S6 12 (242)-2015<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG<br />
<br />
31<br />
<br />
svr THE HBgN CUA TINH THAI HOA<br />
QUA PHV NGf TINH T H A I TRONG CAC<br />
<br />
BAI<br />
P H A T B I E U B A N G T I E N G A N H TJ^l L £ TOT NGHIEP:<br />
PHAN TICH THEO QUAN DifeM N G C P H A P CHU'C NANG<br />
REALIZATION OF MODALIZATION THROUGH MODAL ADJUNCTS IN ENGLISH<br />
COMMENCEMENT ADDRESSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
TRlTONG x m A N H<br />
(Ths; Dfi hQC Ngo^i ngfr, B H Q G Hft N$i)<br />
Abstract: M. A. K. Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar theoiy of modality is used to<br />
investigate the realization of modalization by using modal adjuncts in live English<br />
commencement addresses. Modalization is realized through ten categories of modal adjuncts.<br />
Among them, usuality. Intensity, and time adjuncts are employed most frequently in the chosen<br />
speeches.<br />
Key words: modalization; modal adjunct; systemic fimctional grammar.<br />
1. DSn nh$p<br />
NgQ- phdp chite nfing h$ th6ng (Systemic<br />
functional grammar) ducc gidi thi$u iln diu<br />
t^i Anh nfim 1958 vd sau dd tfii l)c nfim 1994<br />
bdi Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday<br />
(M. A. K. Halliday). LI thuydt ngtt phdp chlic<br />
nfing h$ th6ng nghi€n curu ngdn ng& trong m$t<br />
m ^ g ludri h$ th6ng md ^ nghTa du^c t^o ra<br />
didng qua sv nhfhig s}f l^a chpn c6 li6n h$<br />
ch$t chg vdi nhau. Thu§t ngtt chiic nSng dimg<br />
dk ndi den quan dilm c&a Halliday vh v i ^ ^<br />
nghTa cua ngdn ngtt chOra d^ng ba thdnh phm<br />
siSu chfic nflng Id: y nghTia tu tirdng<br />
(ideational), ngdn bdn (textual), vd lt€n nhin<br />
(interpersonal). Trong so ba thdnh phin trgn,<br />
si6u chute nfing liSn nhdn Id sy thl hl^n ciia<br />
vi$c lya chpn cdc cdng cy ngtt phdp cOa ngudi<br />
ndi nhim tfto ra cdc m6i quan h$ gitta ngabi<br />
ndi vd ngudi nghe. Sy v|in dyng t^t si£u chiic<br />
nfing ndy ciia ngdn ngQ s6 t^o ra cho ngdn bdn<br />
cd dupc hi$u qud tfch cyc trong vi^c thi^t l$p<br />
m6i quan h$ li€n nhdn phiic tfip vd da d^ng<br />
giOB ngudi t ^ ra ngdn bdn vd ngirdi t i ^ nh|b<br />
ngdn bdn. Cdng cy ngD' phdp t^o ra m6i li6n<br />
nhdn dd c6 the phong phfi song mdt trong<br />
nhthig cdng cy hi^u qud nhit phdi ke den Id<br />
tinh th&i (modali^) ndi chung hay tinh thdi<br />
hda (modalization) ndi rieng.<br />
<br />
Vdi mong mu6n tim hlku vh si8u chite nfing<br />
li€n nhdn, tdc gjd cfia bdi bdo dfi nghiSn cfhi ve<br />
sy the hi$n ciia tlnh t h ^ thdng qua cdc phy<br />
ngQ' tinh thdi trong nfim bdl phdt bilu t^i cdc<br />
le tot nghiap ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh<br />
n6i tilng Id Steve Jobs (200S), Bill Gates<br />
(2007), Barbara Kingsolver (2008), J. K.<br />
Rowling (2008) vd Barack Obama (2009).<br />
Nhfhig bdl phdt bilu ndy dup'c lya chpn Id do<br />
chfing diu dk dirpc hudng fing rdt ni^rtfi mi<br />
bdi cdc sinh vi€n t9i cdc trudng d^i hpc md cdc<br />
diln gid du^c mdi tdi phdt bieu. Gdp phin tao<br />
nia sy thdnh cdng cho cdc bdi phdt bilu ay<br />
hin phdi do cdch sii dyng ngdn ngCt vd ciing<br />
khto lto vd linh hofit ciia cdc diln gid. Chfnh<br />
cdng cy ngdn ngtt md hp lya chpn d3 tfio ra spi<br />
dfiy vd \Hjjlh g ^ kit hp vdi ngirdi nghe. Theo<br />
quan dilm ciia tdc gid bdi vilt ndy thl spi dfiy<br />
ay dirpc t ^ ra chfnh bdi m6i liSn h$ lidn nhfin<br />
vd quan trpng Id dupc thl hi$n qua tlnh thdi<br />
hda.<br />
Nghign cfiu ndy tfip trung trd ldi cfiu hdi:<br />
tinh thdi hda dugc the hi$n nhu thl ndo thdng<br />
qua cdc phy ngO* tinh thdi trong nfim bdi phdt<br />
bilu ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh dya tr6n<br />
quan diln! ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng?<br />
2. M$t v&i khdi nifm quan ylu<br />
Zl. nnh thdt vd fSn/r thdl Ma<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
N G 6 N N G C & Bin<br />
<br />
S6NG<br />
<br />
S 6 12 (242)-2015<br />
<br />
Trudc hit cln phdi chi ra ring khdi ni$m chiing the hi^n. Phfim trit -y nghTa diu li£n<br />
tinh thdi (modali^) vd tinh thdi hda quan den phdn dodn (proposition) vfi cdi sau<br />
(modalization) theo quan dilm ciia M.A.K li€n quan din khiln n ^ i (proposal). Khi ho^<br />
Halliday Id cdc khdi n i ^ khdc nhau. Hai thu$t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de trao dhi thdng<br />
ngU tieng Vi^t dupc dCUig d dfiy cung nhu tin thl cu thl hi^n hlnh thiic m$t phdn dodn.<br />
nhilu thu$t ngft khdc nhu phy i ^ tinh thdi, Cdn khi ho^t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de<br />
tdc tli tlnh thdi hitu dinh,... dupc tdc gid bdi nghi ho$c ydu clu tfic Id khi dd m$t hdnh d$ng<br />
vilt tham khdo bdn djch ciia Hodng Vfin Vfin.<br />
ndo dd cln phdi dupc thyc hi^n thl cfi thl hi$n<br />
Theo Halliday (1994). tbih thdi Id ddnh gid hlnh thlic m^t khiln ngh}.<br />
ciia ngudi ndi v l cdc khd nfing ho$c sy bfit<br />
Tlnh thdi hda phfin dnh ddnh gid cda ngtrfri<br />
bu$c trong dieu md anh ta ndi. l l n h thdi thl ndi din khd nfing xdy ra ciia cfic phdn dodn.<br />
hi^n nhftng sy lya chpn trong ngdn ngft vd Halliday (1994) tilp tyc phfin tdch tlnh diii<br />
nhttng lya chpn ay nim ^ t t a hai cyc "cd" vd hda thdnh hai miic d$ khdc nhau Id: cdc m ^<br />
'Ididng". Chiing bao g6m todn bO cdc mure dp d$ xfic suit (cd till/ rit c6 till/ chfic chin) \i<br />
trung gian nim gi&a hai cyc ly.<br />
cic miic dO thudng xuydn (thinh thodng/<br />
Trong ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng, tinh thudng thudng/ ludn ludn). Cdc miic d$ xdc<br />
thdi (modality) dupc chia ra thdnh tlnh thdi suit tuong duong vdi cd (khfing djnh) ho$c<br />
hda (modalization) vd bien thdl (modulation) khdng (phli djnh) trong khi cdc mure d^ diudng<br />
dya dieo hai lo^i hofit dpng giao tiep md chung xuygn tuong umg vdi cd vd khdng. Tlnh thdi<br />
lign quan cung nhu hai ph^m trii f ngJiTa md hda cd thl dupc md tfi ngin gpn sau dfiy:<br />
CO<br />
!_<br />
PI'hdi I dodn<br />
,<br />
KHONG<br />
khd nfing<br />
khfing dinh<br />
<br />
xfic suit (cd ho^c k^ng)<br />
2.2. Phy ngit 6nh thdi<br />
Theo Halliday, tinh thdi hda dupc thl hi^n<br />
chu ylu qua tdc tur tlnh thdi hftu djnh (d$ng tCr<br />
thih thdi) vd phy ngQ- tinh thfii. Trong khudn<br />
khd bdi nghidn cfhi ndy, tfic gid t^p tnmg vdo<br />
cdc nhdm phy ngit tinh thdi cd thl dupc sdr<br />
dyng dl the hign tinh thdi hda.<br />
L09I Ki^D<br />
V nghfa<br />
Vfdv<br />
xdc sudt<br />
thudng<br />
XUVSD<br />
<br />
dien hlnh<br />
"ITwlc<br />
sSnsdng<br />
b6n phfln<br />
thtri elan<br />
rOrdng<br />
<br />
trung gian<br />
<br />
TiNH T H A I HOA<br />
<br />
k h i nfing nhu thS<br />
ndo?<br />
thu&ng xuy6n nhu tht<br />
ndo?<br />
diln hlnh nhu d i l<br />
ndo?<br />
sin sdng nhu t h l ndo?<br />
bfit b u ^ nhu tht<br />
ndo?<br />
khindo?<br />
rO rdng nhu tht ndo?<br />
<br />
,<br />
<br />
phfi dinh<br />
<br />
thudng xuygn (c6 vd khdng)<br />
Halliday (1994, fr. 49) djnh nghTa phy ngft<br />
tinh thdi Id "phy ngft diln t& sy ddnh gid cda<br />
ngudi ndi lign quan din sy phti hpp cda thdng<br />
di$p." Cdc phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc phdn chia<br />
thfinh hai lo^i chfnh Id thuc vd binh ludn. Tk<br />
cfi cfic lo9i trgn d u p c t 6 n g h p p t r o n g bdng sau:<br />
<br />
probably (khd ndng), possibly (cd tht), certainly (chiic<br />
ehan), perhaps (c616)<br />
usually (thudng), sometimes (thinh thodng), always (lu'^'^<br />
lufin), (n)ever (khdng bao gifr/bao gid)<br />
cccasionally (thhih thodng), generally (nhin dnmg),<br />
regularly (Uiufmg xuy£n), for die most part Cpbln nhiiu)<br />
willingly (tlnh nguyfn), readily (sin sdng), gladly (hAn<br />
hanh), certamly (chfic ch4n), easily (dS ddnp*)<br />
deflnitety (diM kho^), absolutely (ti^r^ doi), at all costs<br />
( b ^ g mpi gid), by all means (bfing moi cdch)<br />
yet (chua), still (v3n), aheady (dfi), once (c6 ldn)<br />
of course (dl nhifin), surely (bita nhifin), obvious^ (lO<br />
rdng)<br />
<br />
33<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Bdl S6NG<br />
<br />
S6 12 (242V2015<br />
cudng d$<br />
<br />
cudng d$ nhu thl just (chO, even (th^m chf), actually (thyc ra), in tact (thyc<br />
nto?<br />
tl)<br />
d mftc dQ ndo?<br />
quite Odia khd), ahnost (hdu nhu), scarcely (bilm khi),<br />
^solutely (hodn todn)<br />
quan dilm<br />
tdi nghi<br />
in my opinion (theo quan dilm ci^ tfii), to my mmd (theo<br />
cdch ng^ cda tdi)<br />
c6ngnh|n<br />
tdi cdng nhdn<br />
frankly (ndi difing ra), to be honest (ndi thyc)<br />
thuylt phyc tdi ddm bdo vdi ban really (dtpc ddy), believe me (hSy tin tfii)<br />
Blnh tfalnhcdu<br />
tdi yfiu cdu ban<br />
please (ldm on), kindly (mfit cdch trfin trpng)<br />
hi^n<br />
gid djnb<br />
tfii cho Id<br />
evidently (hiln nhi&i), presumably (cd thl dodn chtnag)<br />
mong mudn mong mufin nhu tfai (un)fortun3tely (may mfin/ khfing may), regrettably (th$t<br />
ndo?<br />
ddng tile), hopeliilly (hy vpng Id)<br />
bdo luu<br />
tin cfiy nhu dil ndo?<br />
at first (luc d^u), tentatively (udm thit), provisionally (mQt<br />
cdcb t^m thdi), looking back on it (nhin lai nd)<br />
thdm dinh<br />
h9p If nhu thl ndo?<br />
broadly speaking (ndi rfing ra), in general (nhin chung)<br />
nh^y cdm nhu thl (un)wisely<br />
ddnh gid<br />
(khfin<br />
ngoan/khfing<br />
khfin<br />
ngoan),<br />
ndo?<br />
understandably (cd dil hilu dupc),foolishly(ngu xudn)<br />
dydodn<br />
du^c chd dpi nhu thl to my surprise (trudc sy ngfic nhiln cda tfii), as expected<br />
(nhu dy dodn), by chance (tlnh cd)<br />
nio?<br />
Bdng 1. Phfl ngit tinh thdl (Halliday, 1994, tr. 49,82, 83)<br />
3. Kit qufi phfin tich ngft lifu<br />
Sau khi phdn tich nfim bdi phdt bilu dS chpn, kit qud cho thiy khdng phdi tit cd cdc kilu phy<br />
ngft tinh tiifii li$t kd trong bdng 1 diu dupc v ^ dyng dl thl hi$n tlnh thdi hda. Tren thyc tl, mudi<br />
kilu phy ngtt tlnh thdi dfi dupc sii dyng dl hi§n tinh thfii hda. Dudi dfiy Id bdng tSng hpp s6<br />
lupng cy the tdng kilu phy ngit tinh thdi xult hi^n trong titng bdi phdt bilu.<br />
mt^cdQ<br />
<br />
Kilu phy ^ ^ ^ ^<br />
nefr tinh t h ^<br />
thuimg<br />
1<br />
xuygn<br />
cudiiR d$<br />
2<br />
thfri Rian<br />
3<br />
xic suSt<br />
4<br />
mirc dp<br />
5<br />
cdtm n h ^<br />
6<br />
bonph$n<br />
7<br />
quan diem<br />
8<br />
thuvSt phuc<br />
9<br />
riSiinR<br />
10<br />
<br />
Tdm<br />
<br />
Steve<br />
Jobs<br />
<br />
Bill Gates<br />
<br />
Barbara<br />
Kingsolver<br />
<br />
J.<br />
K. Barack<br />
Rowling<br />
Obama<br />
<br />
Ting<br />
<br />
13<br />
<br />
13<br />
<br />
8<br />
8<br />
7<br />
5<br />
1<br />
<br />
19<br />
5<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
<br />
4<br />
<br />
19<br />
<br />
10<br />
<br />
59<br />
<br />
8<br />
11<br />
4<br />
2<br />
<br />
6<br />
8<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
<br />
17<br />
13<br />
4<br />
<br />
S8<br />
45<br />
18<br />
11<br />
6<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
202<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
1<br />
1<br />
<br />
1<br />
1<br />
42<br />
<br />
42<br />
<br />
Bdng 2. Phf ngit tinh thdl trong cdc bii phdt<br />
Bing 2 trlnh My s6 li$u th6ng k€ s6 lin cic<br />
Viia phv ngft tlnh thii dui^c sOt dving d^ the<br />
hi$n tlnh thii h6a tiong tiimg bii phit bik.<br />
Trong nim bii phit b i k du^c phin tich, phv<br />
ngtt tinh thii dugc sft dvng nhieu nhdt vdi 46<br />
<br />
31<br />
<br />
1<br />
41<br />
<br />
46<br />
<br />
biiu<br />
I k trong bii phit bi^u cia Barack Obama. Ci<br />
hai diSn gii Steve Jobs v i Bill Gates d k d sk<br />
Iln si!r dvng cic k i k phy ngtt tlnh thii nhu<br />
nhau li 42 Ifin trong moi bii ke ttia. Trong khi<br />
dd, nhi v|n J. K. Rowling c6 s6 I k sij* dyng<br />
<br />
34<br />
<br />
N G 6 N N G t r & B(n<br />
<br />
phy ngft tinh thdi ft hon song theo rdt sdt hai<br />
diln gid trdn vdi 41 ldn. Bdi phdt bilu cd sy<br />
xuat hi$n cdc phy ngft tinh thdi ft nhat vdi 31<br />
lan thu$c vl Barbara Kingsolver.<br />
Bdng tren cfing chi ra mudi nhdm phy ngft<br />
tinh thdi d u ^ sii dyng trong cdc bdi phdt bleu<br />
vd duoc sfip xip theo thii ty tdn sudt xudt hi^n<br />
tii cao din thdp. Nhdm kilu phy ngft ddn ddu<br />
ve tdn sudt d u ^ sii dyng t h u ^ ve phy ngtt<br />
tinh thdi chi miic dQ thudng xuydn, cudng d$,<br />
vd thdi gian vdi s6 ldn xudt h i ^ tuong ung Id<br />
59, 58, 45 ldn. Trong dd, bdi phdt bilu ciia J.<br />
K. Rowling cd s6 lupng phy ngit thudng<br />
xuydn dagc sii dyng nhieu nhdt Id 19 ldn.<br />
Ciing vdi con so 19 ldn nhung dd Id s6 phy<br />
ngft cudng d$ dugc sii dyng trong bdi diln<br />
tiiuylt ciia Bill Gates. S6 lupng phy ngit tiidi<br />
gian dupc sd dyng nhilu nhdt 13 ldn trong bdi<br />
ndi cOa Barack Obama. Nhttng kilu phy ngtt<br />
tinh thdi xudt hi^n khd h ^ chl Id xdc suat,<br />
miic do vdi ting s6 18 vd 11 ldn sur dyng trong<br />
cd nfim bdi phdt bilu. Nfim nhdm phy ngit tlnh<br />
thdi cdng nh$n, b6n ph$n, quan dilm, thuylt<br />
phyc, rd rdng dupc sii dyng vdi s l lupng rdt<br />
khidm t6n vdi chl m$t hay vdi lan xudt hi^n.<br />
<br />
S6NG<br />
<br />
S 6 12 (242)-2015<br />
<br />
dupc Sli dyng d l the hi|n tinh thdi hda. Bon cii<br />
nhu trong bdi phdt bieu ciia Bill Gates, dng<br />
ndi: "Dad, I always told you I'd come back<br />
and get my de^ee" (Bill Gates, 2007; Bl, c://aew8.stanford.edu/news/200S/3unel S/jobs061S0SJitml.<br />
7.<br />
Kingsolver, B. (2008), 2008 commencement<br />
adtb-ess bfy Barbara Kingsolver,<br />
http://today.dul».edu/2008/05/ldi^8olver.htint<br />
tmy c9p ngdy 10 thdng 12 nam 2014.<br />
8.<br />
Obama, B. {2(Xt9), Obama's commencement<br />
address at Arizona State University,<br />
http://www.nytmies.coin/2009/05/l 3/iis^litics/l<br />
3obama.texUitml?pagewanted=a11&_r=0 truy c$p<br />
ngdy 10 tfadng 12 n&m 2014.<br />
9.<br />
Rowlmg, J. K. (2008). Text of J. K.<br />
Rowling's<br />
speech,<br />
bt^:/Mews.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-ofj4c-rowlmg-speech/ tmy c ^ ngdy 10 didng 12 nfim<br />
2014.<br />
<br />
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