly. Lin d i u tien trong lich sii che dp quan<br /> dudng nho hpc. Chi cd nhu vlly nidi dam<br /> chu Viet Nam khoa cii dupe sii cu nhac den<br /> bao sU ben vflng cho mpt the che quan chii.<br /> la vao nam At Mao (1075), mua xuan,<br /> Vi vay, khoa eii dUdc coi la phUdng thUc<br /> thang 2, nha vua "xud'ng chieu tuyen Minh<br /> tuyen dung quan lai quan trpng thU hai<br /> kinh bac hpc va thi Nho hpc tam trUdng. Le<br /> ciia nha Ly. Tuy nhien, khi chUa md dUdc<br /> v a n Thinh dUde trung tuyen, eho vao h i u<br /> cac khoa thi de tuyin chpn nhan tai thi nha<br /> vua hpc" (21). Sach Viet sit thdng gidm<br /> Ly vSn cdn cd them hinh thUc gpi la nop<br /> ciicfng mue cdn n h i n manh "Khoa cii nUdc<br /> tien de trao quan tUdc.<br /> ta bat d i u tu day" va "Le Van Thinh la<br /> Nop tien ngUdi khai hoa d i u tien" (22).<br /> PhUdng thUe nop tien de dUde trao quan Nhu vay, Nho hpe bat d i u dUdc coi trpng<br /> tudc d thdi Ly chac chua the thinh hanh va dpi ngu Nho si dd dat bat d i u tU day<br /> nhu d nhflng thdi ky sau. Vi vay, khdng dUdc gia nhap vao trong td chUe chinh<br /> tha'y bien nien sii ghi ve mUc dp tien nop cy quyen Nha nUde. Tuy nhien, vao thdi Ly,<br /> thi vk miic trao quan tUde cy t h i ma chi khda cii mdi bat d i u ehU chUa trd thanh<br /> tha'y each Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi ehe dp thUdng xuyen, nen khi da cd khoa cii<br /> ghi rang; "NgUdi quyen nop ticn, bat dSu rdi ma trieu dinh nha Ly vin phai duy tri<br /> 24 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9-t-lQ.20Q8<br /> <br /> hinh thUc tuyen cii. Ngay mdt nam sau khi cung chUa theo mdt dinh ky nha't dinh nhu<br /> md khoa thi dau tien (1076), trieu dinh nha d cac thdi ky sau, chi khi nao t h i y cin nha<br /> Ly van phai ban hanh lenh "cat nhic nUdc mdi cho td chUe thi ma thdi. Hien sd<br /> nhflng ngUdi hien lUdng cd tai van vd cho ngUdi dd trong eae khoa thi dUdc md vao<br /> quan viec quan dan" va cho "chpn quan thdi Ly chinh xac la bao nhieu cung khdng<br /> vien van chUc, ngUdi nao biet chU eho vao the ke cUu dUdc. Theo bien nien sil {Todn<br /> Qudc tii giam" (23). Nam sau (1077), vao thii vk Ciicfng mue) thi t r ^ hai khoa thi vao<br /> mUa xuan, thang 2, trieu dinh mdi td chUc nam 1075 va 1086, do d i u la Le Van Thinh<br /> khoa thi thU hai gpi la thi Lai vien. Thi va Mac Hien Ti'ch (so' ngUdi khae khdng ro)<br /> bing phep viet chfl, phdp tinh va hinh luat. va nhflng khoa thi khae (5 khoa thi) vao<br /> Ai triing tuyen thi dUdc bd dung (24). Rdi cae nam 1077, 1152, 1165, 1193, 1195<br /> chin nam nfla (1086), nha Ly mdi td chUc khdng thay sii ghi ngUdi dd, rieng chi co<br /> khoa thi tiep theo, chpn trong so' nhflng ng- khoa thi vao nam 1185 ghi sd ngUdi dd ca<br /> Udi ed van hpe trong nUdc sung vao lam thay la 30 ngUdi, trong dd cd Bui Qudc Khai<br /> quan d Han lam vipn. Khoa thi nay, Mae va Dang Nghiem. NhUng sach Lich triiu<br /> Hien Tich dd d i u dUdc bd vao lam Han lam hien chiicfng logi chi, p h i n Khoa mue chi<br /> Hpe si (25) (chUc quan dUng d i u Vien ban ciia Phan Huy Chu thi chi ghi ed 20 ngUdi<br /> lam- mpt cd quan quan trpng giup viec ben dd trong khoa thi nam 1185 (32). Vdi sd<br /> canh vua). Mai 66 nam sau (1152), nha Ly ngUdi dd ghi chUa that day dii nhU tren (32<br /> mdi lai cho md khoa thi dien (26) va sau 13 ngUdi gdm ca 2 ngUdi dd d i u hoac 22 ngUdi<br /> nam (1165), trieu dinh mdi lai md khoa thi gdm ea 2 ngudi do d i u eiia mpt khoa thi<br /> nfla gpi la thi hpc sinh (27). Rdi phai tdi 20 trong so' gin 10 khoa thi cua hdn 200 nam)<br /> nam sau (1185), nha Ly mdi lai cho md tiep thi chic chin so' lUdng Nho si do dat bd<br /> ky thi si tii trong nUde, qui dinh tU 15 tudi, sung vao bd may ehinh quyen nha nUdc<br /> ngUdi nao thdng hieu Thi, Thii thi dUdc vao thdi Ly cung chUa phai la nhieu neu khdng<br /> h i u vua hpc d ngU dipn. Ky thi nay Iiy dd ndi la con so' qua khiem tdn.<br /> 30 ngUdi, trong dd cd Bui Quo'c Khai (ngUdi Nhu the rd rang nha Ly da bat d i u md<br /> c i m Giang-Hai DUdng) va Dang Nghiem rpng hpe nghipp va md khoa cii de tuyen<br /> (ngUdi Thu Tri-Thai Binh) (28). Tam nam dung quan lai, nhUng quan lai x u i t than tCf<br /> sau'(1193), nha Ly lai md khoa thi, mue Nho si qua eon dUdng khoa cii vao thdi ky<br /> dich cung la de ebon ngUdi vao h i u vua hpe nay edn qua it, vi sd lUdng khoa thi md<br /> (29). Cung nam nay, nha Ly cdn eho tien chUa nhieu. Cho nen, du ndi nha Ly da<br /> hanh khao khoa cac quan van vd trong trpng dung quan lai thdng qua khoa eii<br /> ngoai de tiep tuc sii dung hay thang giang nhung t i n g ldp quan lai x u i t than tU Nho<br /> (30). Ky thi cuo'i cung ma nha Ly td chUe la si qua eon dudng khoa cii lai chUa ddng vai<br /> ky thi tam giao vao nam 1195 (31). Trong trd quan trpng trong bd may ehinh quyen<br /> ky thi nay, Nho giao, Phat giao va Dao giao Nha nude vdi ty trpng khdng dang ke cua<br /> dupe dem ra cho ke si thi va ai dd thi cho nd so vdi nhflng hinh thUe trpng dung khae<br /> x u i t than, tUc cho ra lam quan. nhu tuyen cii va nhiem tu. NhU vay, cd thi<br /> Trong sud't tam trieu vua Ly gdm hdn ndi ring, khoa cii thdi Ly da b i t d i u dUdc<br /> 200 nam tdn tai, nha Ly mdi md dUde ehUa xiic tien va thdng qua hinh thUc khoa eii,<br /> diy 10 khoa thi va eae khoa thi dupe md dd nha Ly da tuyen dung ducfc mpt dpi ngu<br /> Phuang thuc hryen dung quan lai.. 25<br /> <br /> quan lai xua't than tU Nho si vao giup viec T i t ca ba loai nay eU theo thU bac trao eho<br /> trieu dinh, nhUng khoa cii d thdi ky nay quan chUe dl tri dan coi quan. Vdi vipe<br /> mdi chi bat ddu chii! chiia chiem vi tri quan khao hach ro rang nhU vay da "khien cho<br /> trgng trong phiictng thUc tuyen dung quan quan chUe khdng lam nhung" (37). Cho den<br /> lgi cda thdi Ly. Khoa eii ehi trd thanh mpt nam 1193, vua Ly Cao Tdng vin tiep tuc<br /> phUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai quan cho tien hanh khao khoa cae quan van vd<br /> trpng va chiem vi tri dang ke b nhflng thdi trong ngoai de rd viec nen thang hay giang<br /> ky sau, khi nd trd thanh phUdng thUe tuyen (38).<br /> dung chu. yeu. PhUdng thUc tuyen dung Vdi che dp khao khoa quan lai 9 nam<br /> quan lai bing khoa cii dUdc coi la phUdng mpt l i n cua nha Ly nhU vay da p h i n nao<br /> thUc tuyen chpn ehu yeu phai tinh tU thdi khuyen khich dUdc nhflng quan lai sieng<br /> T r i n (the ky XHLXIV) ve sau va dac biet la nang va ban ehe bdt dUdc nhflng quan lai<br /> tu thdi L e S d ( t h e k y XV). lUdi bieng, gdp p h i n nang eao chat lUdng<br /> Tuy khoa eii chUa trd thanh ehe dp qui cua dpi ngu quan lai khi che dp khoa cii<br /> eu dl tuyin dung dUde that nhieu quan lai tuyin chpn quan lai qua eon dUdng hpc<br /> cd hoc vao lam viec trong td chUc chinh nghiep cdn chUa thinh hanh.<br /> quyen Nha nUde nhUng dl nang eao nang Tuy nhien, nien ban khao khoa kdo dai<br /> lUe va phim c h i t eiia dpi ngu quan lai vao 9 nam mpt lin nhU vay cung chUa phai la<br /> giiip vipe triiu dinh, nha Ly da thUc hipn bipn phap td't nhat dl nang cao chit lUdng<br /> ehe dp "khao khoa" ngay tU khi ehUa tien dpi ngu quan lai. Vi vipe "thang giang quan<br /> hanh khoa cii. B i t d i u tU nam 1051, nha lai neu dl qua lau thi ngUdi hien tai khdng<br /> Ly da dinh phdp khao hach cac quan lai, khdi bi chim lip, ma ke vd tai thUdng dUpe<br /> l^nh ban xud'ng r i n g "cac quan van vd, lam tam nUdng than" (39). Theo nhan xdt eua<br /> viee ma khdng cd tdi ldi dUdc thang ehUe Phan Huy Chu trong sach Lich triiu hien<br /> tudc theo thU bac khae nhau" (33). Nam chiidng logi chi thi "ph6p khao khoa ddi Ly,<br /> 1097, sau khi da tien hanh thi cii tuyin ddi Trin, nien ban deu cham lau" (40). NhU<br /> chpn quan lai, vua Ly Nhan Tdng v i n ban vay, tuy day la vipe lam hflu ich nhUng<br /> lenh "cho cac quan kiem diem hieu dinh hieu qua cila nd chic chin cdn ban che .<br /> cac dieu lp ve diln chUdng cu, bien tap va Thdng qua ba con dUdng tuyen dung<br /> qui dinh lai rdi cho thi hanh" (34). Den thdi quan lai va ehe dp khao khoa 9 nam mpt<br /> Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1162, v i n tiep tuc ban l i n tren day trong sudt hdn 200 nam tdn<br /> lenh khao khoa eho eae quan van vd, ngUdi tai, nha Ly da ed dUdc mpt dpi ngu quan<br /> nao da dii nien ban khao ma khdng ed ldi ehUc kha ddng dao vao giup viec trong bp<br /> thi dupe thang trat. Va b i t d i u tU nam may chinh quyen Nha nUde theo mpt hp<br /> nay, khao khoa dUde dinh lam lp thUdng, cU thd'ng tu tren xudng dUdi tU chinh quyen<br /> 9 nam lam mdt l i n khao (35). Nam 1179, Trung Udng tdi chinh quyen dia phUdng.<br /> vua Ly Cao Tdng edn cho xdt cdng trang eae Dpi ngii quan chUc ddng dao lam vipe trong<br /> quan lai, chia ra lam ba loai; NgUdi gifl bd may ehinh quyen Nha nUde thdi Ly bao<br /> chUc sieng nang tai can nhUng khdng thdng gdm ba thanh p h i n chinh la; Qui tgc, Cong<br /> chfl nghia lam mdt loai; ngUdi ed chfl nghia thdn va Nho si mdi gia nhap qua con dUdng<br /> tai can lam mpt loai; ngUdi tudi eao hanh khoa cii. Ngoai ba thanh p h i n chinh tren<br /> thuin, biet rd vipe xUa nay lam mpt loai. day, vao thdi Ly cdn cd them mpt bp phfin<br /> 26 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> giup viec nfla trong bd may chinh quyen hieu Uy ve, Kieu ve, Dinh thing), Chi huy<br /> Nha nUde la dpi ngu cao tdng hay cdn gpi la sU, Vu ve hoa diu, cung la sau binh tao Vii<br /> Tang quan. Nha Ly da ke thUa td chUe tang tiep, Vu lam... Cac quan lam viec d ngoai<br /> quan cua nha Dinh va Tien Le trUde dd. trieu cung dUde bd dung nhieu ehUe vu<br /> Dudi thdi Dinh-Tien Le mdt so' cao tang cd khae nhau tuy theo cdng viec. Ben hang<br /> trinh dp hpc van uyen bac deu dUdc trieu van cd cac chUc Tri phu, P h i n phii va Tri<br /> dinh trpng dung va dUdc phong la Qud'e sU, chau. Ben hang vo thi d cae lp, tran deu cho<br /> giup vua va trieu dinh quan ly gidi Phat tii, dat quan va binh de ddng gifl (41).<br /> nhu Qud'e Su Van Hanh, Vien Chieu, Quan lai lam viee trong trieu va ngoai<br /> Thdng Bien, Vien Thdng, Khong Lp... Ben cac phu, Id, chau thdi Ly deu khong dUde<br /> canh viec ke thUa dpi ngu cao tang eiia thdi hudng che dp lUong bdng thUdng xuyen<br /> ky trUdc, nha Ly da duy tri he tho'ng Tang "quan trong thi bat t h i n vua thUdng cho;<br /> thd'ng. Tang luc. Tang chinh... Day cung la quan ngoai thi giao cho dan mpt mien de<br /> mpt to chUe kha dpc dao cua nha Ly, dung dat ngUdi thudc vien thu thue rudng dat hd<br /> tang quan giiip nha vua vk tneu dinh quan ao danh vao dan eay, dan ca ma Iiy ldi"<br /> ly ve mat hanh chinh cac tang dd trong (42). Sach Dgi viet su: ky todn thii ghi, vao<br /> nUdc. nam 1042, vua Ly Thai Tdng chieu xud'ng<br /> chieu ve viec thu thue ciia tram hp, cho<br /> Dpi ngu quan lai van vo lam \n^c trong phdp quan thu thue, ngoai 10 p h i n phai<br /> bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc thdi Ly dupe nop vao cdng qui thi dUde phdp lay them<br /> chia lam 9 p h i m va dUdc gifl nhieu trpng mpt p h i n nfla gpi la hoanh diu. Liy qua<br /> ehUc khae nhau ca trong va ngoai trieu. 0 thi bi xii tdi (43). Mai den nam 1067, vua<br /> trong trieu, dd'i vdi cac bac van vd dai than Ly Thanh Tdng mdi b i t d i u cip bdng lpc<br /> thi ed cac trpng chUc trong hang Tam Thai cho cae quan Dd hp phu si sU (tUe quan coi<br /> va Tam Thieu nhu Thai sU, Thai phd. Thai ve hinh nguc) "moi ngUdi moi nam 50 quan<br /> Bao va Thieu sU, Thieu phd, Thieu bao tien, 100 bd lua va ca mud'i mpi thUc, cho<br /> cung vdi eae trpng chiic khae nhU Thai uy, nguc lai mdi ngudi 20 quan tien, 100 bd liia<br /> de nudi dUc liem" (44).<br /> Thieu uy, Npi ngoai hanh dien dd tri sU va<br /> *<br /> Kiem hieu binh chUdng sU. Dudi cae trpng<br /> ehflc eua cac bac dai t h i n la cac chUc Bd Quan lai thdi Ly vUa khdng dUdc hUdng<br /> ThUdng thu, Ta hUu tham tri, Ta hflu gian che dp lUdng bdng thudng xuyen eua trieu<br /> nghi va Trung thU thi lang (thupe quan ed dinh vUa phai trai qua mpt che' dp tuyin<br /> cac chUc Trung thU thUa, Trung thU xa chpn tUdng ddi qui eu va che dp khao khoa<br /> nhan), Bd Thj lang, Ta hflu ty lang trung, kha nghiem ngat nen c h i t lUdng quan lai<br /> ThUdng thu sanh vien ngoai lang, Dong thdi ky nay chic chin dUdc dam bao. Nhd<br /> Tay cap mdn sfl, Ta hflu phuc tam, Npi the, vUdng trieu Ly cung nhu the che chinh<br /> thudng thi phii si sU, Dien hpe si, Han lam quyen Nha nude thdi Ly mdi cd dieu kien<br /> hpc si, Ve dai phu, ThU gia cac hoa, ThUa dUng vflng trong hdn hai the ky, gdp p h i n<br /> true lang, ThUa tin lang... ben hang van. dua qudc gia Dai Viet thdi Ly phat triln<br /> Ben hang vd thi cd Dd thd'ng, Nguyen soai, len mdt bude mdi vdi mdt nen kinh te phat<br /> Td'ng quan, Khu mat sU, Khu mat ta hflu trien, nen quo'c phdng vflng manh va nen<br /> sU, Ta hflu kim ngd, ThUdng tudng, Dai van hoa Thang Long dae sic mang dam<br /> tudng, Dd tudng, Tudng quan cac ve (cd cae da'u i n lich sii.<br /> Phuang thurc h^yen dung quan lai. 27<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng logi (18). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng<br /> chi, Quan chUc chi, ban djch, Nxb. Sil hpc, Hfi Ndi, logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 65.<br /> 1961, tfip II, tr, 69,<br /> (19). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chuang<br /> (2 ), P h a n Huy Chu, Lich trieu hien chuang logi<br /> logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 69.<br /> chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr, 69,<br /> (3), Phan Huy Chu. Lich trieu hien chuang logi (20). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chuang<br /> <br /> chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 87. logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tap III, ban djch, Nxb. Sil<br /> hpc, Hfi Ndi, 1961, sdd, tr. 5.<br /> (4). P h a n Huy Chu. Lich trieu hien chUcfng logi<br /> chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 63. (21). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tap I, quyln III,<br /> (5). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, ban djch, Nxb. sdd, tr. 290.<br /> Khoa hpc xfi hpi, Hfi Ndi, 1983, tfip I, quyen II, tr. (22). Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien,<br /> 245. tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 349<br /> (6). Dai vipt sit ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen 1, sdd, (23). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln III,<br /> tr. 239. sdd. tr. 292 Viet sd thdng gidm cuang mue, chinh<br /> (7). Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, ban djch, bien, tfip I, q u y l n III, sdd, tr. 353. P h a n Huy Chii.<br /> chinh bien, tfip I, quyen IV, Nxb. Giao due, Hfi Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip<br /> Npi, 1998, tr, 390. Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, II, sdd. tr 87.<br /> quyen III, sdd, tr. 325. (24) Dgi viet ii? ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln III,<br /> (8). Viet sd thdng gidm cUftng mue, chinh bien, sdd, tr. 293. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh<br /> tfip I, quy^n V, sdd, tr. 421. Dai viet sd ky todn bien, t^p I, quyen III, sdd, tr, 355.<br /> thu, t$p I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 351.<br /> (25). Dgi viit sd ky todn thu, t$p I, quyln III,<br /> (9). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen III,<br /> sdd, tr. 295. Viit sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh<br /> sdd, tr. 315. Viet sd thdng gidm cUang mue, chinh<br /> bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 360. Phan Huy Chii.<br /> bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 381.<br /> Lich triiu hien chuang logi chi. Khoa mi,ic chi, tfip<br /> (10). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen II,<br /> III, sdd, tr. 6<br /> sdd, tr, 256,<br /> (26). Dgi viit sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,<br /> (11), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, q u y l n II,<br /> sdd, tr 341. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh<br /> sdd, tr, 256,<br /> bien, tfip I, quvIn V, sdd, tr. 407. P h a n Huy Chii.<br /> (12), Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, q u y l n I, Lich triiu hien chUcmg logi rhi. Khoa mue chi, tfip<br /> sdd, tr, 239, HI, sdd, tr, 6,<br /> (13), P h a n Huy Chii, Lich triiu hien chuang<br /> (27), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln FV,<br /> logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 6.<br /> sdd, tr. 346. Viel sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh<br /> (14). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln II,<br /> bien, tfip I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr 413. Phan Huy Chii.<br /> add, tr. 253.<br /> Lich triiu hidn chuang logi chi, Khoa mi,ic chl, tfip<br /> (15). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I. q u y l n II,<br /> III, sdd, tr 6,<br /> add, tr. 256.<br /> (16). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tap I, q u y l n II, (28). Dgi vi^t sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,<br /> sdd, tr. 256-257. sdd, tr. 352. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh<br /> (17). Dgi vi?t sd ky todn thu, tfip 1, q u y l n III, bien, t|lp I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr. 422. P h a n Huy Chii.<br /> sdd, tr. 315. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh Lich triiu hien chuctng logi chi, Khoa mpc chi, tfip<br /> bien, tfip I. q u y l n IV, sdd, tr. 381. HI, sdd, tr. 6.<br /> 28 Rghign cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> (29). Dgt viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, (35). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,<br /> sdd, tr. 354. Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hie'n chU- sdd, tr. 345. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh<br /> cfng logi chi, Khoa mue chf, tfip III, sdd, tr. 6. bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 412. Phan Huy Chii.<br /> (30). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, Lich triiu hien chUctng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p<br /> sdd, tr. 354. II, sdd, tr. 98.<br /> (31). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen IV, (36). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^ip I, quyln IV,<br /> sdd, tr. 355. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh sdd, tr. 350. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh<br /> bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 425. Phan Huy Chii. bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr.419. Phan Huy Chii.<br /> Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa m\ic chf, tfip Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, tfip<br /> III, sdd, tr. 6. II, sdd, tr. 98.<br /> (32). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng<br /> (37). Dgi viet sd ky toan thU, t^ip I, quyen IV,<br /> logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tfip III, sdd, tr. 36.<br /> sdd, tr. 354.<br /> (33). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln II,<br /> sdd, tr. 273. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh (38), (39, (40), (41), (42). Phan Huy Chii. Lich<br /> bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 332 . triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II,<br /> (34). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen III, sdd, tr. 98, 98, 7, 71, 71.<br /> sdd, tr. 297. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh (42). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^p I, quyen II,<br /> bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 364. add, tr. 271.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VI TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG<br /> • • •<br /> (Tiep theo trang 16)<br /> <br /> <br /> int Casteel Batavia vant passerende doer ter plaetse Niu Junkai, "Pirates, Merchants and Mandarins:<br /> als over geheel Nederlandts-India (The Hague: Chinese and Vietnamese Pirates in Tongking Gulf<br /> Martinus Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, during 17"" century period" in A Mini<br /> Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through<br /> 1887-1931), 1661, pp. 49-55. Xem them nhQng<br /> History, sdd, tr. 201-209.<br /> nghien ciiu ve vfi'n de nfiy til: Hoang Anh Tuan,<br /> (52). Nguyen Long Kerry, "Bat Trang and the<br /> 'Tonkin Rear for China Front: The VOC's<br /> Ceramic Trade in Southeast Asian Archipelagos",<br /> Ebcploration for the Southern China Trade in the<br /> in Phan Huy Le et aL, Bat Trang Ceramic, 14"^-<br /> 16608". Paper presented at the international 19^ Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi PubUahers, 1994),<br /> workshop Ports, Pirates and Hinterlands in the East pp. 84-90; Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Gom sil Dfing Ngofii<br /> and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary xufi't kh^u ra Ddng Nam A th^ ky XVII: Tu li$u vfi<br /> Perspectives, Shanghai, China, November 2005; nhfin thilc", sdd, tr. 28-39.<br />