Quan hệ Việt Nam và Thái Lan trong lịch sử

QUAN HE GIUTA VIET NAM VA THAI LAN<br /> TRONG LICH SUT<br /> SONG JUNG NAM*<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Md dau tinh hinh ciia hai nQdc ben canh la Chiem<br /> Thanh va Campuchia. Ngoai ra, quan hp<br /> Vipt Nam va Thai Lan deu n i m tren<br /> giQa hai nQdc cung h\ anh hQdng khdng<br /> ban dao Ddng DQdng ed nhQng diem tUdng<br /> nhd bdi tinh hinh ndi bd va cac yeu td ben<br /> ddng ve dia Iy vd tinh tiep giap ve vat ly<br /> ngoai khae theo tQng thdi ky.<br /> nen cd quan hp tQ r i t sdm qua dUdng biln.<br /> NhUng 80 vdi cac nUdc nhU Indonesia, Nam tien eua Vipt Nam dUdc trien khai<br /> Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia thi mdi quan dQa vdo yeu td dia chinh tri vd triet I^ eua<br /> hp cua hai nUde khdng h i n la ed tQ sdm vi sQc manh mpt each tript de. Bie tidn vd<br /> thdi ky thanh ldp vUdng qudc Thai Lan so Tay tien thi khdng t h i do nui non hilm trd,<br /> vdi cae nQdc ndy trong dd ed ea Vipt Nam dai va ddc tQ Bic den Nam ddng thdi cd<br /> mudn hdn.. Trung Qudc manh hdn nhQng Nam tien thi<br /> ed t h i do Chiem Thdnh vd Campuchia ydu<br /> Cdng cupc Bic Tien cua Chiem Thanh<br /> hdn Vipt Nam. Ket qua la Chiem Thdnh bj<br /> tQ sdm da cd tinh chit tQdng tQ vdi Nam<br /> xda ten tren ban dd vd Thuy Chan Lap ciia<br /> tien ciia Trung Qud'e vdi rnue dich mang<br /> Campuchia thi bien thanh lanh thd cua<br /> tinh kinh te'-chinh tri va ed tinh hieu chien<br /> Vipt Nam. Cdn Lao la nQdc anh em cd mpt<br /> da trd thdnh mpt yeu td bien lich sii Viet<br /> khdng hai. Trong dd, sQ kipn mdt p h i n Idr<br /> Nam thanh lich sii d i u tranh (1). Thai Lan<br /> lanh thd eua Campuchia trd thdnh lanh thd<br /> mud'n n i m chii quyen nen mpt each til<br /> eiia Vipt Nam, den nay, cung anh hQdng<br /> nhien cd mdt lich sii d i u tranh trong sQ ddi<br /> khdng nhd den tinh hinh quan hp ddi ngoai<br /> lap vdi cac nQdc lang gieng nhQ Mien Dipn.<br /> giQa Vipt Nam va Campuchia.<br /> Vdi tinh hinh nhQ vay, ca Vipt Nam va<br /> Thai Lan mpt mat eo' ging khic phue dieu Mpt mSt, Nam tien vd Ddng tidn ciia<br /> nay nhQng mot mat tieh cQc va kien tri Vipt Nam va Thai Lan trong lich sii deu cd<br /> Ddng tidn va Nam tien de md mang lanh ehung mdt doi tQdng la Chiem Thanh va<br /> thd. Do dd, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam va Thai Campuchia nen da cd anh hudng Idn den<br /> Lan trong lich sii bi anh hQdng bdi tinh quan hp ddi ngoai giQa hai nQdc. Du vdy,<br /> hinh khai pha ve phia Nam va phia Dong quan hp giQa hai nQdc khdng phai Id quan<br /> eiia hai nQdc eung nhQ bi anh hQdng bdi hp giQa Vipt Nam vd Campuchia hay quan<br /> <br /> <br /> • GS.TS. Trudng Dai hpc Ngoni ngQ Hdn Qudc<br /> Quan h$ giira Vi^t Ram v6 Th6i Lzin. 33<br /> <br /> h$ giQa Thai Lan vd Campuchia vi cd hp Vipt Nam, Campuchia, Thai Lan trong<br /> Chiem Thanh va Campuchia la vung dpm pham vi rpng ldn" (2), ma edn gdp p h i n lam<br /> giQa hai nQdc. Vdy, phai chang mdi quan sang td mdi quan hp ddi ngoai giQa cac<br /> hp giQa hai nQdc la mdi quan hp hQu nghi qudc gia Ddng Nam A trong lich sii (tQ<br /> lang gieng? Di nhien la cung khdng phai trQdc Cdng nguyen cho den ndm 1802).<br /> vay vi ea hai nQdc la nhQng nQdc manh<br /> 2. Thdi ky 111 triidc Cong nguyen -<br /> giQa cac nQdc ydu.<br /> 1428 sau Cong nguyen<br /> Bai viet nay xem x6t mdi quan hp giQa<br /> Ve mat dia ly cho du Vipt Nam vd Thai<br /> Vipt Nam va Thai Lan trong lich sii. Do ed Lan deu d Ddng Nam A nhQng khae nhau<br /> gidi han ve dung iQpng bdi vidt nen ehung ve van hda. Tnldc het, dieu dd b i t ngudn tQ<br /> tdi da phdn chia thdi ky. Vipc phan chia vi tri dia chinh tri. Thai Lan gin gui hdn<br /> nay dQa vao lich sii Vipt Nam ke tQ trQdc vdi vdn hda An Dp, cdn Vipt Nam gin gui<br /> Cdng nguyen cho den ndm 1802, khi trieu hdn vdi vdn hda Trung Qudc. Du vdy, van<br /> dai cudl cung ciia Vipt Nam dQdc thdnh lap hoa Vipt Nam cung khong phai hoan toan<br /> dl chia ljch sii quan hp eua hai nQdc thanh khae bipt vdi van hda An Dp vi >Jho giao<br /> hai thdi ky: lue bi gian doan va ngQde lai eua Trung Qudc, Hindu cua An Dp vd Phat<br /> lue quan hp phQc tap. Cho du lich sii Thai giao da cpng tdn d Vipt Nam tQ r i t sdm.<br /> Lan b i t d i u tQ d i u the ky XIII nhUng hai Phat giao cua Vipt Nam lue diu dUpc du<br /> thdi k^ nay khong the tach khdi tinh hinh nhdp tQ An Dp trong thdi ky bi Trung Qudc<br /> quan hp ddi ngoai trong khu vUc va the gidi cai tri cho den ndm 938 nen sQ phat trien<br /> ke tQ giai doan d i u tQ khi Vipt Nam hi eua Phat giao cd sU anh hudng eua Trung<br /> Trung Qudc thdng tri tQ ndm 111 trQdc Qud'e (3). Vdi sU hdp n h i t Chiem Thdnh vd<br /> Cdng nguyen de'n khi thanh lap vUdng Chan Lap, Vipt Nam da trd thdnh mpt<br /> trieu Hdu Le, giai doan sau la tQ vUdng nUdc cd ca dao Hindu, Phdt giao Tieu thQa<br /> trieu Hau Le den vUdng trieu Tay Sdn. va Dai thQa. Do tiep giap bien gidi va cd<br /> quan hp lau ddi vdi mue dich ehinh tri-<br /> Bai vidt nay ehii ydu tham khao cac tai kinh te' va ydu to' dia chinh tri nen Vipt<br /> lipu nhu Dgi Viet sQ ky todn thU (trong bai Nam bi anh hUdng mpt each tU nhien vdn<br /> nay sd gpi t i t la Todn ThU), Dgi Viet sQ ky hda Trung Qud'c, vd ket qua la ve mdt dia<br /> tien biin, Viet sQ thdng gidm cQcfng mue ly cho du thupc Ddng Nam A nhUng ve mat<br /> chinh biin (trong bai nay se gpi tdt la vdn hda thi Vipt Nam, dae bipt la mien Bie<br /> Chinh Biin), Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh biin, Vipt Nam thupc vung van hda Ddng Bie A.<br /> Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyen scf tap,<br /> ngoai ra edn ed Viet sQ: XQ Ddng Trong Do yeu td dia ehinh trj nen tQ sdm Vipt<br /> 1558-1777. Tai lipu nghien cQu d Han Qudc Nam cd quan hp gin thi vdi Trung Qud'e, xa<br /> lien quan den bai nghien cQu nay Id 1 p h i n thi vdi An Dp. Thdi ky Vipt Nam ed quan hp<br /> trong npi dung eua chUdng 3 "Quan hi doi ngoai vdi Trung Quoe, An Dp... cac<br /> chinh tri cua Thdi Lan-Campuchia-Viit nUde khae cung cd quan hp ddi ngoai vdi<br /> Nam thi' ky 17: Campuchia - con tdm giQa Vipt Nam nhU Lam Ap (Hoan VUdng hodc<br /> hai con cd voi" cua Cho Hong Guk. Bai Chiem Thanh), Phu Nam, Dudng Minh (4).<br /> nghien cQu nay khdng ehi dap Qng yeu eiu Di nhien thdi ky nay (179 trUde CN-938) do<br /> ciia tac gia Cho Hong Guk la "phai tham Vipt Nam n i m dUdi sU cai tri eiia Trung<br /> khao tQ lipu Vipt Nam dl hieu rd mdi quan Qud'c nen cac nUdc ndy khong the noi Id cd<br /> 34 Rghl6n ciiru Lich si3r. sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> quan hp vdi Viet Nam, nhUng cac nUde nay cac vQdng qudc do dan tdc Thai xay dQng. 0<br /> mudn cd quan hp vdi Trung Qudc thi n h i t Todn thQ cd doan: "Mua xuan, t h i n g 2 nam<br /> dinh phai thong qua lanh thd ciia Vipt 1149, thuyen budn ba nQdc Trao Oa, Lp<br /> Nam bay gid hay thdng qua mdi quan hp Lac, Xiem La (hoac Tiem La) vao Hai Ddng,<br /> khae vdi Trung Qudc ed anh hudng trUe hay xin d lai budn ban, bdn cho Idp trang d nOi<br /> gian tiep ddn Vipt Nam nen ndi eae nUde hai dao gpi la Van Ddn de mua bdn hang<br /> nay cd quan he ddi ngoai vdi Viet Nam hda quy, dan tien san vdt dia phQdng" (9).<br /> cung khdng phai la khdng cd cd sd.<br /> SQ ghi chdp ve 3 nUde nay theo each<br /> Mdi quan hp ddi ldp giQa Vipt Nam vdi phien am thUdng dupe dung trong Nguyin<br /> Trung Qudc d phia Bic cung nhU vdi Chiem sQ va Minh sQ theo chii thach cua Todn thU<br /> Thanh d phia Nam da cd tQ r i t sdm. Su ddi do Cao Huy Giu? (Chu?) dich doan Trao Oa<br /> ldp eua Viet Nam vd Chiem Thanh dUde la dao Java eua In-dd-ne-xi-a ngay nay. Lp<br /> nhen nhdm tQ thdi ky Trung Qud'e eai tri va Lac thi dupe Todn thU q. 6 chdp la nQdc La<br /> kdt thuc nam 1697 vdi sQ sat nhap Chiem Hdi (10), q. 7 lai chdp lai Id nQdc Lp Hae<br /> Thanh vao Vipt Nam. Tham chi, trUdng (11), cd le deu la nQdc La Hoc, p h i n phia<br /> hdp eua Phu Nam ndm 280 cung da ddng Bie eua nQdc Thai Lan ngay nay (12). Theo<br /> gdp vdo sU xam lUde Vipt Nam cua Lam Ap chu thich ciia Todn thU do Ngd DQc Thp<br /> (5). Va'n de nay se dUde de cdp sau nhQng<br /> dieh thi Lp Lac: chQa ro ehi nQdc nao. Thdi<br /> eung anh hudng ldn ddn quan hp doi ngoai<br /> Trin, ed thuyen budn Ld Hac den Van Ddn.<br /> cua Vipt Nam va Thai Lan do Campuchia<br /> Cd le Lp Lac chinh la Lp Hac. DQa vao phat<br /> tiep giap vdi Vipt Nam<br /> am ed the eho r i n g Ld Hac Id nQdc La Hpc<br /> Ngodi Trung Qud'e, Lam Ap va Phu dQpc nhic den trong thQ tich Trung Qudc<br /> Nam, trong thdi ky cai tri eiia Trung Qudc thdi Nguyen-Mdng. La Hoc Id qudc gia<br /> edn ed cac nQdc Cha Va, Cdn Ldn, Chan Lavo d Lopburi, Thai Lan. Ld Hac ed kha<br /> Lap va Nam Chieu. Vipt Nam va nhQng nang la nQdc Locac dQdc n h i c de'n trong du<br /> qud'e gia nay ngoai quan hp thdng thQdng ky cua Marco Polo (13).<br /> edn ed quan hp xung dpt. TrUdng hdp Java<br /> Ndi dung d Todn thU ndm 1149 va ca b<br /> va Cdn Luan, nam 767 da xam nhap vdo<br /> Chinh biin "Biy gid cac nQdc Qua Oa va<br /> ban dao Ddng Dudng bao vay ea tinh Tdng<br /> Tiem La cd nhieu nha budn ddng d Hai<br /> Binh (6). Nam 651 dan tpc Thai eua Thai<br /> Ddng, Ta bdn lap trang d tren cQ lao dl eho<br /> Lan ngay nay xay dUng Nam Chieu (7) d<br /> hp d, gpi la Van Ddn trang". Npi dung ndy,<br /> tinh Van Nam ciia Trung Qudc. Sau khi<br /> trong 3 nQdc khdng cd de cdp den Lp Lac.<br /> Nam Chieu tUdng ddi cd the' lUc, ldi dung<br /> v a ehu thich ciia Chinh biin ve Tiem La<br /> s\f suy tan ciia nha Dudng da b i t d i u xam<br /> thi theo sdch Thanh nhdt thdng chi, Tiem<br /> lupe An Nam tQ nam 846. Trong thdi ky<br /> La, ddi Tuy DQdng, gpi Id nQdc Xich Thd, d<br /> xam iQdc tQ nam 862-863, Nam Chieu da<br /> ve phia Tay Nam nUde Chiem Thanh, la<br /> giet hai hdn 150 ngdn ngQdi An Nam va<br /> mpt tdc ngUdi cua nUdc Phu Nam; sau chia<br /> den nam 866 da cai trj An Nam (8). Vipc<br /> lam hai: nUde Tiem va nUde La Hpc. Hdi<br /> xam iQ^e An Nam ciia Nam Chieu cung<br /> d i u nien hipu Nguyen Trinh ddi Nguyen,<br /> tidp tuc vai l l n sau dd.<br /> vdo cdng nha Nguyen. Ve sau, nUde La Hpc<br /> Ngodi Nam Chieu, ehung ta eung ed the manh hdn, thdn tinh ca d i t Tiem, mdi ddt<br /> tim tha'y mdi quan hp giQa Vipt Nam vdi ten nude Id Tiem La Hoc, dUdi trieu Hdng<br /> Quan h^ giira Vi^f Ram va Th61 Lan.. 35<br /> <br /> Vu nha Minh, Tiem La Hpc vao chiu, vua khd tin. Ndi thdi diem ra ddi ciia Xiem La<br /> Minh ban eho I n Tiem La qudc vUdng. TQ vdo nam 1149 thi cung khdng cd cd sd.<br /> dd mdi gpi Id nQdc Tiem La (14).<br /> Ngay nay, ddi vdi nhQng qudc gia dung<br /> Ghi chdp eua T r i n Trpng Kim ddi vdi chQ Han nhU Viet Nam, Hdn Qud'c, Nhat<br /> lich sii Thai Lan trong thdi dai nay nhQ Ban va Trung Qudc, Thai Lan trong lich sii<br /> sau. Den quang nha Tuy va nha DQdng ben dupe bidt den vdi ten gpi la Xiem La. Xiem<br /> Tau la vao quang the ky thQ 6, thQ 7 thi La la Siam va chQ trUde eiia Lop Buri hoac<br /> da't Phu Nam chia ra lam hai: mpt niia ve Lavo kdt hdp thanh, nhU Xiem ehi vUdng<br /> phia Ddng cd mdt dan toe khae den lap ra qudc Sukhothai va La ehi Ayutthaya hoac<br /> nQdc Chan Lap, cdn mdt nvla ve phia Tay la tQ La Hoc hdp thanh (16). Vay thi vipc<br /> thi ngQdi Phu Nam d gpi la nQdc Xich Thd. ghi Xiem La ciia Todn thU hay Chinh biin<br /> vao quang nha Tdng, nha Kim (the ky thQ thi Xiem Id ghi sai. Cho du the, vdo nam<br /> XI-XII) thi nQdc Xich Thd lai chia ra lam 1149 phai giai quydt the nao doi vdi vipc<br /> hai: mpt nQdc gpi la La Hoc, mpt nQdc gpi la Xiem hay la Sukhothai khdng dQpc thanh<br /> Tiem. Thdi nha Nguyen cua Trung Qudc lap.<br /> (the ky XIII-XIV) thi svl ed chdp hai nQdc<br /> Lich sii khdng t h i cd gia dinh, nhQng<br /> nay sang cdng. Ve sau nQdc La Hoc thdng<br /> ngoai Lp Lac va Xiem La vao nam 1149 thi<br /> n h i t nQdc Tiem, mdi gpi la nQdc Tiem La<br /> vipc ghi eh6p ve viee dan tpc Thai xay dQng<br /> Hoc. Den d i u nhd Minh (cudi the ky thQ<br /> cac vQdng quo'c khae ngodi vUdng qudc<br /> XrV) vua nQdc nay sang ciu phong ben<br /> Sukhothai Id khdng chinh xac, hodc la neu<br /> Trung Qudc, vua Thai To nha Minh mdi<br /> eho r i n g qud'e hipu cua cac vUdng qudc<br /> phong la nQdc Tiem La (15).<br /> Thai Lan liy ten thii dd ldm cdn cQ, vd cho<br /> Npi dung tren eua Todn thU vk Chinh du Sukhothai va Ayutthaya chinh thQc<br /> biin vk ghi ch6p eua T r i n Trpng Kim theo khdng dQdc thdnh ldp nhQng vao ndm 1149<br /> tdi deu cd v i n de ein ldm sang td. TrQdc nhQng ngQdi dan khu vQe ndy vao Vipt<br /> het d hai tai lipu trQdc dUpe dd cdp, vipc Nam va da khdng dUde ghi lai dja danh ndi<br /> dan tpc Thai xdy dQng vQdng qudc minh eU tru (?).<br /> Sukhothai vdo ndm 1149 (1238-1438) vd<br /> Gia dinh nay cd nhieu kha nang hdn.<br /> thdi ky thanh lap vQdng qud'c Ayutthaya<br /> Todn thu hay Chinh biin sau nam 1149<br /> (1350-1767) deu khdng thdng nhit. Va nhQ<br /> de cap ciia T r i n Trpng Kim "vao thdi Tong, v i n ghi la Xiem La va Xiem. Diem cin chu<br /> DQdng tdn tai Xiem va La Hpe d the ky XI- y d day Id Todn thU sau nam 1149 vin ghi<br /> XII" thQc td khdng thdng n h i t vdi thdi ky la Xiem La hoac Chinh bien can nhic den<br /> tdn tai eiia Sukhothai va Ayutthaya. Thdi thdi ky hinh thdnh eae vUdng qud'e da phan<br /> diem thdnh lap Sukhothai vao nam 1149 bipt va ghi Xiem, Xiem La. Ching han, d<br /> each khoang 100 ndm so vdi nam 1238, va Todn thu thi ghi "nam 1182 nUdc Xiem La<br /> thdi ky thanh ISp Ayutthaya vd nam 1350 sang cd'ng" (17) cdn d Chinh biin thi ghi<br /> each nhau den 200 ndm. Nien dai thanh "nUde Xiem ddn tidn cdng" (18). Tiep theo,<br /> lap 2 nQdc Sukhothai va Ayutthaya cung Todn thu thi ghi "ndm 1184 ngUdi buon ciia<br /> each nhau hdn 100 ndm. Nhung vao nam cae nude Xiem La vd Tam Phat Te vao t r i n<br /> 1149, eung thdi ky dd ca Sukhothai va Van Ddn, dang vdt quy dl xin buon ban"<br /> Ayutthaya ddu den Vipt Nam la mpt dieu (19).<br /> 36 Rghl&n cijru Ljch sJr, sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> Ndm 1149 va 1184, ngoai vipc thUdng Thai Lan va Vipt Nam. Nhd dd, dudi thdi<br /> nhan hay thQdng thuyen liy mue dieh ddi n h i Ly, Thai Lan da md rdng the iQc ve<br /> thdng thQdng vao khu vQc cd cung ten la phia Chiem Thanh hay Chan Lap nen<br /> Van Ddn nhQng khdng ghi lai dia danh cQ khdng vUdng qudc nao ed the gay anh<br /> tni thi ehung ta eung c i n chu y sQ thdt Id hudng ddn trieu dai nha Ly. Mat khae, luc<br /> vao ndm 1182 da ed qudc gia vao cdng nap.. dd Campuchia da hinh thdnh tpc Khomer<br /> Trong lich sii, trieu cdng la mdt hinh thQc hung manh n h i t trong Ijch sii va dd cung<br /> de xay dQng quan hp ngoai giao giQa eae la yeu td giup eho quan hp giQa Thai Lan<br /> qud'e gia thong qua eae sQ t h i n . NQdc nhdn va Vipt Nam dUdc d l dang hdn.<br /> trieu cd'ng khdng the ghi sai ten qudc gia,<br /> Thdi nha T r i n cua Vipt Nam la thdi ky<br /> nen qud'c hieu ciia nam 1182 dQdc xem Id<br /> tdn tai vUdng qud'c Sukhothai va Ayutthaya<br /> chinh xac. Do dd, vipc giai thich theo lich ma dan tpc Thai Lan ldp nen. Tuy ed sQ<br /> aii ciia Thai Lan vao the ky XIII ve qud'c ehenh Ipch chut it ve thdi gian va mdc du<br /> hipu eiia cac qudc gia ndy hoan toan khdng tdn tai hai vUdng qudc nhQng quan h$ doi<br /> ed cd sd nhQng theo cae tQ lipu eua Vipt ngoai giQa hai nUdc so vdi trieu dai Ly<br /> Nam dQdc de cdp tren day hay can cQ vao khdng cd gi thay ddi. O Todn thU, quan h$<br /> Logic thi dd ehinh la cac vQdng qudc truyen ddi ngoai giQa hai nQdc ehi xay ra 2 lln.<br /> thd'ng eua Thai Lan. NhQ vdy, l l n d i u tien Ching han nhQ "thang 3 ndm 1305, nQdc<br /> vipc giai thich lai vd thdi diem thdnh ldp La Hdi sai ngudi dang vai lien la va cac<br /> vQdng qud'c Thai Lan, vQdng qudc thQ" (20) va "mua ddng thang 10 nam 1360,<br /> Sukhothai dQdc dat ra. thuyen budn ciia cac Lp Hac, Trd Nha,<br /> Xiem La den Van Ddn budn ban, dang cac<br /> Theo tai lipu lich sii dQdi trieu Ly, vUdng<br /> vat la" (21).<br /> trieu Vipt Nam cd 3 l l n cd quan hp ddi<br /> ngoai vdi vUdng trieu Thai Lan. Hai l l n Id TQ sau ndm 1300, thUdng thuyen eua 3<br /> thdng thUdng va mpt l l n Id trieu cdng, t i t nUde nay da ddn Van Ddn d l thdng thUdng.<br /> ca la Thai Lan trieu cdng eho Vipt Nam. Thdi ky ehdng Dai Mdng ket thuc, ban dao<br /> Lue dd. Thai Lan trieu cd'ng cho Vipt Nam Ddng DUdng tUdng ddi dUpc dn dinh da cho<br /> khong phai la do quan hp quan t h i n ma la phdp ndi lai quan hp thdng thUdng eua Vipt<br /> do quan hp thdng thUdng hay quan hp hQu Nam vdi cac nUde phUdng Nam nhU trong<br /> nghi lang gieng. qua khQ. Vao nam 1360, trong 3 nQdc, Lp<br /> Hac vd Tra Nha dQqic gpi II La Hpc vk<br /> Sau 3 l l n tidp xuc, quan hp ddi ngoai<br /> Java, cdn Xiem La thi do thdi ky Ayutthaya<br /> giQa hai nQdc khdng bidt dQdc tidn hanh eu<br /> chUa h(?p nha't Sukhothai nen Xiem La Id<br /> the nhQ the nao vdo Trieu dai nha T r i n va<br /> each gpi sai cua Xiem.<br /> vao d i u trieu dai Hau Le. DQdi trieu Ly thi<br /> quan hp giQa cac vQdng qudc Thai Lan Vudng qudc Ajnatthaya la mpt vQdng<br /> khdng cd xung dot, cd the xem Id quan hp qudc budn ban. VQdng qudc Chiangmai hay<br /> giQa hai nUde tUdng ddi tdt. Dieu nay se Sukhothai n i m d Bic-Trung bp lpi dyng<br /> dUdc ndi them sau... TQ thdi nha Ly, vipc dQdng bien d l thdng thQdng ddi ngo^i<br /> md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam Vipt Nam nhQng khdng de dang, ngQcjc lai vQdng<br /> eho du dQdc tien hanh nhUng v i n chUa cy qudc Ayutthaya d phia Nam da lpi dyng<br /> t h i va luc dd 2 nUde Chiem Thanh vd dieu kipn dia ly thudn lpi nen cd t h i trd<br /> Campuchia ddng vai trd la vung dpm giQa thanh qudc gia trung tam dQdng biln. Thdi<br /> Quan h$ giihi Vt$t Ram vt Th6i Lan. 37<br /> <br /> <br /> ky nam 1368-1398 va 1403-1424, vQdng trieu dai nhd T r i n cung trai qua tinh trang<br /> qudc Ayutthaya da phai thuyen cdng nap tQdng tQ va ed sQ thay ddi trUde cupc chinh<br /> cho nQdc Minh den 57 lln; Nam 1425-1570, phue thd gidi eua Mdng Co. De ddi mdt vdi<br /> thuyen eiia nQdc LQU Khu len den 56 chide sU xam lUde cua Mdng Co, ca hai nUde chan<br /> (22) da chQng minh cho dieu nay. thdnh mong mudn quan hp hdp tae nhU<br /> rang va mdi. Kdt qua la nam 1282, khi<br /> NhQng dilm dang nghi ngd la luc dd<br /> Mdng Co xam lUde Chiem Thanh (hay<br /> Ddng Nam A chii yeu ldi dyng gid mua d<br /> Chiem Thanh cua Xiem dupe de cdp d tren)<br /> vung biln duyen hai vd Vipt Nam la nQdc<br /> thi Vipt Nam da giii ehi vipn (26). Do do,<br /> n i m tren true dudng ma tau thuyen ciia<br /> den nay Vipt Nam khd chip nhdn sU that<br /> cae qudc gia nay qua lai thi vipc thdng<br /> Thai Lan chiem Chiem Thanh lam lanh<br /> thUdng giQa Thai Lan vd Vipt Nam khdng<br /> thd cua minh, va di nhien la Vipt Nam da<br /> t h i khdng tdn tai. Hdn nQa, trong khi<br /> dQng ra ddi phd vdo nam 1313<br /> vQdng qudc Sukhothai eiia Thai Lan thi vai<br /> eh\ie lln, vQdng qudc Ayutthaya thi gin Trong trat tQ qudc te dd, sQ xam iQpc<br /> 100 l l n phai sQ t h i n vd thuyen cdng nap Chiem Thdnh eua vUdng qudc Sukhothai di<br /> eho Trung Qudc (23) nhQng tai sao cdng nhien dd khieu khich Vipt Nam va eung vdi<br /> nap eho Vipt Nam thi ehi cd mdt hai lln. cupc d i u tranh chdng quan Mong ciia Vipt<br /> Nam, quan hp ciia 2 nUde hi anh hudng<br /> Trieu dai nha T r i n xung dpt gay git vdi<br /> khdng nhd. Ddc bipt ve mat ddi ngoai,<br /> Mdng Cd trong thdi gian ddi se Id mpt ly do<br /> vUdng qudc Ayutthaya dd theo dudi sU<br /> chinh nhQng ly do ldn hdn khdng phai Id<br /> bdnh trUdng nhanh chdng vd dap lai yeu<br /> xung dot trile tiep md la do sQ banh trQdng<br /> ciu quan hp doi ngoai ciia Thai Lan ring<br /> eua vQdng qudc Thai Lan, nen giQa 2 nQdc<br /> "thang 9 ndm 1467, thuyen budn eiia nUde<br /> da tQng tdn tai sQ ddi ldp. Chung ta thiy<br /> Xiem La den trang Van Ddn, dang bieu<br /> diu hipu ndy vao d i u triiu dai T r i n nam<br /> bing la vdng va dang san vdt dia phUdng.<br /> 1313. Ching ban, "Liy an phu sQ Dd Thieu<br /> Vua khude tQ khdng nhan" (27) d day thi<br /> HQ lam kinh iQdc sQ. Biy gid nQdc Chiem<br /> Vi$t Nam eung dQpc nhic den. TQ trieu dai<br /> Thanh bj nQdc Xiem La l l n cQdp, vua sai<br /> Ly den nay, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam vd<br /> Thien HQ di kinh iQpc Nghp An vd Lam<br /> Thai Lan du khdng mat thidt nhQng Vipt<br /> Binh dl sang cQu Chiem Thanh. Sau pham<br /> Nam chQa bao gid tQ chdi yeu ciu quan h$<br /> kd hoaeh lo lipu ve bien gidi phia Tay, Minh<br /> ddi ngoai eiia Thai Lan. Do dd, tQ thdi k^<br /> Tdng deu uy cho Thien HQ" (24).<br /> vQdng qud'c Ayutthaya cua Thai Lan va<br /> Theo ljch sii, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam va Hau Le eua Vipt Nam, quan hp eua 2 nUde<br /> Chiem Thanh nhQ nQdc vdi liia. Chiem da rdi vao tinh trang ddi lap vi deu cd chinh<br /> Thanh n i m d mien Trung ciia Vipt Nam lac sach md rpng lanh thd rieng eiia minh.<br /> h^u v l kinh td, tQ thd ky thQ 2 trQdc CN dd<br /> rdi vdo tinh trang mau t h u i n trong vipc Theo tai lipu ciia Vipt Nam, dudi trieu<br /> chdng l^i sQ md rpng lanh thd vd vipc thdng dai nha Hd, quan hp giQa Thai Lan va Vipt<br /> qua Nam tien eua Vipt Nam di khic ph\ic Nam hoan toan khdng dQpc de cdp. Dieu dd<br /> ndn kinh td lac hdu (25). NhQ da de cap, la do chfnh sach md rpng lanh thd khdng<br /> sau cupc xung dpt giQa 2 nQdc nam 1697, thay ddi giQa hai nQdc vd do thdi gian tdn<br /> Chiem Thanh hoan toan bj hpp n h i t vdo tai ciia trieu dai nha Hd qua ngin. TrQdc<br /> Vi^t Nam va bj xda ten tren ban dd. NhQng khi trieu dai Hau Le ra ddi, trong thdi gian<br /> 38 Rghi&n curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> eai tri eua nhd Minh, giQa 2 nUde ciing Campuchia ciia vUdng qudc Ayutha ya<br /> khdng ed quan hp ngoai giao. cung tae dpng ldn den quan hp ddi ngoai<br /> giQa Vipt Nam va Thai Lan.<br /> 3. Thdi k y 1428-1788<br /> DQdi trieu dai Hdu Le, quan hp giQa<br /> Thdi gian nay quan hp giQa Thai Lan va<br /> Vipt Nam vd Thai Lan dQ(?c b i t d i u khi cae<br /> Vipt Nam la quan hp xung dot. Di nhien<br /> thdi ky ndy quan hp eiia hai nQdc ngay tQ thuyen budn cua Xiem La sang cdng vdo<br /> d i u khdng phai la quan hp xung dot. Trong thang 8 nam 1437 dQdi trieu vua Le Thai<br /> lich s^, d i u the ky XVH, trQdc khi Chiem Lan Tdng (29). Lue nay, vUdng qudc<br /> Thanh bi xda ten tren ban dd va trQdc khi Ayutthaya chiem Angor, tiep theo h(?p n h i t<br /> Vipt Nam can thipp vao ndi tinh eua hoan toan Sukhothai. Thang 11 nam d6<br /> Campuchia, md hinh cua trieu dai nha Ly nUde Xiem La da phai sQ t h i n di trieu<br /> v i n dupe duy tri. Mpt mat, ve cudl thdi gian cdng.<br /> nay, quan hp hdp t i e than thipn dUde hinh "NQdc Xiem La sai sQ la Trai CQdng Lat<br /> thanh va tren cd sd dd vUdng trieu cudl sang cd'ng. Vua dQa eho sic thQ bao mang<br /> cung eua Vi$t Nam tiep tuc duy tri moi ve, va trQ cho p h i n thud budn giam xudng<br /> quan hp nay trong mpt chQng mile n h i t b i n g niia p h i n nfim trUde, 20 thu 1 phin,<br /> dinh. rdi thudng eho ra't hdu. Ngoai ra ve phin<br /> Vipc trieu dai Hau Le tdn tai trong thdi qud'e vUdng cho 24 ta'm l\ia, 30 bd bat sQ, ve<br /> gian ddi eung Id mdt ydu td hinh thanh mdi p h i n qudc phi cho 5 td'm l\ia, 2 bp bat sQ,<br /> quan hp xung dpt gay git. Trong thdi gian mdi bp la 35 chide" (30).<br /> dd, quan hp ddi ngo^i giQa hai nQdc so vdi Ndi dung tren da chQa dUng nhieu a\}<br /> trQdc phQc tap vd td nhi hdn d nhieu mat. that mdi. O trieu dai trUde khdng cd ten eae<br /> O ddy, ea 2 nQdc khdng ngQng mQu eiu sQ t h i n eiia Thai Lan, day Id l l n d i u tien<br /> chinh sdch md rpng lanh thd ra ben ngoai, duc^c de cap. TrQdc dd, khi thUdng thuyen<br /> ddc bipt la trQdng hpp cua Vipt Nam, Bic- hay quan lai cua Thai Lan npp le vat da<br /> Nam bi chia cit, ddi lap gay g i t nen khao giii thu n h i n va de cdp ndi dung mpt each<br /> khat thuc diy chinh sach Nam tien hdn eu the vd thud thdng thUdng so vdi thdi ky<br /> bao gid hdt. Vd kdt qua la trong quan h | trUde va ed the phan doan thai dp eua Vipt<br /> Vipt Nam-Thai Lan thdi gian dd, Chiem Nam nhu the nao qua vipc giii do dap le<br /> Thdnh vd'n la vung dpm d i n d i n hi xda bd eho qudc vUdng va hoang hau Thai Lan.<br /> do sQ can thipp vdo ndi bp vUdng qudc<br /> Ndi dung "trQ cho p h i n thud budn giam<br /> Angor ciia Thai Lan va Vipt Nam tang theo<br /> xudng b i n g niia p h i n ndm trUde" da eho<br /> svl suy yeu nhanh chdng eiia vUdng qudc<br /> tha'y quan hp thdng thUdng giQa hai nQdc<br /> Angor.<br /> dQpc trien khai them mdt bUde. Do dn dinh<br /> Trong lich sii Vipt Nam, trieu dai Hdu npi bp trong thdi ky d i u eiia vQdng trieu<br /> Le la trieu dai md rpng lanh thd Vipt Nam Hau Le nen luc dd Vipt Nam d thdi ky ma<br /> nhieu n h i t . O Quang Nam ddn cQc Nam ehinh sach Nam tien hoan todn khdng dQpc<br /> lanh thd hipn tai cung dQpc hinh thanh xuc tien. Day cung Id thdi ky md ngoai<br /> trong thdi k^ nay (28). Lue dd, vUdng qudc Xiem La ra, Vipt Nam cd quan h$ trieu<br /> Ayutthaya eiia Thai Lan eung quyet tam cdng vdi Trao Oa, Tam Phat Te, Chiem<br /> md rpng lanh thd. Vipc chinh phyc Thanh, Man Lat Gia (31).<br /> Quan h$ giira Vi^ Ram va Th61 Lan... 39<br /> <br /> Sau Le Thai Tdng, Le Nhan Tdng, trong Chiem Thanh va Chan Lap. Thai Lan thi d<br /> thdi gian tai vi eiia Le Thanh Tdng, quan trong tinh trang chien tranh gay git di<br /> hp giQa Vipt Nam vd Chiem Thanh rdi vao tranh gianh Uu the' va md rpng lanh thd<br /> quan hp xung dot. Nam 1470, Le Thanh trong vung d i t hda binh vdi cac vUdng qudc<br /> Tdng da d i n mdt dai quan hung manh gdm Ddng-Tay-Nam-Bie. Vdi ludt rQng an va bj<br /> 150 ngdn linh chiem linh Chiem Thanh va an l l n nhau nhQ the. Nam tien eiia Vipt<br /> den trieu dai nhd Hd thi da hpp n h i t Nam va va Ddng tie'n Thai Lan khdng t h i<br /> nhQng dQdi thdi cai tri ciia nha Minh da bi khdng anh hQdng de'n quan hp ddi ngoai<br /> Iiy lai Quang Nam va Quang Ngai. Ngoai giQa hai nQdc.<br /> sQ kipn dd ra thi Idnh thd Vipt Nam da TQ d i u the ky XVI quan hp ddi ngoai<br /> dQpc md rdng den Binh Dinh (32). Khdng ciia Vipt Nam vdi cac nUdc lang gieng bao<br /> nhQng the, Le Thanh Tdng edn vd hipu hda gdm ea Thdi Lan da giam di do tinh hinh<br /> sQc manh cua Chiem Thdnh vdi hinh thQc trong nUde nhU cude chidn tranh Nam-Bic<br /> dat 3 vua tren 3 vung edn lai ciia Chiem (1527-1592) hay sQ ndi loan cua ndng dan<br /> Thanh (33). tren todn qudc xay ra tQ ndm 1511-1522. Vi<br /> Tham vpng hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh eiia the, svl ehinh phvie Chiem Thanh ciia mien<br /> Vipt Nam va sQ xung dot vdi Chiem Thdnh Nam Vipt Nam bi gian doan tam thdi. Cupc<br /> d phfa Nam eung da anh hQdng den mdi d i u tranh quyen iQc eiia Trinh-Nguyen<br /> quan hp doi ngoai giQa Vipt Nam vd Thai phan chia Vipt Nam thanh 2 mien Nam-<br /> Lan. Di nhien khdng biet rd nguyen nhan, Bic va sQ md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam<br /> nhQng nhQ da de cdp d tren lipu cd d sQ tQ dQpc trien khai mpt lln nQa.<br /> chdi eiia Vipt Nam ddi vdi vi^c dang le vdt Ndu sQ md rpng lanh thd trQdc day vdn<br /> ciia thQdng thuyen Xiem La vao nam 1467 cd mve dieh kinh te, ehinh trj thi si^ md<br /> khdng?. Lue nay quan hp vdi Thai Lan rpng lanh thd luc ndy n h i m phpc hdi sQc<br /> hoan toan khdng c h i m dQt. Tuy nhien cung manh dl tim lai quyen iQc da m i t (35). Do<br /> khdng tim t h i y tai lifu nao ghi quan hp tdt dd sQ md rpng lanh thd vd phfa Nam luc<br /> dpp qua trieu cdng va thdng thQdng eua hai nay khdng chi gidi han ddn Chiem Thanh<br /> nQdc. NhQng thang 11 nam 1485 khi xem ma mpt each tQ nhien md rpng den tdn<br /> xdt ndi dung sic ludt ve vipe sQ t h i n eae Campuchia ndi tiep giap vdi Chiem Thanh.<br /> phien bang ddn trieu cd'ng nhQ Chiem Ket qua la cho den bay gid khdng t h i tranh<br /> Thdnh, Lao Qua, Xiem La, Trao Oa, Lat dQpc sQ xung dot vdi Thai Lan, nQdc tidp<br /> Gia (34) thi khdng t h i ddn gian di ddn ket tyc dung quyen iQc gdy anh hQdng d<br /> luan la Vipt Nam hoan toan khdng ed quan Campuchia.<br /> hp vdi Thai Lan.<br /> Trong l;eh sii, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam<br /> Svl that Vipt Nam da tQ chdi quan hp vdi vdi Campuchia Id quan hp quan thin.<br /> Thai Lan tQ giQa the ky XV dd tao nen mpt Campuchia da trieu cdng eho Vipt Nam tQ<br /> hinh anh r i t phQc tap khi nhin nhan trat nam 1012 dQdi thdi nha Ly (36). NhQng<br /> tQ tUdng lai cua Ddng Nam A. Vipt Nam da trong quan hp quan t h i n , quan hp giQa hai<br /> thue diy Nam tien d l hpp n h i t Chiem nQdc ket cue v i n khdng em dpp. Vi vay,<br /> Thanh, sau dd npi loan trong thdi gian ddi Campuchia thQdng xuyen chiem doat Vipt<br /> vd giQa Nam-Bic da cd sU doi lap gay git, Nam. Trong qua trinh dd, Campuchia da<br /> phia Nam tidp t\ie Nam tien dl hpp n h i t lien hipp vdi Chiem Thdnh la nQdc nim d v\<br /> 40 Rghito ciiru Lich sit. s6 8.2008<br /> <br /> tri quan trpng cung thanh ldp ehien ham man ma vdi Campuchia nen nam 1623 va<br /> va trong lich sii, luc thinh vU(?ng nha't nam sau dd da hai l l n xam chiem<br /> Campuchia da vai l l n chiem Vipt Nam vao Campuchia nhQng t h i t bai (39). DQdi<br /> the ky XII. Vdi lich sc( nhU the, sQ mong chfnh sach ngoai giao g i n Vipt xa Thai Lan<br /> mdi hq)p nhd't Chiem Thanh eua nhQng cua Campuchia, nam 1658, vipc yeu eiu<br /> ngQdi Vipt Nam trong qua khQ va sQ cin Vipt Nam tham gia vao Campuchia de giai<br /> thiet phai md rdng lanh thd cua chua quyet tranh cha'p vUdng v\ (40) da lam eho<br /> Nguyen dQdi thdi ky ddi lap Nam-Bic giQa quan hp giQa Thai Lan vd Vipt Nam them<br /> sau the ky XVI da thuc diy sQ hdp n h i t cdng t h i n g hdn. Nhan cd hdi nay, Vipt<br /> Campuchia ciia Vipt Nam. Nam da giii quan dpi den Campuchia giup<br /> giai quydt phan tranh rdi bien Campuchia<br /> D i u the ky XVI, do tinh hinh trong nUde<br /> trd thanh thupc qudc. Thai Lan da hai lln<br /> hon loan, vipe Nam tien bi tri trp,<br /> phai sQ t h i n vao nam 1659 vd 1660 eho<br /> Campuchia n i m dudi sU cai tri cua Thai<br /> ehua Trinh dang cd chien tranh vdi chua<br /> Lan. Sau dd, vUdng qudc Ayutthaya thdnh<br /> Nguyen (41) la mdt sach lUdc ngoai giao dl<br /> thupc qudc cua Mien Dipn (1569-1584) nen<br /> ham lai sU Nam tien cua ehua Nguyen.<br /> tan dung cd hdi ndy, Campuchia vdi tim lai<br /> ddc ldp tam thdi va rdi lai bi lp thude vao Mdt mat, sau khi bien Campuchia thanh<br /> vUdng qudc Ayutthaya. Lue dd vUdng qudc thupe qudc, thang 3 nam 1660 khi chua<br /> Ayutthaya da cai quan h i u het lanh thd Nguyen phai sQ doan thQdng mai ddn<br /> eua Thai Lan. 0 Vipt Nam, ehua Nguyen la vUdng qudc Ayutthaya khdng dUpe Thai<br /> ngUdi ed anh hQdng d phia Nam da triln Lan tiep dai tii td dd la mpt sQ trQng phat<br /> khai hdp n h i t p h i n lanh thd cdn lai ciia hay tra dua. Ddi vdi vipc phai sQ doan sang<br /> Chiem Thanh b i n g vipe b i t d i u hdp n h i t thi Cho Heung Guk eho dd la sach iQpc<br /> Cu Mdng va Dai Linh eiia Chiem Thanh. ngoai giao eiia Vipt Nam de n i m b i t phan<br /> Qng cua chinh phu Thai Lan nhQ thd ndo<br /> Tham vpng md rpng lanh thd ciia Vipt<br /> ddi vdi vipc tham gia quan sQ vdo<br /> Nam khdng ehi dQng lai d Chiem Thdnh.<br /> Campuchia vdn cd anh hQdng cua Thai Lan<br /> Nam 1620, chua Nguyen da ky kdt ddng<br /> trong truyen thdng (42), va cung eho biet<br /> minh va kdt hdn vdi Chey Chettha ddi thQ<br /> bay gid minh 11 nQdc ba chii ddi vdi<br /> 2 eiia Campuchia (37). Ldi dung dieu ndy,<br /> Campuchia va mudn tranh xung dpt. Hdn<br /> Campuchia da mQdn sQc eua Vipt Nam de<br /> nQa, n h i m liy lai sQc manh bi tieu hao, lap<br /> thoat khdi sQ eai tri ciia Thai Lan (38). Vipt<br /> trQdng ciia Chua Nguyen Id hdn luc nao<br /> Nam ed ed hpi can thipp vao Campuchia<br /> hdt d n diy manh thdng thQdng vdi ben<br /> mdt each hdp phap vdi tQ each Id ngQdi dan<br /> ngoai, vipe c i t dQt quan hp thQdng mai vdi<br /> trong nQdc, ddng thdi tren ed sd dd,<br /> Thai Lan khdng cd Ipi nen da phai sQ doan<br /> Campuchia ed dQdc cd hdi tuypt vdi cd t h i<br /> thQdng mai sang Thai Lan n h i m duy tri<br /> can trd Thai Lan tien vao xam chiem lanh<br /> mdi quan hp nay. Dieu nay dQpc suy luan<br /> thd eiia minh.<br /> qua vipe chua Nguyen danh thue xuit<br /> Sau khi ket hdn ddng minh, ngUdi Vipt nhap eang eae tau thuyen nQdc ngodi tidn<br /> di tru ddn Campuchia nhieu hdn, quan hp den phia Nam ndi chua Nguyen cai tq.<br /> ddi ngoai ciia hai nUdc cung sau sic hdn va "Xdt lp thue do Ipnh sii tau cu Id Vo Chan<br /> Thai Lan da b i t man trong quan hp khdng Dai ke khai thi tau ThQdng Hai lp thud ddn<br /> Quan h4 giijra Vi^t Ram vt Th6i Lan. 41<br /> <br /> <br /> la 3.000 quan, thud ve la 300 quan, tau hanh cude chidn tranh l l n thQ 7 vd cung<br /> Quang Ddng lp thud den la 3.000 quan, mudn tranh xung dot vu iQc vdi Thai Lan.<br /> thud ve la 300 quan, tau d Phue Kien lp Lue nay Campuchia phai trieu cdng eho ca<br /> thud la 2.000 quan, thue ve la 200 quan, Thdi Lan va Vipt Nam.<br /> tau Hai Nam thud ddn la 500 quan, thud ve Sau dd, ndm 1679, giQa qudc vQdng vd<br /> la 50 quan, tau Tay DUdng lp thud ddn phd qudc vQdng ciia Campuchia xay ra<br /> 8.000 quan, thud ve la 800 quan, tau Ma xung dot, Vipt Nam va Thai Lan ddng thdi<br /> Cao lp thud den Id 4.000 quan, thud vd la cung can thipp quan sQ d Campuchia nen<br /> 400 quan, tau Nhat Ban lp thue den la da xay ra chidn tranh d dd (47). Mdt mdt,<br /> 4.000 quan, thud ve la 400 quan, tau Xiem vao nam 1679, nhieu ngQdi dan eua nQdc<br /> La lp thud den la 2.000 quan, thud ve 200 Minh gia eU vdo Campuchia (48) da lam<br /> quan..." (43). Trong tinh hinh ehinh tri ddi cho tinh hinh them phQc tap. Vipt Nam da<br /> lap Trinh-Nguyen, dieu khoan eho t h i y ddi lpi dung hp dl thue diy hpp n h i t lanh thd<br /> ngoai thdng thUdng giQa Thai Lan va Vipt eua Campuchia va ke't qua la b i t diu phat<br /> Nam binh thQdng hdn lue nao hdt. triln lanh thd rpng ldn ve phia Ddng ciia<br /> Campuchia nhQ Ddng Phd, My Tho, Bien<br /> Ve sau, vipc tranh gianh ngdi vi d<br /> Hda vd rdi nam 1698 da hpp n h i t toan bp<br /> Campuchia v i n dQpc tidp tuc. Campuchia<br /> (49). Tidp theo, nam 1680, Mac Ciiu la mpt<br /> khdng the tQ giai quyet vipe nay dupe, nen<br /> cQu t h i n eua nha Minh, que d tinh Quang<br /> mdi khi ein thi lai yeu eiu sU giup dd eua<br /> Ddng Trung Qud'c dUdc b i u lam quan ly<br /> Thai Lan va Vipt Nam kd can (44), Thai<br /> eua Campuchia da khai thac todn bp Hd<br /> Lan va Vipt Nam vd'n dang ehd ed hdi hdp<br /> Tien nhUng nam 1708, dng ta dd than phuc<br /> nha't nen lpi dyng dieu nay nen hai nQdc da<br /> Vipt Nam nen them mpt lln nQa Vipt Nam<br /> d^t tham vpng eua minh vd do dd khdng<br /> ed dQdc lanh thd phia Nam cua Chan Lap<br /> t h i tranh khdi sQ xung dpt gay git.<br /> (50). Con trai eua Mac Ciiu \k Mac Thien<br /> Vipe tranh gidnh vQdng vi vdo nam 1674 TQ, nam 1739 dQdc cdng nhan cd cdng lao<br /> da tao ed hpi cho Vipt Nam phai quan dpi ngan chdn Campuchia nhan chi vipn cua<br /> den Campuchia l l n thQ hai (45). Kdt qua Id Xiem La va dupe phong ldm dd ddc (51).<br /> xay ra sQ xung dpt vu Ivle l l n thQ n h i t vdi<br /> Sau dd, cupc phan tranh vUdng vi cua<br /> Thai Lan vd'n b i t d i u can thipp quan sQ va<br /> Campuchia vd sU can thipp npi tinh eua<br /> chinh tri vao Campuchia vao d i u nhQng<br /> Thai Lan va Vipt Nam vao Campuchia vd<br /> nam 1670. Vipt Nam chidn t h i n g da bd<br /> so' l l n va quy md ngay eang tang. Ket qua<br /> nhipm Nde 6 n g Thu, Nac Ong Ndn lam<br /> la sU md rpng lanh thd Campuchia eua hai<br /> qudc vQdng va phd qudc vQdng va cho cQ<br /> nude dupe tiep tvic. Nam 1757, Thuy Chan<br /> tni d Udong (Long Ue), Sdi Gdn. Do can<br /> Lap va Lue Chan Lap (52) vdn bi phan chia<br /> thifp vdo npi tinh ciia Campuchia, Vipt<br /> vao the ky VIII da dupe hpp n h i t thdnh<br /> Nam da dQa ra ly do Id con chau hoang tpc<br /> todn bp Chan Lap va Vipt Nam da cd dUpe<br /> nen da bd nhipm Nac 6 n g Thu than Thai<br /> lanh thd nhU ngay nay.<br /> Lan lam qudc vQdng ehinh chQ khdng bd<br /> nhifm Nan 6 n g Npn thdn minh du minh Id Dudi thdi vUdng qudc Thonburi (1767-<br /> nQdc chidn t h i n g Id mdt each cdng nhdn 1782), Thai Lan da cd anh hUdng manh<br /> Thai Lan manh hdn minh (46). Thdt ra lue hdn den Campuchia. Luc dd, chua Nguyen<br /> dd chua Trinh vd ehua Nguyen dang tidn b phfa Nam rdi vdo hdn loan, sQc thdng trj<br /> 42 Rghl&i ciiru Lich sit, sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> yeu di do cd eudc nd'i loan ciia dan tdc thieu tae vdi Nguyen Huy Thuy (53) dang d trong<br /> sdva ndng dan. TQ nam 1771, cupc ndi loan tinh trang khdng t h i tien hanh chidn tranh<br /> ciia ndng dan Tay Sdn b i t d i u uy hiep den dQdc nQa ma phai elp bach xii Iy tinh hinh<br /> sQ tdn tai cua ehua Nguyin va sQ dipt vong trong nQdc nen da n i t quan de quan dpi vd<br /> cua trieu dai hdu Le. Tinh hinh dd da can ban than dQpc an todn. Vi vdy, cho du<br /> trd vipc md rdng lanh thd v l chua Nguyen Chakri ky kdt vdi Vipt Nam vdi cQdng vi<br /> di nhien khdng t h i can thipp dQdc vao ndi qudc gia nhQng v i n thd'y tfnh ca nhan<br /> tinh ciia Campuchia. Vipc khdng the md manh hdn. Khi xem xdt tinh hinh Iiic dd thi<br /> rdng lanh thd hdn nQa cung la do trong thdi dd chfnh Id dieu Udc ky ket ciia ca nhan cua<br /> gian n g i n ehua Nguyen da md rdng lanh Chakri. Lue dd, thdt ra, chua Nguyen ciia<br /> thd r i t ldn va khdng dii kha nang de quan Vipt Nam dang ehien d i u vdi quan Tay Sdn<br /> ly khai thae. Vdi cd hpi nay, vQdng qudc da tidp nhan yeu c i u cua phia Thai Lan.<br /> Thonburi cua Thai Lan va vQdng qud'c<br /> Ky kdt giQa hai ngUdi sau ndy da dem<br /> Rattanakosin (1782-den nay) da dpc chidm<br /> lai sU thay ddi r i t ldn cho quan hp giQa hai<br /> quyen lanh dao ddi vdi Campuchia. nUdc. Chung tdi se de cap sau, nhUng ehua<br /> Thdi gian ddi lap giQa Tay Sdn va chua Nguyen thdng qua vipc ky kdt nay, trUde<br /> Nguyen (1771-1802) cung da tao ra mdt hdt da bao vp sinh mang ciia minh vd<br /> khfa canh mdi trong quan hp giQa Vipt nhQng ngQdi ung hd minh d l khdng chi<br /> Nam va Thai Lan. Vd phia Vipt Nam, eho chuin bi cd sd cho vipc quay trd lai md cdn<br /> de'n biy gid chua Nguyen d phia Nam vdn duy tri mdi quan hp hQu nghj hpp tac vdi<br /> chii dao moi quan hp vdi Thai Lan da thua nhau cho du sau khi thdnh Idp vUdng trieu<br /> trong cupc chien vdi Tay Sdn va s i p bi dipt thinh thoang cd xung dpt giQa hai ben.<br /> vong edn Thai Lan thi vUdng qudc NhQng sQ kipn sau day cd t h i dem lai<br /> Thonburi dUpe thanh ldp va vUdng qud'c kdt qua eho quan hp hpp tac giQa chua<br /> Aj^thaiya hi suy tan nhUng trong thdi gian Nguyen vd Chakri. TrQdc hdt, trong cupc<br /> dd mdi quan hp cdng t h i n g giQa eae nha sQ da'u tranh vdi anh em nhd Tay Sdn, Nguyen<br /> va ehien tranh ddi ngoai trong thdi gian ddi Phue Anh da phai Nguyen HQu Thyy, Trin<br /> da ling diu, vd tidp nol vQdng qudc<br /> Xuan Trach den Thai Lan vao t h i n g 4 nam<br /> Thonburi, vQdng qud'e Rattanakosin trong<br /> 1782 va ed t h i da yeu eiu chi vipn (54). Tiep<br /> thdi gian d i u xay dQng d i t nUde khdng<br /> theo vdo thang 3 ndm 1784, trong cupc chien<br /> dupe dn dinh, da xay ra ehien tranh vdi<br /> tranh, Nguyen Phuc Anh da d i n nhQng<br /> Mien Dipn, Java vdi quy md ldn.<br /> ngUdi iing hd minh lanh nan d Thai Lan<br /> Vdi tinh hinh dd, quan hp giQa hai nQdc (55). Cd t h i dupe xem gidng nhU tnidng hpp<br /> hodn toan xay dvfng tren ed sd mdi. Thang eua tQdng Vinhlyma cua Thai Lan bi b i t<br /> 11 nam 1781, khi Chakri eiia Thai Lan sdng trong cupc chien vdi anh em Tay Sdn<br /> xam chidm Campuchia, Chudng cd Nguyen mdt ndm trQdc vao t h i n g 7 nam 1783. Khi<br /> HQu Thuy eua Viet Nam nhftn Ipnh cua vUdng qudc Thonburi gap hdn loan, dng ta<br /> Nguyen Phuc Anh chi vipn cho Campuchia. da dem 200 binh Ifnh va miy chyc chidn<br /> Trong thdi gian hai phia ddi d i u d thuyen den Vipt Nam tranh nan dang giup<br /> Campuchia thi d Thai Lan da xay ra phan ehua Nguyen thi bj b i t (56).<br /> loan, luc dd gia dinh ciia Chakri d Bdng Vua Chakri eiia vQdng qudc<br /> Cdc bi bit. Luc dd, Chakria da ky ket hpp Rattanakosin da nhan yeu c i u chi vipn cua<br /> Quan h$ giura Vi&i Ram vd Th6i Lan... 43<br /> <br /> <br /> Nguyen Phue Anh, thang 7 nam 1784, hai khan bdi han han va ddi kdm (60). Nam<br /> chau Chieu Tang, Chieu SQdng dem 300 1789, trQdc sQ xam iQpc eua Mien Dipn,<br /> ehien thuyen vdi 2 van quan ehi vipn eho Vipt Nam da giii 100 chidn thuyen va 7.000<br /> Vipt Nam. Lue diu, lien hipp quan ciia hai quan ehi vipn cho Thai Lan (61). Ndm<br /> ben gin nhQ thing, nhQng bi quan Tay Sdn 1791, neu nhQ vipc vQdng trieu Chakri<br /> mai phue nen da h\ thua. Quan bai trdn chuyen nhQpng tu binh cua Tay Sdn tQ<br /> ciia Thai Lan da n i t quan qua Campuchia. vQdng qudc Van TQdng eho chua Nguyin la<br /> Nguyen Phue Anh mdt l l n nQa iQu vong d vipe cd that thi chua Nguyen - vUdng qudc<br /> Thai Lan vdo thang 4 nam 1785. Vua Thai Chakri-vUdng qudc Van TUdng da lien hipp<br /> Lan da di cho dng ta cQ t n i d Ddng Khoai danh lai Tay Sdn (62).<br /> (d ngoai thanh Vpng Cae) ngoai thanh eua<br /> 4. Ket l u a n<br /> Bang Cdc (57). Ong ta sdng d dd nhQng<br /> phai ngQdi ve nQdc de chieu mp quan Ifnh, Chung tdi da gidi ban vipe xem xdt quan<br /> n i m tinh hinh ciia quan Tay Sdn, chuin h\ hp giQa Vipt Nam va Thai Lan tQ thdi ky<br /> khdi phue. Thang 2 nam 1786, Midn Dipn nha Han Trung Qudc cai tri Vipt Nam den<br /> xam chidm Thai Lan, dng ta lanh dao va tridu dai cudi cung ciia Vipt Nam.<br /> giup dd Thai Lan danh bai quan Mien Vipt Nam va Thai Lan d trong ban dao<br /> Dipn. Vua Thai Lan da tdng nhieu ll vdt va Ddng DQdng vd dQdc ndi lien bdi dQdng<br /> hQa giup dng ta la'y lai quyen iQc. Thang 3 bien giQa Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia nen<br /> eung nam, trQdc cude xam chidm eiia Java, da cd quan hp tQ sdm. NhUng theo quan<br /> dng ta cung xui't binh va ldp dQdc chidn nipm lich sii "quan hp giQa cac nUde lang<br /> cdng (58). gieng khdng tot" nen quan hp ddi ngoai cua<br /> Thang 3 nam 1787, Nguyen Phue Anh hai nUde cung khong dUde mdn md. Quan<br /> n i m dQpc tin quan Tay Sdn rdi vdo tinh hp ddi ngoai giQa Vipt Nam vd cae nUde<br /> trang hdn loan va dng ta nhanh chdng trd lang gidng bao gdm ca Thai Lan khdng<br /> ve nQdc. NhQng luc ndy dng ta cho r i n g dupc td't dpp mpt p h i n do y thQc tieu Trung<br /> trong qua trinh ehien d i u vdi quan Tay Hoa thdng qua qua trinh d i u tranh gay git<br /> Sdn, quan Thdi Lan da khiep sp edn ngQdi vdi Trung Qudc. May thay, giQa hai nUdc cd<br /> dan khu vvie cd cam tinh vdi quan Tdy Sdn, Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia lam vung<br /> svl giup dd cua Thai Lan trd nen khdng cd dpm nen cd the giam bdt sU ddi ldp va xung<br /> hipu qua nen da vd nQdc. Ong ta den hdn dpt. NhUng Chiem Thdnh din din bi xoa<br /> Tre (True Du), d dd dng ta da chat thu elp ten tren ban dd vd Campuchia bi thua<br /> cua cai cd Trung vdn dang hoat dpng hai trong cupc canh tranh vdi cac nUdc lang<br /> tac vdi nhQng doi tQpng la thQdng thuyen gieng nen quan hp hai nUde cd khi rdi vao<br /> ciia Thai Lan rdi giii sang cho Thai Lan. ddi ldp vd xung dpt.<br /> Vipc ndy cung giup eho mdi quan hp hpp TQ sdm, Vipt Nam vd Thai Lan da diu<br /> tac giQa hai ben phat trien (59). tranh va ddi ldp gay git vdi cac nQdc lang<br /> Quan hp hdp tac giQa hai ben v i n dQpc gieng vi sQ sinh tdn va thinh vQpng. Quan<br /> tidp tyc sau khi ehua Nguyen ve nQdc 1 hp giQa hai nUde da bj anh hudng bdi dieu<br /> nam sau khi phvie hdi Gia Dinh ndm 1789. ndy. Do dd, thdi ky Chiem Thanh va<br /> Cd nhQng sQ kipn nhQ da ehi vipn 8.800 Campuchia vQng manh, quan hp giQa hai<br /> bao ngii cdc eho Thai Lan dang gap khd nQdc em dpp nhUng khi Chiem Thanh va<br /> 44 R g h i ^ curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> <br /> Campuchia bi yeu di thi tinh hinh da trd dinh nha't la tinh hinh Campuchia.<br /> nen phQc tap hdn.<br /> Ly do tinh hinh Campuchia trd thanh<br /> Quan he giQa hai nUde khdng chi bi t i e yeu td quyet dinh la do Thai Lan va Vipt<br /> ddng bdi tinh hinh Chiem Thanh va Nam tiep can Campuchia vdi tham vpng<br /> Campuchia. Tinh hinh ehinh tri trong nUde n i m quyen lUe, md rdng lanh thd cua minh<br /> ciia Vipt Nam va Thai Lan cung nhU tinh thdng qua vipc giup dd giai quyet van dd ke<br /> hinh ndi bp va quan he cua eae nUde lang thQa vUdng vi d Campuchia. Nhd cd hpi<br /> gidng khae ngoai Chiem Thanh, nay, hai nUde da cd dUpe mpt lanh thd r i t<br /> Campuchia eung gay anh hudng den quan ldn cua Campuchia. Ket qua la ngay nay,<br /> he cua Vipt Nam va Thai Lan. NhUng tinh quan he giQa ba nUdc ma dac bipt la quan<br /> hinh Chiem Thanh va Campuchia la yeu td' hp Viet Nam-Campuchia, quan hp Thai<br /> gay anh hudng ldn nha't den quan hp hai Lan-Campuchia v i n bi anh hUdng khdng<br /> nUde dd la bien sd. Trong dd, yeu td quydt nhd.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (*). Tac gia xin chfin thfinh cam dn Quy nghien cdu Lich sd, so 46, 1963; Trin Trpng Kim, Vi^t<br /> Cliu ciia Trildng Dai hpc Ngo^i ngiJ Han Quoc Nam sd lUgc, Nxb. Vfin h6a Thong tin, Hfi Npi,<br /> (2008). 1999, p. 69; Dfio Duy Anh, Lich sd Viit Nam, Nxb.<br /> Van h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2002, p. 149; Trin<br /> (1). Cho Jae Hyun-Song Jung Nam, Su nhin<br /> Quoc Vupng-Ha Van Tfi'n, Lich sd che dd phong<br /> vdo Viit Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Ngofii ngiJ Han Quoc,<br /> kii'n Viet Nam, Tfip I, Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi,<br /> 2005, p. 75, 129.<br /> 1960, pp. 182-183; Kim Young Aih, Lich sd Thdi<br /> (2). Cho Hung Guk: Political Relations between Lan, Nxb. D^i hpc Ngo^i ngiJ Han Quoc, 2002,<br /> Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam in the p.28; Kim Hong Gu, Nhap mdn Thdi Lan hgc,<br /> Seventeenth Century, The Southeast Asian Review, Nxb. DHNN PS, 2000, p. 75; See Ga Seo, Dgi Ly cd<br /> Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian dgi vdn hda khdo, HilOng Gang, 1979, pp.120-122;<br /> Studies, 1997, p. 64. Cho Hung Guk, Phfit gido Thdi Lan vd Nudc Qudc<br /> (3). Song Jung Nam, A Study of Buddhism of Vuang, Nxb. Sonamu, 2000, p. 22.<br /> Vietnam, Joural of International and Area Studies, (8). Dgi Vi?t sd ky todn thU, T^p I. Nxb. Khoa<br /> Vol.19 No. 1, Institute for International and Area hpc xa hpi, 1971, pp.134-137.<br /> Studies, 2001.<br /> (9). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thu, T$ip I, Nxb. Khoa<br /> (4). Phan Khoang, Viet Sd: Xd Ddng Trong hpc xfi hpi. Ha Npi, 1971, p. 281; Dgi Vift sd ky<br /> 1558-1777, Nxb. Khai Tri, 1969, p. 20. tiin biin, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1997, p. 283; Vift<br /> (5). Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh biin, sd thdng gidm cUang mt^c chinh biin, T^p FV, Nxb.<br /> T 4 P I, Nxb.Van Sd Dja, p. 109. Vfin Sii Dja, 1958, p. 355.<br /> <br /> (6). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T^p I. Nxb. Khoa (10). Dgi Vi4t sd ky todn thu, T4p II, Nxb. Khoa<br /> hpc xa hpi, 1971, p. 130. hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1972, p. 101.<br /> <br /> (7). Vo Vfin Nhung, NgUdi Thdi phdi chdng Id (11). Dgi Vi^t sdky todn thU, T$p II, sdd, p.l63.<br /> ngUcfi sdng ldp nUdc Nam Chii'u? T^p chi Nghiin (12). Dgi Vi4t sd ky todn thu, T^p I, add, p. 349.<br /> Quan h^ giura Vitt Ram v6 Th61 Lan. 45<br /> <br /> <br /> (13). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tflp I, sdd, 1998, (27). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, Tfip III, Nxb.<br /> p. 317. Theo Du ky cua Maroco Polo thi nildc Locac Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1972, p. 215.<br /> la La Hpc. Kim Ho Dong, Du ky cua Marco Polo,<br /> (28). Song J u n g Nam, The Name and Territory<br /> Nxb. Sagyejul, 2006, p. 428.<br /> of Vietnam, Southesat Asia Journal, V16, N.2,<br /> (14). Viit sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh biin, 2006, p.107.<br /> T^p rv, Nxb. Vfin Sd Dja, 1958, p. 355.<br /> (29). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tfip III, sdd,<br /> (15). T r i n Trpng Kim, Viet Nam sd lugc, sdd, p.l20.<br /> pp. 354-355.<br /> (30). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T^p III, sdd,<br /> (16). Choi Byung Wook, Lich sd Ddng Nam A- p.125.<br /> thdi dgi truyuin thdng, Nxb. Cong ty giao khoa D^i<br /> (31). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip III, sdd,<br /> Hfin, 2006.<br /> p.132.<br /> (17). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, Nxb. Khoa<br /> (32). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, sdd, pp.<br /> hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1972, p. 295; Dgi Viit sd ky<br /> 233-239; Dfio Duy Anh, Lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb.<br /> tiin bien, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1997, p.<br /> Vfin h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2002, p. 237; Song<br /> 298.<br /> J u n g Nam, The Name and Territory of Vietnam,<br /> (18). Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh biin, Southesat Asia J o u r n a l , V.16, N.2, 2006, p.107.<br /> jfip rv, Nxb. Vfin Sd Dja, 1958, p. 372.<br /> (33). Dao Duy Anh, Lich sd Viit Nam, sdd, p.<br /> (19). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, sdd, p. 295. 236.<br /> <br /> (20). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, T^p II, sdd, p. (34). Dgi Vi?t sdky todn thU, T$p III, sdd, p. 292.<br /> 101; Dgi Viit sdky tiin biin, sdd, p. 405.<br /> (35). Cho J a e Hyun-Song J u n g Nam, SU nhin<br /> (21). Dgi Viit sdky todn thU, Tfip II, Nxb. Khoa vdo Viit Nam, Nxb. Tnidng D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfl<br /> hpc xa hOi, Hfi Npi, 1998, p. 140; Dgi Vi?t sd ky Han Quoc, 2005, p. 97.<br /> todn thu, T^p II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi,<br /> (36). Dgi Viit sdky todn thU, T^p I, sdd, p. 193.<br /> 1972, p. 315.<br /> (37). P h a n Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vaong Hoang<br /> (22). Kim Hong Gu, Nhdp mdn Thdi Lan hgc,<br /> Tuyen, Dinh Xufin Lfim. Lich sd chddd phong kien<br /> Nxb. DHNN PS, 2000, pp. 80-81.<br /> Viet Nam, T^p III, Nxb. Giao dvc, Hfi Npi 1961,<br /> (23). Kim Young Aih, Lich sd Thdi Lan, Nxb<br /> p. 105; Le Nguyin, Xd hdi Dgi Viit qua but ky cua<br /> D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfl H a n Quoc, 2002; Kim Hong Gu,<br /> ngudi nUdc ngodi, Nxb. Vfin ngh§ Thfinh pho Ho<br /> Nh^p mdn Thdi Lan hgc, Nxb. D H N N PS, 2000.<br /> Chf Minh, 2004, p. 171; Song J u n g Nam, Lich sd<br /> (24). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, T§p II, Nxb. Khoa Vi^t Nam, Nxb. D^i hpc Su ph^m, Hfi Npi, 2001,<br /> hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1972, p. 13. p.193, 304.<br /> (25). Song J u n g Nam, A Study on the Battles of<br /> (38). You In Sun, Lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb. Isan,<br /> Chiem Thanh against Mongolia, Korean Association<br /> 2002, p. 219.<br /> of Vietanmese Studies, V.5, 2004, p. 37.<br /> (39). P h a n Khoang, Viit Sd: Xd Ddng Trong<br /> (26). Song J u n g N a m , Foreign Policy in the<br /> 1558-1777. Nxb. Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1969, p.400.<br /> Middle Ages of Vietnam: The Case of the Mongol's<br /> Invasion Vietnam, J o u r n a l of International Area (40). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip I, Nxb.<br /> Studies, V.IO, N l . Spring 2006, pp. 221-222. Sii hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p. 98.<br /> 46 Rghi&n ciiru Ljch sJr. sg 8.2008<br /> <br /> (41). Cho Hung Guk: Political Relations (51). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien, Tfip I, Nxb.<br /> between Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam in the SQ hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 202.<br /> Seventeenth Century, The Southeast Asian Review,<br /> (52). Dao Duy Anh, Lich sd Vi^t Nam, Nxb.<br /> Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian<br /> Vfin h6a Thong tin, Ha Npi, 2002, p. 373; Cha<br /> Studies, 1997, p. 56.<br /> Sang Ho-Yang S e u n g Yun-Kim Suong J u , Cdx<br /> (42). 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