Sự chuyển biến về quy hoạch và diện mạo đô thị Hà Nội trong những thập kỷ cuối thế kỷ XIX đầu thế kỷ XX

^ r.'<br /> <br /> Sir CHUYEN BIEN VE OUY HOACH VA DIEN MAO<br /> • • • •<br /> DO THI HA NOI TRONG NHUNC THAP KY<br /> • • •<br /> CUOI THE KY XIX DAU THE KY XX<br /> NGUYfiN THtTA H^*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> pha buy nhieu cung dipn thanh quach va<br /> T hang Long-Ha Ndi truydn thd'ng la<br /> mpt dd thi phong kidn cd quy hoach<br /> chu yeu nfldng tfla vao dia gidi tfl nhien.<br /> nhflng cdng trinh kidn true khac, Thang<br /> Long - Ha Npi h l u nhfl v i n gifl nguyen mo<br /> Luy Dai La va thanh Thang Long da l l y hinh dd thi; quy hoach dien mao thay ddi r i t<br /> ddng chay cua he thd'ng sdng Td Lich-Kim it. Dd la mdt dd thi phong kien, pha trdn cac<br /> Ngflu nhfl mpt dfldng hao thien nhien. Phia yeu to'vfldng gia, chd pho'va ndng thdn.<br /> ddng toa thanh, khu chd phd' budn ban va Chi tdi khi Phap dat nen dd hd tren toan<br /> cac phfldng thu cdng da trai rpng ra den sat cdi Viet Nam (1883), rdi Ha Npi trd thanh<br /> bd sdng Nhi. Chung quanh td hdp ca'u t r i e thanh phd' nhfldng dia Phap (1888), dd thi<br /> "trong t h i n h ngoai thi" kha ddn gian dd, l i nay mdi chuyen ddi md hinh, cd nhiing<br /> ele thdn phfldng cfl d i n c i n g vdi mpt so' chuyen bien quan trpng vd quy hoach va<br /> cum l i n g chuyen nghd ven dd. dipn mao. Dd thi phong kidn cu d i n d i n bi<br /> bien dang, nhfldng cho cho mdt dd thi mdi<br /> Tfldng flng vdi quy hoach dd thi, dien<br /> mang tinh tfl ban-thfle dan ra ddi. Tuy lie<br /> mao phd' phfldng Thang Long-Ha Npi tien<br /> n i y nd v i n cdn d dang mdt ban phae thao,<br /> thflc dan da phan anh thd Ifldng nguyen<br /> nhflng quy hoach va dien mao thanh phd<br /> ddi trpng c i a xa hpi Viet Nam truydn<br /> da ngay cang dinh hinh, rd ndt vao d i u the<br /> thd'ng. Cac cung dipn vua chia, dinh thfl ky XX va tiep tuc phat trien trong nhflng<br /> quan lieu trong tda t h i n h n i m khdng xa thap ky sau dd.<br /> nhflng can nha dng - c i a hipu xay gach c i a<br /> Tuy nhien, sfl chuyen bien dd thi c i a H i<br /> cac thfldng nhan kha gia, c i n g vdi cac mai<br /> Npi trong nhflng thap ky d i u thdi Phap<br /> nha tranh ngheo nan c i a khdi q u i n c h i n g<br /> thupc khdng phai la mot sfl dflt gay, doan<br /> binh dan. Cd sd ha t i n g dd thi d trong tinh<br /> tuyet dot bien. Dd la mpt qua trinh chuyen<br /> trang k h i khiem ton, cd l i e cd ndi la tdi te.<br /> ddi tiem tidn, dan xen, cai mdi gdi chdng<br /> Trong g i n 9 the ky, mac d i nhflng cdn len cai cu. Nhflng ydu to' phong kien truyen<br /> binh l i a v i cac cupc bien dpng xa hpi da thd'ng v i n cdn tdn dpng lai, dUdc lai tao vdi<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS. TS. Dai hoc Qudc gia Hfi Noi<br /> Sir chuyen biefn vd guy hoach va di^n mao... 61<br /> <br /> nhflng yeu to tfl ban hipn dai mdi nay sinh. Tuy nhien, khdng gian do thi Ha Ndi<br /> Ndi nhu nha s i hpc Cb. Fourniau, dd la dfldc the hien tren cac ban dd cudi the ky<br /> mpt "su cly ghdp" (greffe) (1). Dae diem nay XIX nhfl c i a Babonneau (1885) hay<br /> se cdn de lai da'u a'n kha lau dai trong quy Leclanger (1890) da td ra l i kha hpp. Ngoai<br /> hoach va dien mao dd thi Ha Ndi nhflng Khu phd' cd, dia gidi thanh phd' vd phia tay<br /> thdi gian sau dd, khdng vfldt qua Van Mieu va ve phia nam<br /> khdng vfldt khoi phd' Gambetta (Trin Hflng<br /> Sau mpt thdi ky qua dp n g I n (1883-<br /> Dao), c i n g l l m 11 chi den phd' Thd Nhupm<br /> 1888) vdi sfl tdn tai song song hai chinh<br /> va Ld Due (Armand Rousseau).<br /> quyen Phap va Nam tridu, tdi d i u t h i n g<br /> 10-1888, Ha Npi chinh thflc trd thanh Tuy nhien, chinh quyen thflc dan Phap<br /> thanh phd' nhfldng dia Phap theo dao du (d day la Tda Thd'ng sfl va Tda Dd'c ly) lai<br /> c i a nha vua Ddng Khanh va nghi dinh quan nipm Ha Npi nhfl mpt khdng gian dd<br /> chuIn y cua Toan quydn Richaud. thi rpng ldn hdn, ma khdng dfla tren cd sd<br /> phap ly nao ca. La thfl cua Thdng s i Ble ky<br /> N6t chuyen bien ndi bat d i u tien trong<br /> g i i Ddc ly H i Ndi ngiy 30-12-1889 viet:<br /> nhflng nam tiep sau dd la sfl md rdng, "dan<br /> "Bic luy cu (tflc luy Dai La nam 1749) phai<br /> nd" ve be mat dien tich e i a mpt t h i n h phd'<br /> dfldc coi nhfl nhiing gidi ban c i a t h i n h phd'<br /> dflpc quan ni§m, ngay cang ldn hdn so vdi<br /> nhfldng dia. Trong khdng gian dd, thanh phd'<br /> mpt khdng gian dd thi thflc td.<br /> cd the se "tiy tinh hinh" (dventuellement)<br /> Trfldc thdi Phap thudc, be mat quy fldc m i phat trien. Hdn nfla, tdi cho r i n g khdng<br /> truyen thd'ng c i a H i Npi dfldc coi la dipn c i n phai hoi y kidn cic chinh quyen ban xfl,<br /> tich ben trong b i c luy Dai La xay d i p lai vi hp v i n ludn ludn coi b i c luy la gidi han<br /> nam 1749. Tuy nhien, khdng gian dd thi cua thanh pho" (3). Trong nghi dinh dang<br /> thflc sfl c i a nd chi gidi ban trong khu "36 tren Cdng bao ngay 6-1-1890, nha elm<br /> phd' phfldng"- tflc Khu phd' cd ngiy nay-ma quydn da I n dinh pham vi lanh thd thanh<br /> theo A. Masson "dd la mpt hinh tam giac phd' b i n g 15 cpc tieu e l m mdc, cd g i n bien<br /> ma canh day dfla vao phia ben tren hd d i n h so'. Theo dd, dia gidi thanh phd' phia<br /> Hoan Kiem (tflc true phd' Hang Bong-Hang ble giap hd Tay, phia ddng giap sdng Hdng,<br /> Gai-Clu Gd-Ld Su ngay nay), cdn hai canh phia tay la c i a Sdn Tay (tflc d Van Bao, ben<br /> kia dfla vao sdng Hdng va tda thanh" (2). xe Kim Ma ngay nay), phia tay nam la d Chd<br /> Ngoai khu phd' phfldng budn ban dong due Dfla, phia nam la d C i u Den (4). Gidi ban<br /> nay, la nhflng thdn phfldng n i a ndng thdn nay da dfldc nhle lai trong nhieu nghi dinh<br /> va ndng thdn, dan cfl thfla thdt. cua nhiing nam tiep theo.<br /> Dao du ngay 1-10-1888 nhfldng Thanh Vd phia chinh quyen Nam trieu, cd the<br /> phd' Ha Ndi cho Phap cd kem theo mpt ban do nhflng ldi Ich rieng tfl hoac do sflc dp,<br /> dd dia gidi, nhflng dieu ky la la nd da "bi lien tiep trong nhflng nam cudi the ky XIX,<br /> mit" vinh vien, khdng bao gid cdn tim t h i y da ra nhflng van ban "nhfldng them" mpt so'<br /> dfldc ban chinh hay ban sao trong Iflu trfl. thdn phfldng va vflng d i t dai thupc hai<br /> Do vay, dfldng bien gidi phap ly e i a t h i n h huyen Thp Xfldng va Vinh Thu^n, sap<br /> phd' nay da trd nen r i t md nbda, xe dich, nhap vao Thanh phd' Ha Npi do Tda Dd'c ly<br /> khdng ro rang. Phap quan ly.<br /> 62 Rghi&n c i u Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> Viec Thanh phd' Ha Ndi md rdng da dem Trong nhiing nam d i u tien thdi Phap<br /> lai nhieu ldi Ich cho cac phia. Quyen hanh thupc, chinh quyen Bao hp da cho tien<br /> e i a Dd'c ly va ngudn thu n h i p thud m l gia hahh chinh trang cai tao lai hp thdng<br /> tang, quan lai va chu da't dfldc hfldng ldi do dfldng sa va nha c i a .<br /> sfl chenh lech ve gia da't khi sap nhap vao<br /> Trfldc dd, da p h i n ele p h d i a dfldng dit,<br /> thanh phd'. Ph. Papin gpi dd la qua trinh<br /> khong cd via h6, thfldng lly lpi l i e trdi mfla<br /> thflc thi mpt "chu nghia sap n h i p "<br /> v l bui bam khi trdi ning. Dfldng sa b cae<br /> (annexionnisme) (5) vdi mpt "chidn Ifldc<br /> phd' Hoa kieu cd kha hdn, nhflng nhin chung<br /> gam nha'm" (stratdgie du grignotage) (6) cd<br /> v i n khdng dfldc cai thipn. "Nhflng phd<br /> tinh toan.<br /> thfldng la kha hep, dfldc lat gach theo kieu<br /> Trfldc thdi Phap thupc, quy hoach dd thi Trung Qud'c, nghia la chi dfldc lat b m$t long<br /> cua Thang Long- Ha Npi truyen thd'ng kha dfldng tren mpt be rdng khoang ching Im,<br /> ddn gian. Thflc ra dd chi la sfl s i p xep, bd' v i nhflng vien gach vudng thi p h i n ldn da<br /> tri dd thi mang tinh tfl nhien, tfl phat. Mpt hi vd nflt hoac xd lech. Dpc theo hai ben<br /> tda t h i n h nfldng vao cae ddng chay sdng- dfldng, thflc sfl la nhiing viing nfldc dpng hoi<br /> kenh, ben canh la khu phd' phfldng budn thdi hoac khdng cd ldl thoat (7).<br /> ban g i n kd mpt ben cang, cic thdn phfldng<br /> Ngoai nhflng nha dng xay gach theo<br /> npi thi va mdt so'lang chuyen ven dd.<br /> kieu "chdng diem", mat tien hep nhflng<br /> Trong qua trinh chuyen bidn thanh mpt long nha sau,trong phd' v i n cdn r i t nhidu<br /> thanh phd' tfl ban thflc dan can hipn dai, nha Idp tranh la, dflng khdng t h i n g hang,<br /> quy hoach dd thi Ha Npi da thay ddi kha rd mai hien nhd ra la'n chiem long dfldng, can<br /> ndt, dfldi dang thflc xen gdi, cai cu cdn lai trd giao thdng di lai. Dd cung la mdi cho<br /> c i n g tdn tai song song vdi cai mdi nay sinh. ngpn l i a trong nhflng vu hoa hoan thfldng<br /> Tda t h i n h hi pha, khoang 3/4 dien tich hi xuyen xay ra d phd' phfldng Ha Npi xfla kia.<br /> lly lam dfldng phd'. Khu phd' cd Viet - Hoa<br /> Trong hdi ky cua minh, Cdng s i Bonnal<br /> v i n gifl dfldc bdng dang cu nhflng bp mat<br /> ke lai r i n g nam 1883 dng ta da dd nghj<br /> da it nhidu thay ddi ve dfldng sa va kidn t r i e<br /> Tdng ddc Nguyin Hflu Dp b i t cae c i a hidu<br /> nha cia. Khu vflc chung quanh hd Hoan<br /> phai l i i mai hien lai cho ldl di thoang rpng.<br /> Kidm dfldc chinh trang, trd thanh mpt khu<br /> Ong cung ra lenh cho vien canh sat trfldng<br /> dem gifla khu phd' cd phia bic va mpt khu<br /> b i t cae t i nhan lao dpng khd sai san bing<br /> phd' mdi phia ddng nam, thfldng dfldc gpi la<br /> cac mat dudng, dao ranh thoat nUde, l i t via<br /> "Khu phd Tay", khu phd ngfldi Au. Sau khi<br /> he va rai gach da Idng dudng. Khdng cd<br /> tda thanh hi pha, mpt khu phd'Tay khac tidp<br /> tuc ra ddi d man phia tay ble thanh phd', lan kinh phi rieng, Bonnal da sai pha h i y<br /> ddn bd hd Tay. Trong khi dd, nhl't 11 tfl nam nhflng ngdi n h i gach hi quan Cd Den dd't<br /> 1902 trd di, cac khu dan cfl mdi tidp tuc md chay dd d phd Nha Chung va ben bd hd<br /> rpng, lan toa ve hfldng nam va hfldng tay, Hoan Kidm, l l y gach ngdi vun de trai mat<br /> vdi sfl thanh lap cac "Khu phd' mdi ngfldi dfldng cho 150 phd ngo c i a H i Npi (8).<br /> ban xii" (Nouveau Quartier Indigene). Mpt Nam 1891, Dd'c ly Beauchamp ban hanh<br /> kieu kien true mdi, hipn dai x u l t hien ben Nghi dinh ngay 17/2 vd viec dd bo va elm<br /> canh kien true cu truyen thd'ng vdi nhflng lam nha tranh trong mdt so' tuyen phd'<br /> cdng sd v i nha dan sfl. chinh c i a H i Npi. Nghi djnh nghiem e l m<br /> Su chiry^n bign vd guy hoach va di|n mao... 63<br /> <br /> <br /> vipc lam nha tranh d cac phd Phap qud'c chinh an ngfl con dfldng thdng sang tinh<br /> (sau la Paul Bert, Trang Tien), Bobillot (Le Ble Ninh ben kia sdng Nhi. Chung ta<br /> Thanh Tdng), Gambetta (Trin Hflng Dao), khdng bidt dd la kien t r i e nguyen dang ban<br /> phd Nha Chung, Hang Gai, C i u Gd, Hang d i u t i nam 1749 hay nhieu kha nang hdn<br /> Bd va Hang M i m . la da dfldc xay lai trong the ky XIX. 0<br /> Quan Chfldng la mpt trong 7 di tich lich s i -<br /> Trong cac phd' Hang Bd, Hang Bac, Jean<br /> van hda d i u tien c i a H i Npi dfldc xdp hang<br /> Dupuis (Hang Chieu), Hang Ddng, Hang<br /> theo Quyet dinh ngay 24-11-1906 cua toan<br /> Dao, Hang Ngang; ta't ca mpi nha tranh<br /> quydn Ddng Dfldng, dfla tren de nghi c i a<br /> hipn con tdn tai phai dd bo di trong thdi<br /> Trfldng Vien Dong Bic Cd Phap.<br /> gian 6 t h i n g (9).<br /> Nhflng chide cdng phd' vdi e l u true khac<br /> Theo cac Nghi dinh ngay 15-3-1892 va<br /> nhau trong khu phd' cd mpt thdi da la hinh<br /> 27-1-1893 c i a Thd'ng s i Chavassieux, tidn<br /> anh quen thupc c i a H i Ndi xfla. Chflc nang<br /> hanh xep hang cae nha d va xdp loai cac<br /> chinh c i a nd l i bao dam trat tfl an ninh<br /> dfldng phd' de tinh mflc thud thd trach.<br /> cho cfl dan phd' phfldng, n h i t la nhiing l i e<br /> Nha d dfldc chia lam 4 hang. Hang n h i t xay ra nan trpm cfldp hoac cdn dd loan da.<br /> la nha gach cd t i n g gac, tidp sau la cac cdng phd' dd so n h i t la chide cdng xay b i n g<br /> hang nha gach khdng gac, nha gd hoac nha gach tren cd vpng lau, c h i n ngang phd' Viet<br /> tranh, d i t khdng xay nha va ao chudm. Ddng (Hang Ngang) e i a Hoa kidu. Cd<br /> nhidu cdng phd' ddn gian hdn, chi l i mpt<br /> Thud thd trach hang nam ddng mflc cao<br /> khung gd vdi nhflng thanh tre dflng dpc<br /> nha't ap dung cho nha hang 1 d phd' loai 1 la<br /> tren mpt he thd'ng Id due, c6 the thao l i p<br /> 0$05/m2, glp 80 l i n mflc thue t h l p n h i t<br /> mpt each d i dang nhfl cdng phd' Hang Gai<br /> (nha hang 4, phd loai 4) la 0$000625/m2 (10).<br /> hay cdng phd' d i u ben trong phd' H i n g<br /> Trong thap ky 80 c i a the ky XIX, cic Chieu, cdn de lai hinh anh tren nhflng<br /> c i a d va cic cdng phd' cung l i n Ifldt hi pha nhflng bflc tranh k h i c dfldng thdi<br /> bo. Trfldc khi Phap ha T h i n h Ha Npi l i n II, Trong nhflng nam cudi thap ky 80 c i a<br /> luy da't Dai La v i n cdn ddn 15 c i a d (trfldc la thd ky XIX, nhflng cdng phd' n i y da l i n Ifldt<br /> 16, sau c i a d Nhan Hda quang benh vien hi dd bd. Ly do c h i ydu cd the l i lie nay<br /> Quan dpi 108 ngay nay da bi mit, ed the do nhflng chide xe tay k6o da b i t d i u trd nen<br /> bi sut Id xud'ng sdng Hdng). Nam 1886, c i a d phd bien, va nhflng cdng phd' trd thanh mot<br /> Tay Ludng (Trang Tidn) ma trfldc dd cd the vat ngang can khdng cho nhflng chide xe<br /> la "mpt vdm cud'n ud'n cong rpng ldn xay tay dd keo chay qua.<br /> gach, chic chin, vudng vin" (11) da bi pha<br /> Xe tay kdo vd'n cd ngudn gd'c tfl N h i t<br /> hiy, dfldc thay b i n g mpt c i a d mdi ddn gian<br /> Ban sau thdi Minh Tri. Ngfldi Nhat dat ten<br /> hdn nhieu, gpi l i c i a Phap Qud'c, d 161 di vio<br /> la "rickshaw" hay "djinrieksha", ngfldi<br /> khu nhfldng dia, vdi 2 cpt tru xay t h i n g<br /> Phap gpi la "pousse-pousse". Nam 1883,<br /> dflng, tren cd d i p hinh 2 con lan.<br /> Cdng sfl Bonnal da tang Tdng dd'c Nguyen<br /> C i a 6 duy n h i t cdn lai den ngay nay la d Hflu Dp mpt chiec xe tay k6o nhap tfl Nhat<br /> Quan Chfldng phia ngoai phd Hang Chidu, Ban (12). Nhflng nam sau dd, mpt so' nha<br /> ngfldi Phap gpi la c i a Jean Dupuis, cdn co tfl ban Phap da nhap va san x u l t loai xe<br /> ten la 6 Thanh Ha hay 6 Dong Ha, la c i a 6 kdo nay de cho thue chd khach thfldng la<br /> 64 RghiSn curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> dam quan linh Phap va gidi thfldng Iflu dd thanh lap nam 1889, sau khi sdng Td Lich<br /> thi Ha thanh. hi san l i p lly d i t md phd. Phd Hang Lflde<br /> v a o quang nhflng nam gdi qua hai thd trfldc day cdn mang ten cu la phd Sdng Td<br /> Lich.<br /> ky, khu phd' cd Ha Ndi b i t d i u cd nfldc may<br /> sach v l dien t h l p sang, nhflng vdi mpt ty le Nam 1902, c i u Doumer (elu Long Bien)<br /> r i t ban che. v l nha ga xe l i a Ha Npi hoan thanh xay<br /> dflng. Xe l i a di tren cao qua khu pho' cd,<br /> Trfldc day, mpt so' gia dinh trong khu<br /> tren mpt ciy e l u can dai 800m t i chan elu<br /> budn ban da xay be chfla nfldc mfla, dlo<br /> Long Bien dpc theo dfldng Henri d'0rl6ans<br /> gidng ngay trong nha. So' ddng khac v i n<br /> (phd' P h i n g Hflng ngay nay) tdi ga H i Npi.<br /> d i n g nfldc hd ao, nfldc sdng, de nguyen<br /> hoac danh phen. Khoang nam 1894-1895, Khu vflc hd Hoan Kidm la khu dem gifla<br /> nha e l m quyen P h I p cho l l y nhflng t i m da khu phd' cd va khu phd mdi, thfldng dfldc<br /> tang c i a tda thanh vfla bi pha dem xay gpi la "Khu phd' Tay". (J phia tay va nam<br /> thap nfldc Hang Dau, cung cip nfldc sach hd, cd mpt so' phd' chuyen nghe-mat hang,<br /> chu yeu cho Iflc lUdng quan dpi ddng trong trong dd cd phd' Hang Theu va Hang Tranh.<br /> t h i n h va mpt p h i n nhd cho dan khu phd' Nam 1883, Labarthe cdn ghi tren ban dd la<br /> cd. Cudi the ky XIX, Ha Npi cd 3 gieng loc "phd' Hang Lpng" (Rue des Parasols) (14),<br /> nUdc va 30km dUdng dng d i n nUdc. ngay nay la Hang Trd'ng. O phia nam co<br /> phd' Thd Kham, (cdn gpi la Hang Kham hay<br /> Ve anh sang, thdi xUa ngUdi dan pho'<br /> Hang x a cfl), la mot con dfldng k h i dai, chd<br /> phudng d i n g den dia t h l p d i u lac, nhflng<br /> b i a nhpn nhip hpp hai ben dfldng, lai c6<br /> hipu budn k h i gia thfldng treo den ldng<br /> cac c i a hieu kham x i cfl b doan phd' Hang<br /> t h l p nen. Nhflng nam 1890, b i t d i u x u l t<br /> Khay ngay nay. Labarthe gpi dd la "khu<br /> hien loai den "Hoa Ky" t h l p b i n g d i u hda.<br /> phd' An Nam" de phan bipt vdi "Khu pho'<br /> Nam 1895, Ha Npi cd dien t h l p sang Tau", chi khu phd' cd. Vd bd hd phia ddng,<br /> nhflng cdn r i t ban che. Cho ddn cudi the cdn cd r i t nhidu bai d i t trd'ng, hd ao, dim<br /> ky, toan thanh phd' mdi chi cd 523 ngpn den lly trai dai ddn tan bd sdng Hdng. Cung cd<br /> dien (13), chu yeu d i n g cho ngfldi Phap. mpt con phd' d day la phd' Hang Tra, chuyen<br /> D i u thd ky XX, mpt so' gia dinh k h i gia ban cac loai tra ud'ng b thdn Hfldng Minh<br /> trong khu phd' cd mdi d i n g den dien. 6 mpt vdi hai ngdi c h i a toa lac trong khu vflc la<br /> so' tuydn phd' budn ban, b i t d i u cd den chfla Phd Giac (chia Tiu) va c h i a Bao An<br /> dfldng t h l p b i n g d i u hoa, sau chuyen sang (chia Quan Thfldng, ngfldi P h i p gpi la<br /> den dipn cdng cpng. c h i a Khd hinh-Pagode des Supplices). Khu<br /> hd H o i n Kiem nay cd tudi ddi kha tre so vdi<br /> Nam 1990, Ha Npi b i t d i u md 3 tuydn<br /> khu phd' cd dich thUc. Cd the coi day la mpt<br /> dudng xe dipn, lay ga Bd hd lam trung tam.<br /> khu p h o ' n i a cd, ban cd c i a H i Ndi.<br /> TrUdc dd, khoang nam 1886, chi mdi cd mpt<br /> tuyen dudng ray ndi lien khu nhUdng dia Ban than hd Hoan Kiem nhflng nam<br /> va thanh Ha Npi, nhflng toa xe thi do Ifla trfldc Phap thupc cung khdng cdn cai ve<br /> kdo. Tuyen Bd hd-Bfldi dai 5,5km chay qua huy hoang dai cac thdi Le-Trinh xfla kia<br /> khu phd' cd va chd Ddng Xuan. Chd ldn nfla, ma da trd vd tinh trang nguyen sd, tfl<br /> nha't thanh phd' nay vdi 5 ciu chd to rpng nhien pha trpn c h i t ndng thdn. Den Ngpc<br /> khung b i n g s i t va mai Idp tdn kem, dfldc Sdn dflng tren nen cfl c i a cung Khanh<br /> Su chuydn bign vd guy hoach va dign mao. 65<br /> <br /> Thuy, luc dd chi cd mpt cay elu nho ble vio theo Cdng giao c i n g mpt so' dan dao da md<br /> ddn b i n g van ghdp, hai ben khdng cd tay nhflng c i a hieu kham xa .cfl kha khang<br /> vin. C i u ydu dt mdng manh va P. Bourde trang trong con phd' nay. Ben phia ddng,<br /> da gpi la "cay e l u lam de cho loai de di hdn c i n g vdi vide xay dflng khu cdng sd v i khu<br /> la cho nhflng ban chan nang ne c i a ngfldi ngfldi Au, vfldn hoa Paul Bert (nay la cdng<br /> Au" (15). Chi den nam 1887, nd mdi dfldc vien Ly Thai T 6 \ tuydn phd' ven hd Francis<br /> thay b i n g e l u The Hue, dang cong va sdn Garnier (Dinh Tien Hoang), l i e d i u mang<br /> dd. 0 gifla hd, tren nen Gd R i a cu, nam ten Rue du Lac (phd' ben Hd) cflng dflpc<br /> 1877 ba hp Kim nha b phd' Hang Khay da h o i n thanh.<br /> cho xay Thap R i a (16) vdi y dinh l i m ndi<br /> D i u nam 1892, nhflng ngdi nha cuoi<br /> de ma td, nhflng khdng thanh. Tren mat<br /> c i n g trong dipn giai tda d phd' Hang Khay<br /> hd, nhieu thuyen chai danh b i t ca. Ven bd<br /> "dd sup xud'ng nhfl nhflng lau dai b i n g<br /> hd, hang ngay "cac phu nfl ra diy, lpi xud'ng<br /> quan bai la dfldi nhat cudc cua dpi pha<br /> nfldc ddn tan d i u gdi, hay ngdi xdm tren<br /> buy... H l u nhfl cdng chung da cd the hoan<br /> cic ta'm van e l u ao each hd vai bfldc dd r i a<br /> toan di dao quanh hd Hoan Kiem, gifla<br /> rau vo gao hoac bat dia..." (17).<br /> nhflng vfldn trdng cae loai cay thao mpe<br /> Khi Paul Bert sang lam Tdng tru s i , de nhiet ddi" (19).<br /> to diem cho bp mat cua mpt "Ha Npi dom<br /> Ndt ndi trpi n h i t trong sfl chuyen bien<br /> dang" (Hanoi coquette) nhfl bao chi l i e dd<br /> quy hoach dd thi Ha Npi cudi thd ky XIX<br /> vi von, dng ta da quyet dinh mpt kd hoach<br /> d i u the ky XX la sfl ra ddi c i a khu phd' Tay<br /> ldn chinh trang hd Hoan Kiem.<br /> hinh t h i n h tren hai dia vflc: trfldc tien b<br /> Kd hoach lam mpt tuydn dfldng vanh dai phia ddng nam hd Hoan Kidm va sau do b<br /> quanh hd khdng d i dang, phai m i t nhidu phia tay tda thanh Ha Npi hi pha.<br /> nam cho ddn t i n cudi 1891 d i u 1892 mdi<br /> Nhflng ngfldi khdi xfldng viec thanh l i p<br /> hoan thanh. Khd khan ldn n h i t la vipc giai<br /> khu phd' mdi nay trfldc het la tdng tru s i<br /> toa cac khu nha la, nhieu gia dinh khdng<br /> Paul Bert va ngfldi kd nhiem la Paulin<br /> chiu di ddi. Nhan l i e dd cd nhidu dam chay<br /> Vial, c i n g vdi sfl ho trd cua cac quan chflc<br /> xay ra, cd l i n thieu trui hdn 300 ndc n h i<br /> d p dia phfldng thanh phd' nhfl Cdng s i<br /> (cd dfl luan la ngfldi Tay n g l m sai ngfldi<br /> Bonnal va Dd'c ly Halais. Muc dich tao lap<br /> dot nha dan) (18), chinh quyen thanh phd'<br /> ra khu phd' Au c i a chinh quyen thflc dan<br /> da ban hanh Ipnh e l m dflng lai nhflng nha<br /> vfla la do nhu c i u phat trien va md rpng<br /> la bi chay. D i n din, quanh bd hd phia tay,<br /> khu nhfldng dia ra ben ngoM thanh phd'<br /> hinh thanh phd' Beauchamp (Le Thai To).<br /> mdi bi chinh phuc, vfla la sfl thflc thi khing<br /> Trong phd' cd tda nha xay kha dep la tru sd<br /> diiih sflc manh va quyen Iflc cua ke chidn<br /> c i a bao "Avenir du Tonkin" (Tfldng lai Ble<br /> thing, ddng thdi la de pho trfldng thanh<br /> Ky), c h i b i t d i u tien l i Jules Cousin (nay<br /> the vd cai gpi la "sfl mang khai hda"<br /> la toa soan Bao Hd Npi mdi). O phia nam,<br /> (mission civilisatrice) c i a ndn van minh<br /> doan phd' Paul Bert kdo dai (nay la phd'<br /> Phap quo'c dfldc coi nhfl vfldt trpi so vdi<br /> Hang Khay) da cd mpt so' nha gach xay<br /> nhflng ngfldi ban xfl.<br /> kieu mdi. Nha so' 3 Hang Khay xay 2 t i n g<br /> nay v i n con, tren cao ghi nien dai xay dflng Dia ban dfldc chpn ban d i u la v i n g d i t<br /> la 1886. Chanh tdng ba hp Kim, nha giau phia ddng hd Hoan Kiem trai rpng ra den<br /> 66 Rghi6n curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> bd sdng Nhi, g i n ke khu nhfldng dia, thupc tdi c i a Nam t h i n h Ha Npi trong do cd<br /> cae thdn Yen Trfldng, H I Thanh, Cflu Lau. quan ddi Phap ddn tru. Ngay nay, dd la<br /> Tai day trfldc kia da tdn tai l l u Ngu Long true cac phd Trang Tien-Hang Khay-Trahg<br /> thdi Le - Trinh va l i e dd cdn hai ngdi c h i a Thi-Cia Nam. Doan d i u phia ddng xfla kia<br /> ndi tieng 11 Phd Giac (chia Tiu) va Bao An la tuydn dfldng ngan doi hai hd Ta Vpng va<br /> (Lien Tri). Xa hdn la cac hd ao, d i m lly, Hflu Vpng, luc dd da trd thanh con dfldng<br /> rupng l i a dan cfl thua thdt. Vio khoang m6n nhd rpng 2-3m, cd e l u ndi lien vdi<br /> nam 1886, nha e l m quyen P h I p da cho pha Trang Tien d phia nam, xfldng due tien nay<br /> dd hai ngdi c h i a v i san l i p mat b i n g v i n g cung da ngflng boat dpng, trd thanh hoang<br /> d i t l l y lpi. phe, cac hao nfldc can d i n (22).<br /> Cum cdng trinh kidn true d i u tien d day Phd Trang Tien l i e d i u dfldc Phap dat<br /> la p h i c hdp dupe gpi la "Bdn Toa" (Quatre ten la phd' Phap Qud'c (Rue de France), sau<br /> Batiments) xay dflng d bd'n gdc ddi xflng ddi thanh phd' Paul Bert. Dd la con phd mdi<br /> nhau, gifla la vfldn hoa Paul Bert (nay la hipn dai d i u tien cua H i Npi, diem n h i n<br /> quang trfldng Ly T h i i To') vdi bflc tfldng c i a khu phd' T i y dan sfl, ddng thdi la mot<br /> ddng vien quan cai tri n i y c i n g ngdi n h i "tu kinh" bay hang quang cao cho ndn van<br /> ken lam ndi hang t u i n cd hda nhac giai tri. minh tfl ban cua chinh qud'c P h i p .<br /> Bd'n cdng trinh la cac toa Dd'c ly, Kho bac,<br /> L i n Ifldt, sau khi nhflng ngoi n h i tranh<br /> Bflu dien va p h i Thd'ng s i , n i m tren<br /> bi dd bd, thay vao la nhflng nha gd rdi nha<br /> khudn vien cua tru sd Uy ban Nhan d i n<br /> gach dfldc dflng len. Phd Trang Tien trd<br /> Thanh phd' va Nha khach Chinh p h i ngay<br /> thanh "mpt dfldng phd' trai da ram.kha tdt,<br /> nay.<br /> rpng tfl 16m ddn 18m, trong do ngfldi Au<br /> Cum cdng trinh Bd'n Tda dfldc giao cho h l u nhfl n i m mpi c i a hang ban le... Ngfldi<br /> nha t h l u Vezin va Huardu thi cdng, dfldi sfl ta da tha'y trong phd' mpt c i a hieu san xult<br /> chi huy cua ky sfl Gotten, giam dd'c sd Cdng nfldc CO ga, mpt tiem banh, nhflng ti§m tap<br /> chinh. cae tda nha xay hai ting, cd mdng hda, mdt khach san, hai ba tiem ca phe, t i t<br /> day 2m50, mai Idp ngdi da den vdi hanh ca ddu la c i a ngfldi P h i p (23). L i e diu, cd<br /> lang rpng, l i p c i a kinh, dat 16 sfldi; tdng c i a hipu b i n l i n Ion mpi t h i b i n g hda nhfl<br /> dipn tich glp ddi dien tich d. Tong kinh phi gily vd, slch truypn, vdi ca vai vdc, dd hop,<br /> len tdi 420.000 Fr, them vlo la so' tidn edng bat dia, dd thuy tinh, eac mat hang thdi<br /> van chuyen 20.000 mdt khdi d i t cat tfl sdng trang d i n g cho phu nfl. Sau dd, cd them<br /> Hdng de san l i p nhiing chd lly lpi ngap tiem hdt tdc, c i a h i n g ban nfldc hoa, cia<br /> nfldc (20). Ngoai ra, ngfldi ta cdn pha con de hang thit, c i a h i n g ban dd npi t h i t , hieu<br /> trong chay dpc theo theo phd' A.Courbet (Ly thudc tay... T i t ca deu la nhflng vat phIm<br /> Thai T6') lly d i t lip ao va chinh trang vfldn phuc vu cho dam quan chflc Phap va gia<br /> hoa Paul Bert, hoan thanh vao thang 2- dinh, gidi cac nha thflc dan tu ban cing cac<br /> 1888, vdi kinh phi 22.540 Fr (21). si quan, binh linh Phap. .j i<br /> <br /> Cing thdi gian xay dflng q u i n the Bd'n Ngudi ta nhd den nhflng c i a hieu thudc<br /> Tda, nha e l m quyen cho md mpt true phd' tay Julien Blanc, c i a h i n g gily b i t<br /> mdi mang tinh chien Ifldc, ndi hdn hai Schneider, phdng dpc v i cho thue sach c i a<br /> trung tam chinh tri va quan sfl c i a Phap Gillet. Dac bipt la quan ca phe ddng khach<br /> l i e do t i cdng khu nhfldng dia giap bd sdng c i a mu Beyre - mdt phu nfl ban b i n g cang<br /> Sir chuydn bidn vd quy hoach va dien mao.. 67<br /> <br /> <br /> tin cho quan dpi da nghi hflu-thfldng la ndi xay hai t i n g theo phong each Au, cd vfldn<br /> tu tap chuyen trd c i a gidi quan chflc va tUdc va hang rao song sit, cd khu nha phu<br /> quan nhan ngudi Phap thdi dd. Ve sau, d i n g sau danh cho gia nhan d i y td. C h i<br /> nhflng tda nha ldn dfldc xay dflng, nhflng nhan phd bidn la cac quan chic v i nha tU<br /> c i a hieu ldn xua't hien nhfl nha hang ban Phap, mot sd r i t it cae gia dinh thupc<br /> Godard, khach san Coq d'Or (Ga Vang), gidi thupng lUu ngUdi Viet.<br /> ngan hang Dia dc...<br /> Vd cac cdng sd va nhflng kien t r i e ldn,<br /> Vd mat chinh trang dfldng phd', l i e d i u trong nhflng nam cudi the ky XIX d i u the<br /> b hai ben dfldng cd trdng nhflng ciy phfldng ky XX, phan ldn deu dfldc xay dflng theo<br /> VI hoa dd rfle ed ngudn gd'c t i q u i n dao phong each "tan cd dien" (ndo-classicisme),<br /> Antilles ben chiu My. Sau cac chu hieu dd chiu anh hudng c i a kidn t r i e sU trUdng l i e<br /> nghi d i n bo di de lay anh Sang, va ngfldi ta dd la Henri Vildieu. Dac diem chung c i a<br /> lat via he rpng. Khi lap phd', ba hp Kim cac cdng trinh n i y la xay vflng chic "kieu<br /> hidn tang mpt t i m bien phd' kham x l c i cd vinh ciu", tfldng d i y chd'ng nhiet, kien true<br /> ghi chfl Phdp va chfl Han, nhflng sau bi hfl ddi xflng, iriai vdm hoac hinh thap Idp da<br /> hong vi mfla n i n g phai thao bo di. den. Tda Dd'c ly, Bflu dien va P h i Thd'ng s i<br /> deu da dfldc xay dflng lai. Nhflng cdng<br /> J.Boissiere md ta phd' Trang Tien vao<br /> trinh kidn t r i e mdi dang chu y xay dflng<br /> cudi the ky XIX: "Dpc theo phd'Paul Bert cd<br /> trong thdi gian tidp theo l i khach san<br /> nhiing c i a hang bdng Ion nhfl tiem ca phe,<br /> Metropole (phd' Henri Riviere, tflc Ngd<br /> nha hang an, nhfl de cho ngfldi du khach<br /> Quydn), nha hang Godard (trdng ra hai<br /> mdi cap ben biet dfldc r i n g mud'n ndi gi thi<br /> mat phd' Paul Bert - Ddng Khanh, tflc<br /> ndi, Ha Npi v i n la mpt thanh 'phd' Phap.<br /> Trang Tien- Hang Bai), Trfldng Viin Ddng<br /> Hay di qua de phat hipn ra nhflng bien<br /> Bac Cd Phap (E.F.E.O) d c i n g phd vdi Tda<br /> hieu "Bazar de Paris" (Chd phien Paris),<br /> an (Phd Carreau, t i c Ly Thfldng Kiet).<br /> "Aux fabriques de France" (d cac xfldng che<br /> tao Phap qud'c)... Hipu tap hoa, c i a h i n g Rieng N h i Hat ldn Thanh pho', phdng<br /> tham, c i a h i n g dd sit, hipu thud'c tay, theo nguyen m l u c i a n h i hat Op6ra Paris d<br /> hang budn ban hang thupc dia, thdi thi du d i u phd' Trang Tien, xay tren mpt cai ao ldn<br /> thi"... (24). cu, la mpt cong trinh td'n tien va cdng sflc,<br /> phai m i t 10 nam mdi lam xong (1901-1911).<br /> Ve phia nam phd' T r i n g Tidn, ngfldi<br /> Phap md them mpt so' tuydn phd' song song B i t d i u hinh thanh tfl phia ddng nam<br /> nhfl cac dai Id Rollandes (Hai ba Trflng), hd Hoan Kidm, khu phd' Tay tiep tuc lan<br /> Carreau (Ly Thfldng Kiet), Gambetta (Trin toa, md rpng tdi dia ban t h i hai d phia tay<br /> Hflng Dao), c i n g mpt so' tuydn phd' dpc c i t ble t h i n h phd', ben trai thanh Ha Npi, t i<br /> vudng gdc nhu Henri Riviere (Ngd Quyen), bd nam hd Tay den khu Van Midu. Mpt<br /> Rialan (Phan Chu Trinh). Cac dudng phd' p h i n quan trpng cua khu phd Tay mdi n i y<br /> mdi nay deu t h i n g hang, long dUdng rpng la dat cua toa thanh da bi pha buy trong<br /> trai da ram (sau la nhfla dfldng), via he nhflng nam 1894-1897, ngay trfldc thdi<br /> rpng cd trdng cay. toan quyen Paul Doumer.<br /> Cac kien true nha d dan sfl hai ben pho' , Sau khi Phap ha thanh Ha Npi l i n t h i<br /> thfldng la kidu biet thfl (villa) sang trpng hai (1882), Iflc Ifldng quan dpi Phap da d lai<br /> 68 Rghi&n curu Ljch s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> chiem gifl thanh. Moi dinh thfl, nha mdn va Tuy nhien, ed dU luan cho la Phap pha<br /> bp may quan iieu Nam trieu deu phai ddi tudng thanh la de dao tim c i a cai v i n g bac<br /> ra ben ngoii thanh, ke ca Tdng dd'c Ha Npi. dupe nha Nguyin hi mat dem chdn d i u<br /> Ngay 23-7-1893, Hdi ddng thanh p h d r a (28). Td bao tieng Phap 'T,Tnddpendance<br /> quyet dinh pha thanh. Ngay 15-2-1894, Tonkinoise" (Dpc lap Bic Ky) d Ha Npi lie<br /> mpt hdp ddng ve viec pha thanh da dfldc ky dd da phanh phui: "Ong Bazin dem cho<br /> kdt gifla toan quyen De Lanessan vdi nha t h l u lai cdng viec pha thanh, tfl nhien dfldc<br /> t h l u Auguste Bazin, ky sfl dan sfl b Paris. hudng ldi mpt khoan 20.000 ddng piastre<br /> Cdng viec pha thanh kdo dai trong 3 nam, (bing 1/3 tdng kinh phi), c i n g khoang 90<br /> hoan t i t nam 1897. ha da't bi loai, chia 16 dem ban vdi gia r i t<br /> dit, lai them mot sd ldn ele cdng trinh bi<br /> Khoang g i n ba phan tfl dien tich tda pha dd tren khoang d i t nay (29). Cac<br /> thanh cu da hi loai bd, chia 16 (25), l l y da't nguyen vat lieu (da, gach ngdi, gd) hi loai<br /> lap phd', lam dfldng, quang trfldng va vfldn ra cflng dUde chia nhau dem ban true ldi.<br /> hoa, xay nha. Toan bp tfldng thanh cu hi Trong vu nay, "C6 Tu Hdng" -mpt mu me<br /> pha bd, thay vao la mpt bflc tfldng mdi ddn tay ndi tieng dUdng thdi - cung kiem chac<br /> gian hdn nhieu, bao quanh khu vflc cdn gifl dUde mpt mdn ldi kdeb s i , "c6n t h i a dem<br /> lai e i a tda t h i n h . Hao nfldc hi san lip, ele xay dupe 5 toa n h i hai t i n g va mot day<br /> cdng thanh hi pha buy, t r i c i a Chinh Ble nha ba t i n g d d i u dudng Quan S i ngo Hpi<br /> (tren ph6' Phan Dinh Phung ngiy nay) la Vu" (30).<br /> con dupe gifl lai, tren dd cd vdt dan dai bac<br /> Khu phd' Tay mdi n i y dUde hinh thanh<br /> c i a Phap b i n trong cupc t i n cong thanh<br /> trong nhflng nam ble qua hai the^ ky XIX<br /> nam 1882. Sfl pha hoai nhflng di tich lich<br /> va XX, c h i yeu trong nhipm ky c i a Toan<br /> si-van hda nay da hi nhieu dfl lu^n c6ng<br /> quydn P.Doumer. So vdi khu pho' Tay ddng<br /> kich, phan ddi. Ban than Toan quydn<br /> nam hd Hoan Kidm, khu nay thfla dan hdn<br /> P.Doumer sang nham chflc nam 1897, ngay<br /> va dfldc xay dflng hien dai hdn, canh quan<br /> sau khi tda thanh hi pha cung to long luyen<br /> dfldng phd' cung dpp hdn. Nhieu quang<br /> tide vd nhflng cdng thanh "xflng dang dfldc<br /> trfldng, vfldn hoa xinh dep, ciing vdi mpt h§<br /> bao tdn" va cho vipc pha h i y c h i n g i i "dieu<br /> tho'ng cac tuyen dfldng ddi hien dai thdng<br /> dang budn cho nghe thuat va lich s i " (26).<br /> thoing cd via he rpng, hai ben dfldng trdng<br /> Cd nhidu each giai thich khac nhau gay cay xanh bdng mat, dang ke cd dipm tron<br /> tranh cai ve ly do thflc sfl c i a viec pha Puginier (quang trfldng Ba Dinh ngiy nay),<br /> thanh. Toan quydn De Lanessan Men hp vfldn hoa Puginier (nay la cdng vien Lenin),<br /> cho viec pha thanh la "de lam lanh manh c i n g cac con dfldng Puginier (Dien Bien<br /> thanh phd', tao khong khi thoang mat cho P h i ) , Pierre Pasquier (Hoing Dieu), Van<br /> nhflng trai linh, loai bd nhflng d lay nhiim Vollenhoven (Chu Van An) Bridre de ITsle<br /> gay nen do dfldng hao c h i a d i y thfl nfldc t i (Hing Vfldng), Honord Tissot (Hoing Van<br /> dpng... Viec p h i thanh cflng tao thuan tien Thu), cac dai 16 Carnot (Phan Dinh Phing),<br /> cho thanh phd' phat trien, cd dfldc mpt GiovannineUi (Le Hdng Phong), Fdlix<br /> khoang d i t be mat dipn tich quan trpng, Faure (Trin P h i ) . . .<br /> thanh phd' cd the vUdn rpng ra theo hUdng Khu phd' mdi dfldc thie't ke' lira khu vflc<br /> hd Tay..." (27). danh cho cac cdng sd hanh chinh, cd tieu<br /> SIT chuydn bidn vd guy hoach va di|n mao. 68<br /> <br /> <br /> diem la dinh Toan quydn mdi, thay cho d cac xfl lanh cd nhieu tuyet, chu nhan la<br /> dinh Toan quyen cu d khu nhfldng dia, ma nhflng gia dinh cd the Iflc, giau cd.<br /> theo P. Doumer "phai xflng dang vdi chd d Tdm lai, trong 15 nam d i u thdi Phap<br /> c i a vi dai dien tdi cao cho nfldc Phap d xfl thupc (1883-1897), dfldi chinh quyen cai tri<br /> thudc dia" (31). De Lanessan l i ngfldi d i u c i a thflc dan Phap vdi nhiing gfldng mat ndi<br /> tien cd y dinh chuyen ddi tru sd Toan bat la hai Toan quyen Paul Bert va De<br /> quydn ra khu da't mdi thoang rpng g i n hd Lanessan deu cing theo dudi mdt chinh<br /> Tay. Nam 1895, ngudi ta dUng mpt ban ve sach "bao hp hdp tac", quy hoach v i dipn<br /> thiet kd^ cho dinh Toan quyen mdi, ed ndc mao dd thi Ha Npi da chuyen d i n mo hinh<br /> mai vdm, nhUng da khdng dUdc thUe hien t i mpt dd thi phong kien truyen thd'ng sang<br /> (32). P.Doumer la ngUdi tich cUc xic tidn ke mpt dd thi can hien dai tfl ban thflc dan. Tuy<br /> hoach xay dinh Toin quyen mdi, ma dng ta nhien, nd v i n la mpt t h i n h pho' lai ghdp<br /> r i t thich thu vdi y dinh dat cho nd mpt bipt gifla nhflng ydu to' mdi va cu, "mpt tdng the<br /> hieu thd mong la "lau dai Dalila", la bien dd thi phflc hdp, dan xen gifla nhflng khu<br /> am c i a t i Dai La, t o i thanh cd thdi Ble ngfldi Viet, ngfldi Hoa va ngfldi Au" (34).<br /> thupc d g i n dia diem niy, ma l i e dd ngfldi<br /> ta vfla khai q u i t dfldc cac di vat khao cd. Den 1897, vien toan quyen mdi nang<br /> dpng va quyet doan Paul Doumer sang Ha<br /> Tuy nhien dinh Toan quyen chi b i t d i u<br /> Npi nham chflc, da tfl bd dfldng ldl hdp tac<br /> dfldc khdi cdng nam 1901, hoan t i t nam<br /> c h i nghia trfldc dd, d i y manh chinh sach<br /> 1906 do kien t r i e sfl trfldng H.Vildieu chi<br /> trflc tri va Au hoa ma mpt trpng tam la<br /> dao v i ngfldi thidt ke ban ve la<br /> thanh phd' Ha Npi. Ong ta nhan dinh mot<br /> Ch.Lichtenfelder (33). Cdng trinh kien t r i e<br /> each de dat ve mflc dp dd thi boa cua Ha<br /> khong ldn nhflng dep v i be the, xay theo<br /> Npi l i e dd: "Nam 1897, Sai Gdn da la mpt<br /> phong each Phuc Hflng cd dien chau Au.<br /> thanh phd dfldc hoan thanh, chi cin bd<br /> Ngay nay, dd la p h i C h i tich.<br /> sung va lam dpp them. Trong khi dd. Ha<br /> Thdi gian sau, trong khu pho'Au n i y da Npi mdi chi la mpt thanh phd dang dfldc<br /> xult hien mpt so' cdng sd ma nhflng cdng phae thao e i n phai tao dflng" (35). Doumer<br /> trinh kien true dang e h i y la trfldng Lyede bay td tham vpng e i a minh l i mud'n bien<br /> Albert Sarraut d dfldng Briere de ITsle dd thi nay thanh mpt "Paris thu nhd" (Petit<br /> (Hing Vfldng), nay l i tru sd Van phdng Paris) (36) va thflc sfl da tien hanh mpt so'<br /> Trung fldng Dang, Sd Tai chinh d d i u vipc lam gay a'n tfldng, n h i t la ve mat xay<br /> dudng Puginier (Dien Bien P h i ) , nay 11 tru dflng cd sd ha t i n g dd thi, tao nhiing<br /> sd Bp Ngoai giao, trfldng nfl hoc Phap F61ix chuyen bidn quan trpng cho quy hoach va<br /> Faure b dai Id Fdlix Faure (Trin Phu), nay dien mao thanh phd'.<br /> 11 Dai sfl quan Nga...<br /> Tuy nhien, viec dd thi hda theo hfldng<br /> NhQng kien t r i e dan sfl nha d trong khu hien dai cung chi dfldc thflc hipn ban che<br /> vflc nay cd p h i n It hdn so vdi khu phd' Tay trong nhflng khu phd Tay, ndi cd da sd<br /> phia ddng nam, nhflng thfldng la nhflng ngUdi Phap cU tru, phuc vu cho bp may<br /> bipt thfl ldn thoang rpng, dpp va hi§n dai thd'ng tri thiic dan. Hdn nfla. Ha Npi v i n<br /> hdn. Nhflng ngdi nha dfldc xay theo phong mang bp mat c i a mot t h i n h phd vdi nhidu<br /> each kien true dia phUdng ble Phap va nghich canh tfldng phan. Chi each khdng<br /> chau Au, mai Idp da den dd'c dflng nhu nha xa phd Trang Tien rfle rd anh dien la<br /> 70 RghiSn cijru Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> nhiing xdm ngheo tam tdi cua ddng dao dan nhu cac tac gia P.Brocheux va D.H^mery-<br /> nghdo thanh thi vdi nhiing tup nha tranh la mpt t h i "chi nghia thflc d i n map md"<br /> lup xup ben canh nhiing ao t i va nhflng ngo Oa colonisation ambigUe). Nd da de lai cho<br /> ldl lly lpi khdng k h i c gi trfldc dd hang the dd thi nay mpt sd n6t I n tfldng ve quy<br /> ky, trong dd nhiing con ngfldi ngay dem phai hoach va dipn mao, trong tdng the mpt di<br /> vat ldn vdi cupc sd'ng de tdn tai, mflu sinh. san cay d i n g vdi sfl tra gia qua d i t ma<br /> Nhin chung, che dp thupc dia Phap d nhflng ngfldi ddn Viet hi dd hp ("dfldc bao<br /> Ddng Dfldng ma thu p h i l i Ha Npi - ndi hp"?) phai ganh chiu.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Ch.Fourniau. Le phenomene urbain au (18). Nguyin Vfin Uln. Hd Ndi ddu thiky XX.<br /> Vietnam d I'epoque coloniale, trong: Peninsule T. n , tr. 360.<br /> indochinoise. Etudes urbaines. P. 1991, tr. 170. (19). Cl.Bourrin. sdd, tr. 97.<br /> (2). A. Masson. Hanoi pendant la periode (20). A.Masson. sdd, tr. 171.<br /> heroique. P. 1929, tr. 131. (21). Cl.Bourrin. sdd, tr. 35.<br /> (3). Ph.Papin. Hanoi et ses territoires. BEFEO. (22). Ch.Labarthe. sdd, tr. 101.<br /> 1995, tr. 205. (23). A.Masson. sdd, tr. 163.<br /> (4). Cl.Bourrin. Le vieux Tonkin. H. 1941, tr. (24). J.Boissiere. L'Indochtne avec les Franfais.<br /> 177. P. 1914, tr. 232.<br /> (5). Ph.Papin. Hanoi et...sdd, tr. 205. (25). Ch. Fourniau. Sdd, tr. 180.<br /> (6). Ph.Papin. Histoire de Hanoi. P. 2001, tr. (26). P.Doumer. Llndochine frangaise.<br /> 227. Souvenirs. P. 1905, tr. 123.<br /> (7). R.Bonnal. Au Tonkin. Notes et souvenirs. H. (27)ijBe Lanessan. La colonisation francaise en<br /> 1925, tr. 176. Indochine. P. 1895, tr. 289, 291.<br /> (8). R. Bonnal. sdd, tr. 177. (28). Doan Ke Thipn. Co tich vd thang cdnh Hd<br /> (9). D.Ganter. Recueil de la legislation en Not. Hfi,Npi, 1959, tr. 33-34.<br /> vigueur en Annam et au Tonkin. H. 1895, tr. 258. (29). Cl.Bourrin. sdd, tr. 309.<br /> (10). D.Ganter. sdd, 255. (30). Doan Ke Thipn. Sdd, tr. 35.<br /> (11). Cl.Bourrin. sdd, tr. 16. (31). P.Doumer. Llndochine francaise...add<br /> (12). R.Bonnal. sdd, tr. 177. (32). WS.Logan. Hanoi: biography of a city.<br /> (13). P.Doumer. Situation de I'lndochine (1897- Sidney. 2000, tr. 87.<br /> 1901). H. 1902, tr. 546.<br /> (33). C16ment&Lancret (cb). Hd Not: chu ky cua<br /> (14). Ch.Labarthe. Hanoi, capitate du Tonquin.<br /> nhing dot thay. Hfi Npi, 2000, tr. 138.<br /> Revue de G^ographie. TXIII, 1883, tr. 104.<br /> (15). P.Bourde. De Paris au Tonkin. P. 1885, tr. (34). Ch.Fourniau. sdd, tr. 181.<br /> 128. (35). C. Pedelahore. Hanoi: miroir de<br /> (16). Cl.Bourrin. sdd, tr48. Cl.Madrolle trong I'architecture coloniale, trong Architecture<br /> Hanoi et ses environs (London. 1912), tr. 13 ghi Ifi frangaise outre-mer. P. 1992, tr. 296.<br /> nfim 1878. (36). P.Brocheux & D. Hemery. Indochine: la<br /> (17). P.Bourde. sdd, tr. 130. colonisation ambigiie. P. 1994<br />