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CONG NGHE L/NG DUNG<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> SU* DUNG AC QUY<br /> HIEU QUA<br /> NGUYEN DUY DINH<br /> Oai hoc Bdch Khoa Hd Noi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Ac quy la mot thiet bj dien hoa, bien nang lirang tiT phan liTng hoa<br /> hoc thanh dien nang. Moi ac quy gdm nhieu phan tur (ngan - cell).<br /> Moi phan tilrgom dien cure duang, dien cUc am va chat dien moi.<br /> Tuy thuoc vao vat lieu lam dien cue va chat dien moi ma ta co<br /> nhieu loai ac quy khac nhau nhif: ac quy a xit chi (dien cUc chi), ac<br /> quy Niken (dien cUc Niken), ac quy kiem (dien ciTc Natri), ac quy<br /> Lithium - Ion (dien ciTc Lithium),... Chung ta co the bat gap ac quy<br /> •^ cf moi ncri: trong cac thiet bj dl dong nhu dien thoai, may tinh xach<br /> tay, may anh, dong hd, den p i n , . . . ; trong cac phuong tien giao<br /> thong nhir xe may, d td, xe dap dien, xe may d i e n , . . . Du vay, sur<br /> dung ac quy nhir the nao cho dung, cho hieu qua thi khdng phai ai<br /> ciing biet. Bai viet nay se gidii thieu mot sd loai ac quy thdng dung<br /> hien nay va each suT dung ac quy sao cho dat hieu qua suT dung cao<br /> nhat.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> I ^S^K<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tv d^ng hoa ngdy nay / 3 , 2 0 1 1<br />  Hoiu t o use b a t t e r y efficiently<br /> Abstract:<br /> Battery is on electrochemical device, luhich change energy from chemical reaction to electric energy. Each<br /> battery has a lot of elements (cell). Each element includes positive electrode, negative electrode and dielectric<br /> material. Depend on the material to build electrode and dielectric material, there are many types of battery,<br /> such as: lead acid battery (lead electrode), Niken battery (Niken electrode), alkaline battery (Natri electrode).<br /> Lithium - Ion battery (Lithium electrode), ...UUe can see battery everyujhere: in mobile devices like mobile<br /> phones, laptops, cameras, ujatches, electric torch, ...; in transport vehicles like motobikes, autos, electric<br /> bicycle, electric motorbike, ...Houuever, houj to use battery efficiently, not every one knoms.. This article uuill<br /> introduce some common types of battery and the tuoys houu to use them uuith highest effectiveness<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. MOT SO KHAI NIEM • Hieu uTngtUxa: hau nhUtatea hoac mat nUde d ac quy hd.<br /> TrUdc khi bat dau di tim hieu ve ac cac loai ac quy deu tU mat dung<br /> quy, ta can nam dupc mpt sd khai lupng khi khdng dupe xa trong mdt<br /> 2 . M O T SO LOAI AC Q U Y PHO<br /> niem, tham sd co ban sau: khoang thdi gian. Hien tupng nay<br /> BIEN<br /> • Oien ap danh dinh (V): la dien gpi la hieu Ung tU xa. Mdc dp tU xa<br /> ap xay ra phan Ung hda hpe ben phu thudc vao loai ac quy, nhiet dp,<br /> a.Ac q u y acid chi<br /> trong moi phan t d ac quy. Oien ap<br /> danh djnh khac nhau ddi vdi moi • Tuoi t h o ac quy: Thdng<br /> loai ac quy. Chang han, dien ap thudng, dung luong eua ac quy se bj<br /> danh djnh cua ac quy acid chi la 2V; mat dl 20% so vdi dung lupng djnh<br /> cua ac quy Nikel la 1,2V; cua ac quy mUe sau vai tram den vai tram nghin<br /> Lithim - Ion la 3,5V; ...NhUvay, de ehu ky nap/xa. Sd chu ky nap xa nay<br /> cd dupe mdt ac quy acid chi 12V, ta phu thudc vao loai ac quy, dieu kien<br /> can mac song song 6 cell ndi tiep; sd dung, ... Tudi thp ac quy do do<br /> hoac 10 cell ndi tiep de dupe mdt ac dupe tfnh bang sd chu ky nap/xa tdi<br /> quy Nikel 12V, ... da ma dung lupng eua ac quy khdng<br /> • Dung lUofng (Ah): cda ac quy bj giam dudi 80% dung lupng djnh<br /> la tdng dien luong ma ac quy cd the mdc. Hinh 1. Ac quy acid- ehi<br /> chda hoac cung ed the hieu la ddng • Su chai ac quy: day la hien<br /> dien ma ac quy cd the phat ra dn tupng sulphat hda ban eUc eua ac Ac quy acid chi la ac quy phd<br /> djnh trong mdt dOn vj thdi gian. Vf quy acid chi. Oieu nay xay ra khi ac bien nhat hien nay do gia thanh re.<br /> du, ac quy lOOAh nghia la ac quy cd quy hoat ddng trong trang thai xa Mdi ngan ac quy acid chi gdm 2 ban<br /> the phdng ddng 10A dn djnh trong trong lien tue 2 tuan trd len. Khi dd, cue; ban eUc duong lam tU oxide chi,<br /> lOh hoac phdng ddng 20A dn djnh tinh the chi sulphat trong dung djch ban cue am lam bang chi nguyen<br /> trong 5h,... thi het dung lupng. se ke't tinh tren ban cUc ac quy lam chat; ea 2 ban cUc dupc dat trong<br /> • Nang luang (Wh): la cdng suat cho phan Ung hda hpe xay ra khd chat dien mdi la axit Sunfurie<br /> ma ac quy cd the phat ra trong mdt khan hon, dung luong ac quy bj suy H2S04. Ac quy acid chi thudng dupc<br /> don vj thdi gian, dupc tinh bang tich giam. Hien tUdng nay ed the khac phan thanh 2 loai nhU bang 1.<br /> cua dien ap ac quy vdi dung lupng. phue mdt phan bang each sac ac<br /> Vf du, ac quy 120Wh cd the phat ra quy vdi mdt ddng dien thfch hpp Chil difn moi li dung djch Kid Oiil diji mti tt tinh dii H:SO, d«ng gel<br /> <br /> cdng suat 12W dn djnh trong lOh lien tuc nhung khdng the khdi phue S u l ^ c H:SO, lollf<br /> <br /> <br /> hoac cdng suat 120W trong 1 h,... dupe trang thai nhu ban dau. Khofig dii u siu voi ddng cao vi s2 Cd dii la siu vdi d6ng cao mi khdng<br /> lim giim tudi 69 ic quy nhanh lim anh hirang nhiiu dio Qiii dip ic quy<br /> • Mat do nang luang (Wh/m^): • Su phong ac quy cua ac quy chdng<br /> <br /> la nang lupng cua Im^ ac quy. Mat Icin va sUcan dung djch cua ac quy T h u ^ xuyfn pbaibd xung au6c Khdng cin phij bd xung nudc<br /> dp nang lupng cang Idn, ac quy hd: Oay la hien tupng xay ra khi ac Tudi dio ngin: t r a 300 chu ky Tudi dio dit: tren 500 chu ky a^f/ji<br /> cang nhd gpn. quy dupc sae/xa vdi ddng dien qua oiP'xi<br /> <br /> • Nang lUorng rieng (Wh/kg): la Idn trong mdt thdi gian dai. Khi dd, GiiAinhRhoniciiayklid Giidiiilicaobiinicquydi<br /> <br /> nang lupng cda 1kg Se quy. Nang khf 02 va H2 sinh ra khdng kjp phan Thudng dimg titng de. chieu sing, TTludng dung Irong \e dien, cung cd dii<br /> cdi. ..-cboxemiy, dtd ding t m g di, den. cdu... cua 6 td, xc<br /> lupng rieng cang Idn, ac quy cang dng vdi nhau de trd thanh nUde ma<br /> miy<br /> nhe. bj thoat ra lam phdng ac quy kfn Bang 1: ede laai ac quy acid ehi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Automation Today / 3, 2011 19<br />  Bang 2 md ta mdt sd thdng sd co b. Ac quy Kiem<br /> ban cua ac quy Acid chi:<br /> <br /> Gas Tight S * J |<br /> i^hi^iyi »isiMc i*ce - •:•*--»<br /> <br /> trntrnt^trnt 5f4S«MB3 Cai<br /> tnsutjtor<br /> n i . ^ 4 ^ ^ k ZV (.ilph.i-Alumina)<br /> •mtem^iii^A^c a<br /> <br /> nu^iicOK u Sudium<br /> <br /> Tin M * *<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> I<br /> S.ife<br /> ldi*. ai-aiAi^iifU<br /> <br /> f^mami^ It^iimiilmm B(it.i-Alumin.i<br /> <br /> •tcMMaSntac U«c .SulfiM El4K:tr(Mto<br /> l i i k a i i i i i Ciwffn/cadujwo<br /> <br /> attt* -OUB-OLlSIBDm<br /> <br /> <br /> Bdng 2: Thong so danh djnh cia acquy acid chi<br /> I Sulfur Housing Maj\<br /> ooiB Ma n<br /> Doie<br /> Tnermal enclosure<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a. Ac quy Nikel<br /> Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) Batteries<br /> Hinh 3. Ac quy NaS<br /> <br /> <br /> La ac quy sd dung Natri Idng La ac quy sd dung Lithium<br /> lam dien cUc am. Diem dac biet lam dien cue am. Day la loai ac<br /> cua cac loai ac quy dUa tren Natri la quy t h u d n g gap nhat trong cac<br /> chi hoat ddng duoc d nhiet dp cao t h i e t bj di d d n g . Hien nay cd tdi<br /> khoang tren 300°C. Neu dung lUu ba loai ac quy Lithium phd bien<br /> huynh lam dien cUc duong ta cd ac g d m : ac q u y L i t h i u m Polimer,<br /> quy Natri Sulphur {Na2Sx); neu dung L i t h i u m M a n g a n Dioxide va<br /> Nikel Chloride lam dien cUc duong Lithium Ferro Photphat. Bang 5<br /> ta cd ac quy Natri Metal Chloride so sanh m d t sd dac diem cua 3<br /> (Zebra). Bang 4 so sanh mdt sd dae loai ac quy t r e n .<br /> diem cua 2 loai ac quy kiem tren.<br /> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^im<br /> NUthfBcUlii 130 WM| «.|IO«U|;<br /> ^g^^^gOj^^^g^^^g<br /> m-^H^utk lOtlMK miMe M|li«BliCkifi( 3m«MB><br /> wmtt<br /> JOOWIv'cn' 220Wha'<br /> <br /> M(iipIOOOltekJ >2on(kikt<br /> La ac quy sd dung Nikel Oxi Wi •kin !««**<br /> 1*1(1 i t Ha rile IHtl2000ctekya||i/n 3000 dnky BIP l i<br /> Hidroxide lam dien eUc duong. Neu Dtel«l'«l>ilka^ UV UV vdi dng dung cda minh, bai bao xin<br /> TbM c l u 19c d i i Ih Ih<br /> "nMclM^vcM^ 2apMt 20|dA<br /> dua ra mdt vi du nhU sau:<br /> ;T»«* OS^Oftj I^VORiy<br /> Gia sd ta ed mdt chiec xe dien<br /> lUl*» 1200 ctao ky ntfk'u looocbikyi^pKA<br /> NUfl«*U>*«(c -urc - wx ^'hi^dd nt6i vwdns nang 20kg dang chd mpt ngUdi<br /> IHcMJ t«twM RJtiMc TUn ihite (DA* aalmf<br /> nang 60kg can chay vdi tdc dp dn<br /> 03 - I _^ L'SCVWh O J - I J USIVWh<br /> dinh khoang 18km/h trong 12h mdi<br /> M*^ « h . atia fhovi. aiAy usk lAcA 07. n i y i«be D ^ ^ d<br /> •A di^n nhu Fditl Think. Rctmk Cbo. Pn«coi lOd. phai nap dien. Suy ra:<br /> • Tdng trpng lupng ngudi va<br /> Bdng 3 : So sdnh ac quy NiCad va NiMH Hinh 4. Mpt so logi 6e quy Li-ion<br /> xe:P = 800N (coi g = 10;<br /> <br /> ZU Tv d ^ hoa ngay nay / 3, 2 0 1 1<br />  • Gia sd he sd ma sat lan f = 0.02 3. MOT SO LU'U Y KHI SOf • Ddi vdi ac quy acid - chi,<br /> • Suy ra lUe ma sat tae dpng len DUNG AC QUY do bj m a t k h o a n g 2 % d u n g<br /> xe: FI = P X f = 800 x 0.02 = 16N De giup sd dung ac quy m d t Idpng m d t ngay nen sau 6 tuan<br /> • Tdc d p d n d j n h cua xe: each hieu qua ma van dam bao khdng sd d u n g d e n , ta van nen<br /> 18km/h = 5m/s tudi t h p , bai bao xin dUa ra m d t sac lai ac q u y vl khi d d , dung<br /> • Suy ra, t d n g cdng suat ma sd hudng dan n h d sau: lupng ac quy da gan he't.<br /> xe tieu t h u : P = 16 x 5 = SOW • Khdng nen dung can kiet • Ac q u y NiMH bj m a t<br /> • Tdng nang luong ma xe can dung luong ac quy 1%/ngay nen sau 3 t h a n g khdng<br /> tieu t h u : W = P x t = 8 0 x l 2 = • Khdng nen de ac quy lam sd d u n g ta nen sac lai ac quy.<br /> 960Wh • Ac quy Zebra bj mat t d i<br /> viec qua tai m d t t h d i gian dai vl<br /> Coi hieu suat cua bd bien doi 18%/ngay nen d u k h d n g s d<br /> n h u the se lam ac quy de bj chai,<br /> la 100%, suy ra ta can chpn mdt p h d n g d u n g ta van phai sac lai moi 5<br /> bd ac quy ed nang lupng khoang ngay mdt lan<br /> • Mdi lan sd dung nen dung<br /> IkWh. Can c d vao eae bang sd eho den khi dung lUOng eua ac • Ac quy L i t h i u m - ion c h i<br /> lieu tren, ta cd bang 6 so sanh bj mat 0.2% moi ngay nen sau 1<br /> quy giam xudng khoang 7 - 10%<br /> nam k h d n g d u n g d e n ta m d i<br /> rdi mdi cam sac. Khi sac, nen c h d<br /> ^^^^^^l^^ggg^^^g<br /> uii k m xuat -15k| -Iji, 7-ttg 9-llb|<br /> sac phai nap lai ac quy<br /> day han rdi mdi rut bd sac.<br /> M • Nen d u n g b d sac chfnh • ...<br /> TWHA 10-20 OB' 6 - 7 c a ' d-Tca* 3-4ea' 4-SeBl'<br /> hang di kem b d ac quy de dam • Nen bao quan ac quy d noi<br /> leal<br /> m It m 2-3k 2-3k bao ehe dp sac t h o a n g mat, dp am vda phai ( t r d<br /> >'I|«I"U<br /> ac quy kiem)<br /> • Khdng nen sac v d i ddng<br /> IM<br /> Taillkt SOO-OQO 1000 3000 1000 2000 dien qua Idn. Ddng dien qua Idn• Gia sd ac quy ddpc xa het<br /> l