sd HUU RUONG OAT 6 TINH NAM OjNH<br />
Tir NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1945<br />
DirONG VAN KHOA'<br />
<br />
N<br />
<br />
am Dinh la mdt tinh ven bien<br />
thudc chau tho sdng Hdng. Vi tri<br />
dia ly kha thuan ldi, la cifa ngd, ddng thdi<br />
ciing la trung tam cua chau tho, da't dai<br />
mau mS, dan efl ddng due... ndi day da<br />
tflng la mot trong nhflng dia ban trong<br />
diem khai thac thupc dia eua thUc dan<br />
Phap. Ndng nghidp la nganh kinh te' quan<br />
trpng cua tinh, ndng dan chie'm ty le ldn<br />
trong ed ca'u dan cU. D i u the' ki XIX, theo<br />
Phan Huy Chu, vao eudl thdi Gia Long,<br />
Nam Dinh la 1 trong 2 tinh cd rudng da't<br />
edng nhieu hdn tfl "... duy ehi cd tra'n Sdn<br />
Nam Ha la cd nhieu rupng dat cdng, dat<br />
bai cdng... Cdn eac xfl khac thi eae hang<br />
rupng cdng khdng cd may" (1). Sau Hidp<br />
Udc Pa-td-nd't (1884), Viet Nam trd thanh<br />
thudc dia, thue dan Phap van thue thi<br />
chinh sach duy tri rupng dat cdng nhfl thdi<br />
Nguyin. Tuy vky, hien tfldng "bie'n cong vi<br />
tu" ngay cang phd bid'n, qua trinh dien chu<br />
hda phat trie'n. Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl<br />
Nhat ke't thuc, tinh hinh sd hflu rudng dat<br />
b tinh Nam Dinh ed sfl chuyen bie'n manh<br />
me.<br />
1. R u o n g d a t cong l a n g xa n g a y<br />
c a n g bi t h u h e p<br />
Nhin bao quat ehung ca Bac Ky nam<br />
1932, rupng cdng chie'm ty le kha khiem td'n<br />
* TS. TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi<br />
<br />
Bang 1: Phan bo ruong dat a Bile KJ nam 1932 (2)<br />
Ruung cong<br />
(ha)<br />
<br />
TjilS<br />
<br />
Ruunglu<br />
<br />
Tyle(%)<br />
<br />
(%)<br />
<br />
261.269<br />
<br />
23<br />
<br />
(lia)<br />
866.131<br />
<br />
77<br />
<br />
so vdi rudng tfl. Tinh toan tfl sd lieu cua<br />
Hang-ry cho chung ta tha'y, rupng cdng chi<br />
chie'm 23%, nhflng rudng tU chid'm tdi 77%<br />
(xem bang 1).<br />
Nam Dinh la mdt trong so' it cac tinh 5<br />
Bac Ky cd nhieu rupng cdng ke tfl thdi nha<br />
Nguydn. Thdi ky nay, rudng da't edng van<br />
dupe duy tri d mflc eao. Cu the, dien tich<br />
rupng lang cd the canh tac dfldc vao nam<br />
1932 la 135.163 mdu, so'bd hoang khdng<br />
ca'y dfldc la 3.842 mau (xem bang 2).<br />
Sd lieu bang 2 cho biet, Nam Dinh la<br />
tinh cd dien tieh rudng cdng ldn nha't Bac<br />
Ky. Nguyen nhan: sd' rudng cdng lang xa tt(<br />
trflde da ldn; qua trinh khai hoang la'n bien<br />
dflpe day manh. Nam 1923, theo Nghi dinh<br />
7-12-1923 da cd 11 ddn dien, tong dien tich<br />
la 1.289,52 ha dUde nhUdng cho cae lang<br />
ciia huyen Hai Hau va phii Xuan TrUdng dl<br />
dap de ngan man, khai kh^n bai boi vdi<br />
nhflng dig"u kien dfldc quy dinh vd" doi<br />
tfldng nhUdng da't (la cae lang ven bi^n) vS<br />
sd hflu rudng da't (dd't da kh^n dUdc dung<br />
<br />
5A hiiru rudng dat 6 Hnh Ram Binh...<br />
Bang 2: Ruong cdng Isng xa ciia Nam Dinh va mot sd tinh nam 1932 (3)<br />
TT<br />
I<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
12<br />
13<br />
14<br />
15<br />
16<br />
17<br />
18<br />
<br />
Tinh<br />
Bac Giang<br />
Bdc Ninh<br />
Hii Dflng<br />
Hai Duong<br />
Ha Nam<br />
Himg van<br />
Kitfn An<br />
Nam Dinh<br />
Ninh Blnh<br />
Phiic Yen<br />
Phd Tho<br />
Ouang Yiti<br />
SonTav<br />
Thdi Binh<br />
Thiii Nguyen<br />
Tuyen Quang<br />
Vinh Yen<br />
Yen Bai<br />
<br />
Dien tich mong lang (mSu)<br />
Canh tac duoc<br />
Bo hoang<br />
13.004<br />
1.972<br />
3.'i.302<br />
2.942<br />
59.395<br />
6.933<br />
54.849<br />
6.299<br />
.*i8.615<br />
11383<br />
42.912<br />
1.864<br />
28.714<br />
7.375<br />
135.163<br />
3.842<br />
48.998<br />
5.249<br />
13.505<br />
1.263<br />
9.851<br />
6.782<br />
3.983<br />
1.386<br />
12.149<br />
4.235<br />
106.881<br />
6 860<br />
11.705<br />
547<br />
320<br />
5.844<br />
11.339<br />
2,608<br />
1.680<br />
<br />
Bang 3: Phan bo cong dien a Nam Djnh vao nam 1932 (4)<br />
Ten Phil, huven<br />
Xuan Tru6ng<br />
True Ninh<br />
•i-Yen<br />
MvL6c<br />
Hiii Hau<br />
VuBiin<br />
Phonii Doanh<br />
<br />
di \km da't cdng lang xa dUdi hinh thflc<br />
phan chia cho dan dinh va "bdn thdn dien<br />
thd'") (5).<br />
Tuy nhieu rupng cdng, nhifng sfl phan<br />
bd gifla cac huyen khdng ddng ddu, khoang<br />
each kha xa nhau gifla huyen ed edng die'n<br />
nhid'u nha't vdi huydn ed it nha't (khoang 9<br />
iSn). Cac huyen cd nhieu cdng dien nha't la<br />
Xuan Trfldng, Trflc Ninh, Nghia Hung. Cae<br />
huyen ed ft cdng dien nha't la Phong Doanh,<br />
Vy Ban, Hai Hau (xem bang 3).<br />
Mdt sd' nha nghien cflu cho rang, b<br />
nhflng mien da't dfldc khai pha sdm tfl<br />
nhi^u the ky trfldc, cdng dien edng thd da<br />
trai qua qua trinh giai the lau dai va<br />
nhfldng Uu the' eho ehe dp tfl hflu ve rudng<br />
da't. Nhin vao bang 3 chung ta thay dung<br />
<br />
Dien (ich (ni^u)<br />
39.984<br />
22.541<br />
17,422<br />
11,898<br />
11.839<br />
10..345<br />
9.324<br />
5.668<br />
4,927<br />
<br />
vdi mdt sd huyen nhfl: Vu Ban (dUdc cho la<br />
ndi cd xUa nha't eua Nam Dinh), Phong<br />
Doanh, nhUng lai khdng dung vdi huydn<br />
Hai Hau. Hai Hau la mdt huyen giap bien,<br />
mpt sd' tdng, xa dfldc hinh thanh tfl cdng<br />
cudc khai hoang ciia Nguydn Cdng Trfl thdi<br />
Nguyen. Sau nay, cac quan lai, nha giau<br />
cung tfl dflng ra chieu dan tiep tuc khdn<br />
hoang md rdng vflng da't a'y. Tuy nhien,<br />
cdng dien 6 day lai xep vao nhflng huyen<br />
tha'p nha't tinh. Tai sao lai cd sfl khae bidt<br />
nay so vdi eac dia phfldng khac trong ea<br />
nfldc? Ddn cii nhfl huyen Tien Hai (Thai<br />
Binh), cung la huyen mdi ra ddi tfl thdi<br />
Nguyin, edng dien d day lai nhieu nha't<br />
tinh (Tien Hai: 19.841 mau; Kien Xfldng:<br />
16.967... Phu Dife: 2090 (6). Tim hieu mdt<br />
<br />
Hghien ciru hich sit, so 8.2014<br />
sd' hd sd lflu trfl ve ddn dien b Nam Dinh<br />
ehung tdi thay, nhflng ndi cd ddn dien cua<br />
ngfldi Phap la ndi ed cdng dien khdng ldn.<br />
Cu the, ddn dien cua Ma-ron (didn tich ldn<br />
nha't tinh), thudc dia ban Hai Hau, ben<br />
eanh do cdn ed ddn dien cua Vu Ngpc<br />
Hoanh... Cac ddn dien khac cua Dupont,<br />
Gobert, Daurelle, Dourrgoin Meiffre nam<br />
rai rac b cac huyen Vu Ban, My Loc...<br />
(ngoai thanh Nam Dinh) (7). Vi the', sU tap<br />
trung rupng da't vao tay mdt sd' dien ehii<br />
ngfldi Phap va Viet la mot trong nhflng tac<br />
nhan d i n de'n edng dien b Hai Hau va mdt<br />
sd' huyen khac giam manh.<br />
Tfl ke't qua nghien cflu cua Hang-ry cho<br />
ta bie't, tong so' dien tich rupng ciia Nam<br />
Dinh thdi ky nay la 124.900 ha (8), dien<br />
tich rudng cdng lang xa la 51.483 ha (so'<br />
lidu tinh toan tfl cac bieu tren). Do vay, ty<br />
1^ rudng cdng tfl phan bo' nhfl sau:<br />
Bang 4: Phan bo ruong cong va tU<br />
6-Nam Dinh nam 1932<br />
Ruong cong<br />
<br />
Tyle<br />
<br />
Ruong tu<br />
<br />
Tyle<br />
<br />
(ha)<br />
<br />
(%)<br />
<br />
(ha)<br />
<br />
(%)<br />
<br />
51.483<br />
<br />
41<br />
<br />
73.417<br />
<br />
59<br />
<br />
Nhfl vay, mac du ty le rudng da't cdng<br />
cao hon so vdi trung -binh chung toan xfl,<br />
eao nha't so vdi cae tinh eiia BSc Ky (xem<br />
them cac bang tren), nhflng so vdi thdi gian<br />
cud'i the ki XIX, dau the ki XX, rudng cdng<br />
b Nam Dinh da hi rupng tfl la'n at. Nguyen<br />
nhan ciia hien trang nay la:<br />
Thit nhdt, tfl ban Phap ra sflc chie'm<br />
doat rupng da't cdng (liic dau ehinh quyen<br />
thflc dan gpi la rupng da't hoang vo chu) va<br />
bien thanh sd hflu tfl nhan. Sfl ra dpi 5 ddn<br />
dien cua ngUdi Phap b Nam Dinh trfldc<br />
Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nha't da minh<br />
chflng cho dieu dd.<br />
<br />
Thit hai, ngfldi nong dan khdng cd dig"u<br />
kien de gifl ph^n rudng da't cdng da nhan.<br />
Thti ba, qua trinh kh^n hoang, nhfldng<br />
da't dupe day manh, rupng tu khdng ngflng<br />
dfldc md rdng.<br />
Tdi nam 1939, tinh trang ma't da't, thie'u<br />
da't canh tac cua ngUdi ndng dan Nam Dinh<br />
trd thanh phd hien. Theo Lotzer et Worses<br />
"cd 1.400.000 dan thi 900.000 ngUdi thid'u<br />
da't, sd'ng bang thu nhap eiia dfldi 1 mlu<br />
rudng va san ph^m thu cdng hay tien cong<br />
lam thue. Dai bd phfin trong so' 900.000<br />
ngfldi dd sd'ng vdi mflc khdng qua 3 ddng nfSi<br />
mdi thang cho ca gia dinh 5 mieng an" (9),<br />
Nam 1940, phat xit Nhat nhay vao Ddng<br />
Dfldng ca'u kd't cflng thflc dan Phap thdng tri,<br />
bdc lot tan bao nhan dan ta, tinh trang thieu<br />
gao, thie'u da!t eanh tac cang trd nen tram<br />
trpng hdn. Theo Sd ban mudi thdi Nhat - Phap<br />
ghi lai, b thdn Ddng Cdi, xa Nam Giang,<br />
huyen Nam Ninh (nay la huyen Nam Trifc,<br />
Nam Dinh) co gan 1400 nhan kh^u, 260 xu^t<br />
dinh. Rupng eay phan 16n tap trung trong tay<br />
dia chii. Mdi xuat dinh chi dUpc 10 thfl6c<br />
rupng cdng bai boi (tfldng dUdng khoang 0,6<br />
sao). Mpt sd'ngUdi trdng vao may thudc ruor^<br />
khdng du sd'ng mdi bd di lam thud, hpc dfldc<br />
nghe ren ve lang md Id ren nong cu... Tuy<br />
vay, dudi che' do thflc dan phong kidn, ngflcJi<br />
thd tai ba van thie'u cdm rach ao... Thd Dong<br />
Coi phan thi chet ddi, ph^n thi phieu bat khap<br />
ndi. Gia dinh nhflng thd thu cdng nay vin<br />
phai sd'ng bam vao rupng dait. Nhflng rupng<br />
da't da It lai mat mua ludn, thoc gao ngay<br />
cang khan hiem do Nhat, Phap vd vet va len<br />
gia vi lam phat, nen nan ddi dien ra ra't tram<br />
trpng (10).<br />
Nan ddi nam 1945 da cfldp di eua Nam<br />
Dinh 212.218 ngfldi (11). Rieng xa Nghia<br />
Hflng, toan xa ed 241 hd cd ngUdi che't ddi, c6<br />
1468 ngUdi chd't ddi, trong do cd 82 gia dinh<br />
. chet he't hoac ehi cdn sd'ng 1 ngudi. Dien hinh<br />
<br />
56 hiru mong dgt 6 rinh Ram Dinh...<br />
nhu gia (finh eac dng: Lulin, Diem, Thdng,<br />
Chd, Dam, Lidm, Kim, Lap... (12).<br />
Nhu vky, sau Chien tranh the gidi l l n<br />
thfl Hai, rudng da't cdng lang xa b tinh Nam<br />
Dinh ngay cang bi thu hep, rudng da't tfl<br />
ngay cang l^n at rudng dat edng. Thflc te'<br />
nay cung ddng nghia vdi tinh trang b^n<br />
cung boa ngay cang sSu sac 5 nhflng ngfldi<br />
ndng dan tinh Nam Dinh.<br />
2. S u t a p t r u n g r u o n g da't, sd hiJu<br />
ldn p h a t t r i d n<br />
Trflde Chien tranh the gidi lan thfl<br />
Nhat, sd hflu ldn bat dau xua't hien b Nam<br />
Dinh. Nhflng, ve" cd ban mdi dflng lai b 6<br />
ddn die"n cua ngudi Phap (chie'm 2648 ha)<br />
<br />
va 1 ddn dien eua ngUdi Viet, Vu Ngpc<br />
Hoanh (828 ha). The' chie'n I ket thue, thflc<br />
dan Phap day manh khai thae thudc dia d<br />
Viet Nam, ndng nghiep la linh vflc hang dau<br />
dflpe ehinh quyen thflc dan Uu tien ddu tfl.<br />
Qua trinh khan hoang va nhfldng da't b Bac<br />
Ky eung dflpe day manh. Do'i tfldng nhfldng<br />
da't, lap ddn dien khdng gidi han d ngfldi<br />
Phap ma md rpng ra ca Viet kieu Phap va<br />
ngfldi Viet. Nghi dinh 23-7-1930, cho phep<br />
ngfldi Viet dupe xin nhupng da't bai ven bien<br />
de Idp ra cae nhdm dan cfl mdi la'y tfl sd' dan<br />
dfl thfla d nhflng lang ven bien.<br />
Theo ke't qua nghien cflu cua Hang-ry<br />
nam 1932, b Nam Dinh so' chu da't sd hflu<br />
<br />
Bang 5: Co cau so hihi ruong dat a Nam Dinh va cac linh Mc Ky nam 1932 (13)<br />
Tinh<br />
Bie Giung<br />
Tv le (%)<br />
Biic Ninh<br />
T*ie(%)<br />
HaDAng<br />
_TJ \i 1%)<br />
HUI Duong<br />
Tv \& [%)<br />
HiiNjm<br />
Tjlfi(%)<br />
Himg Yen<br />
Tvie(%i<br />
Ki£n An<br />
Tvie(%)<br />
Nam Dinh<br />
_Tyle(%)<br />
Ninli BMIII<br />
TVILM%)<br />
<br />
Phuc Yen<br />
Phu Till)<br />
QuJng Yfin<br />
Tyle(%t<br />
Son Tfly<br />
Tvie(%l<br />
Thai Binh<br />
Tvlt(%)<br />
Thdi Nguyen<br />
TvieCJfc)<br />
Tuyin Quiing<br />
Tylt{%)<br />
Vinh Yin<br />
Tv l i 1%}<br />
Yin Bui<br />
T
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