Sinh học 11 nâng cao và hướng dẫn thiết kế bài giảng (Tập 2): Phần 1

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Tài liệu Thiết kế bài giảng Sinh học 11 nâng cao (Tập 2) do Trần Khánh Phương biên soạn giới thiệu một cách thiết kế bài giảng Sinh học 11 theo tinh thần đổi mới phương pháp dạy học nhằm phát huy tính tích cực nhận thức của học sinh. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo phần 1 Tài liệu.

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Nội dung Text: Sinh học 11 nâng cao và hướng dẫn thiết kế bài giảng (Tập 2): Phần 1

THIET KE BAIGIANG mni
TRAN KHANH PHJONG /V^ >N^ THIET KE BAI GIANG SINK HOC 11 NANGCAO TAPHAI 7 X NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI
Chtrotog II CAM tTNG (Tiep theo) B - CAM LfNG 0 DONG VAT Bai 26. CAM LfNG O DONG VAT I. MUCTIEU 1. Kien thOrc - HS neu diroc dinh nghia ve cam ufng. - Phan biet duoc cam ling a dong vat vdi cam ling a thirc vat. - Trinh bay dircyc su tien hoa ciia to chiic than kinh a cac nhom dong vat khac nhau. 2. KTnang - Phan tich, so sanh, khai quat. - Van dung kien thiic, hen he thuc ti6n. - Hoat dong nhom, boat dong ca nhan. II. THIET B! DAY - HOC - Tranh hinh SGK. - Tranh hinh bai 23, 24. - Chau cay hoa trinh nU. - 1 chau cay trong tiong hop giay c6 1 16 thiing. Phieu hoc tap so 1 SO SANH CAM LfNG 6 DONG VAT VA THJC VAT Noi dung Cam umg d thtrc vat Cam urng d dong vat Vidu Hinh thiTc Bieii hien
Phieu hoc tap so 2 T I M HIEU CAIVI Q N G d CAC NHOM BONG VAT ^ \ ^ Nhom DV Dong vat c6 to chiirc than l
+ La cay trinh nO cup xudng khi c6 kich thich true tiep. + Go biia vao khuyu tay I HS. - GV yeu cau: Phan tich - HS hoat dong doc lap: cac hien tuong tren va + Ca nhan quan sat ki cac cho biet y nghia ciia cac hien tuong. hien tuong do. + Van dung kien thiic a cac bai 23, 24 va kien thiic THCS. + Nhan biet duoc cam ling a thuc vat do la: Tinh hucfng sang, ting dong khong sinh trucmg (van dong truong nuoc). + HS neu duoc y nghia ciia cac hien tuong do la: Giiip thuc vat va dong vat thich nghi vdi moi tru6ng song. - GV: tom tat y kien ciia - HS khai quat kien thiic. - Cam ling la kha nang HS roi GV goi y de HS tiep nhan va phan ling lai khai quat thanh khai niem cac kich thich cua moi cam ling. truong ben ngoai, dam - GV yeu cau HS - HS hoat dong nhom. bao cho CO the sinh vat + Quan sat cac tranh hinh + Ca nhan quan sat tranh ton tai va phat trien. SGK 6 cac bai 23, 24, hinh, van dung kien thiic tranh phan xa 6 dong vat. CO lien quan den cam ling + Hoan thanh cac noi ket hop vcfi SGK trang dung ciia phieu hoc tap so 102 muc I. 1:" So sanh cam ling 6 + Thao luan trong nhom dong vat va thuc vat" thong nhat y kien ghi - GV ke phieu hoc tap so phieu hoc tap. 1 len bang
- GV nhan xet, danh gia - Cac nhom ghi dap an va thong bao dap an len phieu hoc tap tren diing. bang. - Ldfp theo doi nhan xet 2. Phan biet cam ting o va bo sung. dong vat va thuc vat - Cac nhom tu sua chiia. - Dap an phieu hoc tap so 1. Noi dung Cam ijfng ci thirc vat Cam lirng ci dong vat Vidu - Cay vLTdn ve phia c6 anh sang, r l cay - Trung roi bdi den ch6 c6 anh sang de hudng ve phia c6 nguon nu'dc. quang hdp. - Bat moi 6 la cay bat ruoi va cay nap - Ca bdi ngUdc dong rwJdc de tranh am. doc. - Van dong cuon vong cua tua cuon. - Cham tay vao vat nong co tay lai. - Cho tiet nUdc bot khi ngCri thay mui thifc an ngon. - Tho chay tron khi thay mui cua cho s6i hay sUtCr. Hinh thifc - Bieu hien bang: - Bieu hien bang cac phan xa 6 cac dong vat c6 he than kinh: + Hudng dong: Hudng dat, hudng sang, hudng nude, hudng hoa. + Phan xa khong dieu kien. + C/ng dong:: ung dong sinh trucing va + Phan xa c6 dieu kien. Lfng dong khong sinh trUcfng. Bieu hien: - Cam LTng d i i n ra cham, kho nhan biet. - Cam Lfng difen ra nhanh, d i phat hien. - Chiu SLf anh hUOng cua cac hoocmon. - IVILTC do, hinh thLfc cam irng thay ddi tuy thuoc vao mifc do to chCrc cua bp phan tiep nhan va phan Lfng lai cac kich thich (he than kinh). - GV neu van de: Phan - HS van dung kien thiic biet CO CO trong truong ve phan xa va cam ling de hop sau: trao doi va phan tich • Kich thich vao co diii dugc. ech (ech con song). + Kich thich vao co diii • Kich thich vao co da ech -^ CO co: Do la phan tach roi hay che pham xa tu ve. Phan xa thuc than kinh. hien do co day dii cac
thanh phan cua cung phan xa, do la cO quan thu cam, day thSn kinh. + Kich thich vao co tach rdi, che pham than kinh -> CO CO. Do la do co, che ph^m than kinh co kha nang hung phan nghia la CO tinh cam ling chii Ket luan: Cam ling la khong phai la phan xa. dac tinh chung cua moi to - HS khai quat kien thiic chiic song. Hoat dong 2. C A M UNG 6 CAC NHOM DONG VAT KHAC NHAU Muc tieu: - HS chi ra dugc su tien hoa cua to chiic than kinh d cac nhom dong vat. - Phan biet cam ling 6 cac nhom dong vat. Hoat dong cua GV Hoqt dong cua HS Noi dung - GV yeu cau HS: - HS hoat dong nhom. 1. Tim hieu to chiic than + Quan sat tranh hinh + Ca nhan quan sat tranh liinh o cac nhom dong 26.1 SGK trang 102. phan tich, van dung kien vat + Tra led cau hoi: Trinh thirc sinh hgc lop 7, nhan bay su tien hoa ciia to biet cac dang he than chiic than kinh 6 cac kinh. nhom dong vat. + Thao luan nhom thong nha't y kien. - Yeu cau neu dugc: + Nhom dong vat chua co to chiic than kinh. + Nhom dong vat co to chiic than kinh tit dcfn gian den phiic tap. - Dai dien nhom trinh bay, Icfp nhan xet va bo sung.
- GV nhan xet, danh gia Ket luan: va yeu cau HS khai quat - Nhom dong vat don kien thiic. bao: khong co he than kinh. - Nhom dong vat da bao: He than kinh cau tao tCr don gian den phiic tap: Than kinh dang ludi -> Than kinh chu6i hach -^ Than kinh dang ong (Gom than kinh trung uong va ngoai bien). - GV neu yeu cau: 2. Tim hieu cam ufng a + Quan sat tranh hinh cac nhom dong vat SGK va tranh cung phan xa. + Hoan thanh cac noi dung trong phieu hgc tap so 2:'' Tim hieu cam ling 6 cac nhom dong vat" - HS hoat dong nhom: + Ca nhan quan sat tranh hinh ket hgp v6i viec nghien ciiu SGK trang 103 muc 1 va 2. + Trao doi ve cac noi dung trong phieu hgc tap -^ thong nha't y kien -^ ghi phieu. + Neu VI du phan tich - GV chieu mot vai phieu + Dai dien nhom trinh hgc tap de lofp quan sat. bay tren may chieu -^ Lcfp nhan xet, bo sung. - GV nhan xet, danh gia va thong bao dap an - Cac nhom theo doi va diing. siia chiia.
DAP AN PHIEU HOC TAP SO 2 Dong vat chi/a co to Dong vat co he than kinh Dong vat co he than chufc than kinh dang ludi kinh dang chuoi hach Oai dien Dong vat nguyen sinh: - T h u y tuTc. - Giun dot, chan khdp. Trung roi, trung amip, trung de giay. Cau tao he Khong c6. - Cac te bao than kinh va - Cac te bao than kinh than kinh cac te bao cam glac phan tap trung thanh chuoi bo khap be mat cd the va hach than kinh. lien ket vdi nhau. - Co su phan hoa thanh: - Te bao than kinh c6 cac Hach ngUc, hach bung, nhanh lien he vdi te bao hach nao (hach nao phat bieu mo cd, te bao gai. trien d than mem va chan khdp). - Moi hach than kinh la trung tam dieu khien hoat dong cua mot vung xac dinh. Hoat dong - Khi CO kich thich tCf mot - Te bao cam giac bj kfch - Khi CO kich thich vao cam Lfng phan nao do cua cd the thich chuyen thanh xung mot phan nao do cija cd thi chat nguyen sinh co than kinh truyen qua mang the kich thich dUdc rut nhd cac vi sdi goi la ludi than kinh den cac te truyen ve hach nao hoSc hudng dong. bao lam cd the co lai de hach tUdng Lfng. tranh kich thich hoac phong - Con vat phan Lfng bang - Hach phan tich kich te bao gai vao con moi. each chuyen dong tdi kich thich va dieu khien hoat thich CO Idi va tranh xa dong d phan bi kich thich kich thich c6 hai (hu6ng de phan Lfng (phan Lfng dong dUdng va hudng dinh khu). dong am). DSc diem - Phan Lfng ddn gian, - Phan Lfng nhanh, kip thdi - Phan Lfng c6 tfnh dinh cham. nhUng chUa chinh xac. khu nhUng chUa hoan toan chinh xac. - Kich thich d mot diem nao do cua cd the cung gay - Kich thich ci mot phan phan Lfng toan than. cd the, hach d phan do dieu khien hoat dong. - Phan Lfng tieu ton nhieu nSng iLfdng. - Tieu ton it nang lUdng hdn.
- GV neu cau hoi thao - Cac nhom thao luan luan: + Ca nhan van dung kien + Cam ling 6 dong vat co thiic trong phieu hgc tap he than kinh dang chu6i de tra Idi. tien hoa so v6i cam ling d + Trao doi nhanh trong dong vat co he than kinh nhom. dang lucfi nhu the nao? - Yeu cau neu dugc: + Phan tich VI du cu the. + Tien hoa hon: Kich thich dugc phan tich tai hach, phan ling dugc dinh khu ro, tieu ton it nang lugng hon. + Vi du: 6 chau chau co he than kinh dang chu6i hach tuong doi phiic tap. Khi CO kich thich 6 chan thi kich thich se dugc truyen ve hach nguc, tai day cac hach nguc se phan tich kich thich va phat lenh van dong den cac doi chan de phan ling hoac ca doi canh de bay neu kich thich hoan toan khong CO Igi cho chau - GV nhan xet, danh gia chau. va bo sung kien thiic + Trong nhom dong vat CO he than kinh dang chu6i hach thi than mem va chan khdp co hach nao dac biet phat trien. + Hach nao tiep nhan kich thich tii' cac giac quan va dieu khien cac hoat dong phiic tap ciia CO the chinh xac hon. 10
- GV nen de HS cac - HS CO the hoi: Hoat nhom trao doi va tra Idi dong cua mat kep d chau cau hoi cua ban. chau dugc thuc hien nhu the nao? - GV nhan xet, danh gia - L(ip trao doi, van dung va bo sung kien thiic kien thiic tra Idi: + Mat kep gom nhieu mat don tao thanh. + Hinh anh cua vat co dugc la do su ket noi tCr cac mat don. + Hach nao tiep nhan kich thich tii giac quan va phan tich cho hinh anh ro Ket luan: HS dgc ket net nha't ciia vat. luan cuoi bai. IV. KIEM TRA DANH GIA GV yeu cau HS tom tat kien thiic ciia bai. V. DAN DO - Hgc bai tra 16'i cau hoi SGK. - Dgc muc:"Em CO biet?" - On tap kien thiic ve he than kinh 6 dong vat c6 xuong so'ng. Bai 27. CAM LfNG O DONG VAT (Tiep theo) I. MUCTIEU 1. Kien thurc - Trinh bay dugc nhiing dac diem ve nguon goc va cac thanh phan ciia he than kinh dang 6'ng 6 dong vat co xuong song. - Phan biet dugc chii'c nang cua he than kinh van dong va he than kinh sinh duong. - Trinh bay dugc "phan xa la thugc tinh co ban ciia mgi co the co he than kinh'' 11
2. Ky nang - Quan sat phan tich so sanh. - He thong hoa, khai quat hoa kien thirc. - Van dung kien thirc. II. THIET Bj D A Y - H O C - Tranh hinh 26.1, 27.1 SGK phong to. * Thong tin ve su tien hoa ciia dong vat co xuong song. - Ve phuong thirc cau tao, he than kinh cua dong vat co xuong song hoan toan khac vdi he than kinh Ian toa va he than kinh hach. - Trong qua trinh phat trien cua bao thai cac noron dugc hinh thanh tii la phoi ngoai. Liic dau trong noron tap trung a phia lung tao thanh tam than kinh roi sau do phat trien thanh 6'ng than kinh chay dgc lung ciia con vat. - O dong vat co day song he than kinh trung uong ton tai d dang dug than kinh. Sau do 0 dong vat co xuong song phan sau cua 6'ng than kinh tao thanh tuy song nam trong cot xuong song, cdn phan dau ciia 6'ng than kinh phat trien manh va phinh to tao thanh nao nam trong hop sg. TCr nao va tuy song co cac day than kinh di tdi cac bg phan trong toan bg co the. Cac day than kinh xuat phat tii tuy song ggi la cac day than kinh tuy. Sau do phan dlu ciia 6'ng than kinh dugc phan hoa thanh 3 bgng than kinh la bgng trudc, bgng giira va bgng sau. O dong vat co xuong song bac cao hon, cac bgng nay se tiep tuc phan hoa thanh cau trijc ciia nao la nao trudc, nao giiia, nao sau. - Tac dung ciia he than kinh dinh dudng len chiic nang cua cac co quan trong CO the. Tac dung Cd quan Tac dung giao cam pho giao cam Dong tu" (mat) - Gian -Co Tim - Nhip tim -Tang - Giam - Luc CO tim -Tang - Giam - Dan truyen -TSng - Giam - Hung phan -Tang - Giam 12
IVIach mau d -Da -Co - Gian - Tuyen nude bot -Co - Gian - Phoi - Gian -Co Cd trdn d - ThUc quan - Gian -Co - Tilfcung co thai -Co -Co - Da day - Giam CO bop va - Tang CO bop va trUdng luc cd trUdng lUc cd Phieu hoc tap "PHAN BIET HE THAN KINH VAN DONG VA HE THAN KINH SINH DLTQNG" No! dung He than kinh van dong He than kinh sinh dudng Cau tao Chufc nang III. HOAT DONG DAY - HOC 1. Kiem tra - Cam ung la gi? Cam ling d dong vat cd gi khac vdi cam ling d thuc vat. - So sanh hinh thiic cam ung ciia dong vat cd to chiic than kinh khac nhau. 2. Trong tam - Nguon gd'c va cac bg phan ciia he than kinh ong. - Phan biet he than kinh van dong va he than kinh sinh duong. - Khai quat hoa chiic nang cua cac to chiic than kinh. 3. Bai mdi Hoqt dong 2. C A M UNG 6 CAC NHOM DONG VAT KHAC NHAU (TIEP THEO) Muc tieu: - HS hieu dugc nguon goc ciia bg phan he than kinh ong. - HS phan biet dugc cau tao chiic nang cua he than kinh van dong. Hoqt dong cua GV Hoqt dong cua HS Noi dung - GV yeu cau HS: + Quan sat tranh he than - Ca nhan thu nhan kien kinh d ngudi. thiic tii SGK va tranh hinh. 13
+ Nghien ciiu thong tin - Thao luan nhdm thd'ng SGK trang 105. nha't y kien. + Tra Idi cau hoi. - yeu cau neu dugc. -^ he than kinh dang 6'ng + Nguon goc tCr la phoi cd ngudn gd'c tCr dau? r6i phan hoa. -^ He than kinh dang 6'ng + He than kinh gom 2 bg cd cau tao nhu the nao? phan. - Dai dien HS trinh bay tren tranh hinh -> Idp nhan xet. - GV nhan xet danh gia - HS khai quat kien thirc * Nguon goc he than kinh va giiip HS hoan thien dang 6'ng. kien thiic. - Than kinh dang 6'ng co ngudn goc tCr la ph6i ngoai. - Phan hoa thanh nao, tuy song, day than kinh va hach thSn kinh. * Ca'u tao he than kinh dang 6'ng: Gom 2 phan. - Than kinh trung uong nao,tuy. - Than kinh ngoai bien: Day than kinh, hach than kinh. - GV bo sung kien thii:c til muc thong tin bo sung. - GV dan dat: Can cii vao chirc nang cua he than kinh cd the phan chia he than kinh thanh 2 bg phan. - GV yeu cau: De tim - HS hoat dong nhdm hieu v6 hai bg phan ciia + Ca nhan quan sat tranh he than kinh cac nhdm hinh, nghien ciru SGK. 14
hoan thanh noi dung + Van dung kien thiic phieu hgc tap "phan biet sinh hgc Idp 8. he than kinh van dong va + Thao luan nhdm thd'ng he than kinh sinh dudng" nhat y kien -^ ghi phieu - GV ke phieu hgc tap hgc tap. len bang —>• Idp chiia bai. - Dai dien nhdm ghi dap - GV nhan xet danh gia an len bang -^ Idp nhan va thdng bao dap an -> xet. * Phan biet he than kinh Idp siia chua. van dong va he than kinh sinh dudng. Noi dung He than kinh van dong He than kinh sinh du6ng Cau tao - Trung Udng: V6 nao va chat xam - Gom than kinh giao cam va doi giao (sCfng trudc) ctja tuy song. cam. - Day than kinh van dong. - Trung Udng: Tru nao, doan cCing cua tuy song, cac nhan xam d sCfng ben tuy song (tu dot tuy ngUc 1 den dot tuy that lifng III). - Day than kinh sinh dudng, hach than kinh. ChLfc n§ng - Dieu khien hoat dong cua cac cd - Dieu khien, dieu hoa hoat dong cua cac van trong he van dong, do la hoat noi quan (cd quan sinh dUdng va cd quan dong CO ^ thCfc (theo ^ muon). sinh san), do la nhiJng hoat dong tu dong, khong theo ^ muon. - Than kinh giao cam va doi giao cam hoat dong doi lap nhau. - GV yeu cau HS phan - HS nghien cu:u SGK va tich vi du ve tang, ha trinh bay dugc. huyet ap. + Khi huyet ap tang cao kich thich trung khu di6u hoa tim mach d hanh tuy roi theo day ddi giao cam den lam tim dap cham va yeu, de giam huyet ap. 15
+ Khi huyet ap ha, nong do CO, trong mau tang, xung than kinh theo day giao cam den lam tim dap nhanh va manh de tang huyet ap, thai nhanh CO2 ra khdi co the. - HS van dung kien thiic giai thich hien tugng: Khi vao phong thi HS hay hdi hop, tim dap nhanh. - GV neu van dt: Su tien - HS van dung kien thiic hoa trong to chiic than bai 26 va kien thiic sinh kinh d dong vat the hien hgc Idp 8 de tra Idi dugc. nhu the nao? + TCr dong vat cd he than kinh dang ludi chi cd it te bao than kinh nam rai rac lien he vdi nhau. + Te bao than kinh tap trung thanh chudi hach than kinh, cd trung khu va tap trung dan d phia dau. + Phan hoa ro thanh phan trung uong va ngoai bien. - GV yeu cSu: he thong - Cac nhdm thao luan bang so d6 cac thanh thd'ng nhat each vie't so do. phan ciia he than kinh - Dai dien cac nhdm viet dang 6'ng d dong vat cd so do he than kinh dang xuong song. 6'ng len bang, Idp cung - GV nhan xet danh gia. trao ddi. Hoqt dong 3. PHAN XA - MOT THUOC TINH CO BAN CUA MOI CO THE CO TO THUC THAN KINH. Muc tieu: - HS chi ra dugc hoat dong ciia ccf the cd to chiic than kinh la phan xa. - HS hieu ro dugc so lugng, chat lugng phan xa do to chuc he than kinh. 16
Hoqt dong cua GV Hoqt dong cua HS Noi dung - GV neu cau hdi: - HS van dung kien thiic + Phan xa la gi? Tai sao sinh hgc Idp 8 tra Idi: phan xa la thugc tinh co + Khai niem phan xa. ban cua mgi co the cd to + Phan xa thuc hien nhd chiic than kinh? cd su lien he giiia cac te bao than kinh. + Ca the khdng cd he than kinh khdng the cd phan xa. - GV neu yeu cau lap - HS trao doi nhdm thd'ng bang so sanh phan xa nha't y kien vi cac ndi khong dieu kien vdi phan dung so sanh phan xa, xa CO dilu kien d cac ndi - Yeu cau neu dugc: dung: Trung uong phan + Phan xa cd di6u kien: xa, dac diem va ket qua Trung uong d v6 nao, phan xa. hinh thanh trong qua trinh song, kh6ng ben, dS mat, kh6ng di truyfin, mang tinh ca the, so lugng khong han che. + Phan xa khdng dieu kien: Trung uong d tru nao, tuy. Phan xa bam sinh, ben viing, di truyen mang tinh loai, s6 lugng han che. - HS van dung kien thirc ket hgp vdi hieu biet tCr thuc te de tra Idi dugc: Giiip sinh vat thich nghi vdi dieu kien song. - GV hdi: Phan xa cd dieu kien cd y nghia nhu the nao trong ddi song dong vat? 17
- GV nhan xet cac noi dung HS trao ddi va danh - GV yeu cau HS khai quat kien thiic. - Phan xa: La phan ling CLia CO the de tra Idi kich thich tCr moi trudng thdng qua he than kinh. - HS phan tich bai tap so - Phan xa la thugc tinh co 4 SGK trang 107. ban cua mgi co the cd he + M6i tim tai, son gai d'c than kinh. khi trdi ret la phan xa - So lugng va cha't lugng khdng di6u kien do than phan xa phu thugc vao kinh sinh dudng di6u miic do td chiic than kinh khien. cia CO the. + Hien tugng di tim ao - Cd 2 loai phan xa: Phan mac la phan xa cd difiu xa cd dieu kien va phan kien, dd la boat dong cd y xa khdng dieu kien. thiic de chd'ng lai ret, vd + Phan xa cd di6u kien nao tham gia vao phan xa. dugc thanh lap va luon dugc thay the giiip co the thich nghi vdi di6u kien mdi trudng de ton tai va phat trien. IV. KIEM TRA DANH GIA - HS tom tat kien thirc cua bai hgc. - HS neu va phan tich mot so phan xa cd dieu kien va phan xa khdng difiu kien. V. DAN DO - Hgc bai tra Idi cau hdi SGK. - Dgc muc "Em cd biet?" - On tap kien thiic ve trao ddi chat qua mang, kien thii'c vat li v6 dien the, hieu dien the. 18
Bai 28. DIEN THE NGHI VA DIEN THE HOAT DONG I. MUC TIEU 1. Kien thiirc - HS neu rd khai niem dien the nghi va dien the hoat dong. - HS trinh bay dugc co che hinh thanh dien the nghi va dien the hoat dong. - Md ta dugc qua trinh truySn xung than kinh trong td chuc than kinh (Tren sgi than kinh khdng cd vd mielin va cd sgi than kinh cd vd mielin). 2. KTnang - Quan sat phan tich, khai quat kien thiic lien he thuc ti6n. - Hoat dong nhdm, boat dong dgc lap. II. THIET B! DAY - HOC - Tranh hinh SGKphdng to. -Hinh 28.2, 29.1 trang 115, 117 SGK co ban. Thong tin bd sung: * Dien the nghi ngai: Dien the nghi ngoi (dien the mang) dugc phat hien d cac te bao than kinh khdng bi ton thuong va khdng hung pha'n dugc ggi la dien noron. Muon do dugc dien the nghi ngoi cua 1 noron can phai giai quye't nhiing van de ki thuat sau: + Phai tim dugc nhung noron cd dugc sgi true Idn. + Can cd dugc cac vi dien cue cd the dua vao trong te bao ma khdng lam te bao bi tdn thuong. "' Dien the hoqt dong: Dien hoat dong phat sinh la do su chenh lech ciia dien the giiia vung boat dong va vung yen tinh. VCing da hung phan la mang dien tich am, cdn vung yen tinh mang dien tich duong. * Co che phat sinh dong dien sinh hoc: Dugc giai thich bang thuyet mang. Thuyet nay dua tren co so tinh ban tham cd chgn Igc cua mang te bao va cac co che khuech tan ciia cac ion qua mang te bao. TCr dd tao thanh Idp dien kep giiia Idp trong va ngoai ciia mang te bao nen lam xuat hien dien the' mang. - Muon khuech tan qua mang cac ion phai cd su chenh lech ve nong do cac ion giCra trong va ngoai mang. Su chenh lech nong do nay dugc duy tri la nhd co che ciia bom Na"" - K"^, trong trang thai yen tinh ion K"^ dugc bom vao trong te bao, cdn ion Na"" lai dugc bom ra ngoai mang ngugc chieu vdi gradien nong do. Do su chenh lech nong do ion K^tham manh ra ngoai mang te bao vdi td'c do nhanh gap 76 Ian cua ion Na" di vao trong cua mang te bao. Cac ion ciia axit huu CO cd kich thudc va phan tu lugng qua Idn se khdng qua mang te 19