SVTUDNG OdNG VA KHAC B I £ T V i HINH T H U C V A N BAN CUA<br />
HUONG Ullte V I £ T NAM VA TRIEU TIEN T H U I TRUNG C A N DAI<br />
<br />
VtJ DUY M^N'<br />
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cdng ddng tfl ly (M- Ifing) den hfldng {M<br />
T rong thdi k^ lich sfl trung cfin dai<br />
eae nfldc Vift Nam, Trilu Tien (hifn<br />
nay bao gdm Cgng hda dan chfl nhan dan<br />
tfldng dfldng vdi tdng gdm tfl 2 den 4 hofic 5<br />
xa), difn (M- tfldng dfldng huyfn), cbau<br />
Trilu Tien vfi Hfin Qud'c), Nhfit Ban vdi ('>N), phfl {B). Ndi dung cfla hfldng fldc rfi't<br />
mflc do khae nhau it nhidu deu chju anh phong phfl, xin dfldc trinh bfiy vfio mdt dip<br />
hfldng cfla nin vfin hda Han (Trung Qud'c). khac. Bfii viet nfiy gidi thifu trfldc bet ve<br />
Trong dd bilu hifn ro nhfi't lfi anh hfldng hinh thflc vfin ban nhfl diu dd dfit ra.<br />
Nho giao (Khdng giao) vfi vifc hgc tfip sfl 1. Stf ttftfng ddng ve v a n b a n<br />
dyng chfl Han rdng rai gin nhfl lfi qud'c tfl.<br />
Ngudn thfl tjch cd cdn lai den ngfiy nay d Vift Nam hifn nay vfin lfi nfldc ndng<br />
cae nfldc tren lien quan den b l u hdt cac nghifp, dan sd chiem khoang 75% sdng b<br />
linh vflc xa hdi, trong dd cd ngudn tfii lifu ndng thdn. Tfl Cach mang Thang 8 nfim<br />
vl hfldng fldc. 1945 trd v l trfldc trong hfing van Ifing xa<br />
khip Bie K;^ ddn Trung K^ h i u nhfl diu cd<br />
Vl thufit ngfl hfldng fldc {M ^ ) chflng hfldng fldc. Tfl ban sao Tri Li hUdng Udc ( ^<br />
tdi da cd djp bfin tdi (1). Hfldng fldc vd'n a ^ ^ ) (2) - (1420) den Loi Sdn xa hUdng<br />
xufi't phat tfl Trung Qud'c thdi Bie Td'ng Ze ( ^ OJ tt i? •^!l) - (1919) ddu viet bing chfl<br />
(nfla sau the ky thfl X); sau dd dfldc truyen Han (chfl Nho); hofic chu yeu vidt bfing chfl<br />
sang Trilu Tien, Vift nam, Nhfit ban d Han cd xen chfl Ndm nhfl Mg Trach xd cUu<br />
nhflng thdi ky khac nhau. Hfldng fldc ddu khodn {MM ^m ^) - (1665), Bong Lao<br />
dugc tidp thu, sfla dd'i eho phfl hdp vdi tinh thdu khodn ( ^ ^ fflt # ) - (1687), Bong<br />
hinh ey the cfla moi nfldc. Khi du nhfip vfio Ngqc xa hUdng Udc diiu Ze ( ^ fP t t if ^ ^^<br />
Vift Nam hfldng fldc dflge coi lfi quy fldc vd #!l) - (1741), La Ngi YLa hUdng le{B^il^<br />
hiu hdt eac mfit thudc ddi sd'ng cgng ddng, BUM)- (1752), Man LUdng thon le {M U.<br />
dflge dan lang cflng nhau dat ra vfi cflng ^ #!l) - (1892)... Hfldng fldc trfldc cai Mdng<br />
nhau thi hfinh, nhim dam bao vfi duy tri<br />
hfldng chfnh d Bic Kj^ - 1921 ggi lfi hfldng<br />
quyln tfl quan vfi tfl tri cfla Ifing xa.<br />
fldc cd.<br />
Hfldng fldc dflge du nhfip vfio Nhfit Ban<br />
dfldc ggi lfi thdn phap ( ^ 3^ - lufit Ifing). 6 Cac ban hfldng fldc cd diu dflge viet chfl<br />
Trilu Tien hfldng fldc eung lfi quy fldc cua Han, bing bflt long, mflc Tfiu (den), tren<br />
<br />
• PGS.TS. Vifn Sfl hoc<br />
20 Rghlen cflu Ljch siSr. s g 5.2010<br />
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gia'y b a n hay gifi'y dd, ddng thfinh quyen, XIX trong Gia Binh thdnh thong chi cd<br />
bia phdt cfiy. Moi ban hfldng fldc dugc ddng n h i e den viee "hfldng I m tflu" vfi "dgc<br />
thfinh 2 den 4 quyen de Mu hanh. Thfldng hfldng fldc" d dinh lang, theo quy djnh cua<br />
Ifing xa gifl mgt quyen, cdn 3 quyen gfli len Kinh Le (3). Trong thdi M m h Mfnh (1820-<br />
cfi'p tren huyfn, phfl, trfi'n (tinh - tfl sau 1840) tflng b a n bd "Minh d i l u hfldng fldc"<br />
nfim 1831) d l lflu hfinh. Nhidu Ifing xa chi (4) thi hfinh trong cae Ifing fi'p Nam K^.<br />
ddng thfinh hai b a n Giap hofic At, hay Song t r e n thflc te cho den nay chflng tdi<br />
chinh ban, phd ban. Giap ban lfi ban thfl vfin chfla tim t h i y mdt ban hfldng fldc nao<br />
nhfi't, hay cMnh b a n lfi ban gdc thfldng gfli cfla Ifing fi'p N a m Ky vfio thdi gian dd...<br />
len cfi'p tren lflu gifl. At ban hay phd ban<br />
Nhfl vfiy, cho den trfldc cude cai Ifldng<br />
Mu tai Ifing xfi de thi hfinh..Tide thay do<br />
hfldng ehfnh nfim 1921 b Bfic Ky (nfla sau<br />
tbien tai lii lyt, cflng vdi tinh t r a n g kM hfiu<br />
thdi k^ cfin dai) hfldng fldc trong cac Ifing<br />
nhift ddi I m fldt sau mgt nhilu, dfic bift xfi chfl yeu d B i e Bd va Trung Bd dflge viet<br />
n h i l u bidn cd' xa hdi thfldng xay ra nhiing b i n g chfl Han, ddi khi xen chfl Ndm, tren<br />
cude nd'i dfiy cfla ndng dan Ifing xa, nhflng gifi'y b a n vfi gifi'y dd, ddng thfinh quyen de<br />
eudc thay ddi trieu dai, chidn t r a n h vfi each lflu hfinh. Rfi't it b a n hfldng fldc dflge in. Do<br />
mang da lfim tieu hfly rfi't n h i l u tfii lifu dd so' Mgng mdi b a n hfldng fldc thfldng cM<br />
H a n Ndm, trong dd bao gdm ea tai lifu b a n che tfl 2 den 4 ban; khien ty If mfi't<br />
hfldng fldc! Ngfiy nay sd'hfldng fldc chfl H a n mat rfi't eao.<br />
Ndm edn lai tdn tai chu ydu dfldi dang ban<br />
sao. Theo thd'ng ke sd bd khoang g i n 1000 Trong khi dd hfldng fldc cfla Tridu Tien<br />
ban, so vdi bfing van Ifing xa tren thflc td thdi t r u n g cfin dai dflge biet den qua cudn<br />
nhfl vfiy qua ft. Hfldng fldc chfl yeu dfldc tfip saeh "Triiu Tien thdi dqi xd hgi sd nghien<br />
trung trong Thfl vifn Vifn Nghien cflu H a n citu sd lieu tiing thW - ^ H B# f^ t t * i<br />
Ndm d Hfi Ngi vfi mdt so' thfl vifn dja m ? i ^ ^ m m q u y i n I Huang Udc • m Hfi<br />
phfldng. Ngofii ra hfldng fldc nfim rai rac d do hai tfic gia Kim N h a n Kif t ( ^ t jJS -<br />
Kim In Keon) vfi H a n Tfldng Quyln ( S ffl<br />
cac Ifing xfi vfi trong tay eae nhfi nghien cflu,<br />
W - H a n Sang Qwon) bien soan. Saeh dflge<br />
sd'Mgng bao nhieu vfin chfla xac djnh dflge.<br />
Bao Canh vfin hda xa ( ^ * i it tt) phat<br />
Nhflng hfldng fldc cdn lai dai da so' tfip hfinh t h a n g 10 nfim 1986 tai Seoul Hfin<br />
trung d khu vflc ddng b i n g B i c Bg. Vi d dd Qud'c (5).<br />
eae Ifing xfi dflge hinh thfinh sdm trong<br />
Sach in dep, day 812 t r a n g trong dd<br />
khoang d i u Cdng nguyen va tbdi ky Bfic<br />
gdm: >, •'=::: s , '<br />
thudc. Do trai qua ljch sfl lau ddi da hdi t u<br />
nen truyen thd'ng vfin hda cd t r u y i n Ifing - Ldi nhfi xufi't b a n - fij fi^ 1» (chfl Hfin)<br />
xa, trong dd cd hfldng fldc. Tfl Nam Trung - Md d i u - [ftl ffi]<br />
K^ trd vfio cae tinh pbfa Nam, dfic bift cac<br />
tinb Nam Ky, do Ifing fi'p hinh thfinh mugn M ^ (Gidi thifu td'ng quat v l hfldng<br />
hdn, didu kifn tfl nhien vfi didu kifn xa hdi fldc) (chfl Hfin).<br />
cd nhidu khac bift so vdi m i l n B i c nen tfl - Ngi dung saeh: Trinh bfiy 34 hfldng<br />
thdi trung cfin dai cae Ifing fi'p Nam K^ fldc, trong dd ed Lam diin Ld thi hucfng Udc<br />
hie'm thfi'y hfldng fldc. Mfic dfl, Trjnh Hofii - M ffl S £8 » iK (Bfic Tdng) (6), in b i n g<br />
Dflc sd'ng vfio cudl the ky XVIII d i u the ky chfl Han. Chu Tit Tdng quyen Ld thi hUcfng<br />
Su hrong dgng va hhac biet.. 21<br />
<br />
Udc ngan gidi - ^ ^ ^i ^ ^ ^ n ^B 1^ Qua Quyln I - Hfldng fldc trong sach<br />
(Nam Td'ng - Trung Qud'c) (7), sau dflge du Triiu tien thdi dqi... eho thfi'y day lfi bd<br />
nhfip vfio Trilu Tien nfim 1517; vfla in chfl sach sflu tfip hfldng fldc Trilu Tien vd cflng-<br />
Han kem giai nghia bing ehii Hfin). Trong phong phfl vfi quy gia giflp cho eac nhfi<br />
dd ban Quang chdu hUcfng Udc diiu muc - nghien cflu Trilu Tien, Hfin Qudc vfi the<br />
3t iW ^ *^ ^ i lfi ban hfldng fldc eo nhfi't gidi, trong dd ed Vift Nam ed dilu kifn de<br />
cua Trilu Tien (8), 32 hfldng fldc Trilu Tien tim hilu hfldng fldc trilu dai Cho Son<br />
diu lfi ban in chfl Han, rieng HUOng Udc (Trilu Tien - 1392-1910). Trong dd cd the<br />
thong bien - iP iK M ffi gdm 6 quyen vfi nhfin ra ngay sfl tfldng ddng so vdi hfldng<br />
[Kim Phd dien] hUdng Udc tiet vdn - [^ Ji fldc Vift Nam khi sfl dyng vfin tfl chfl Han<br />
S ] ® ^ if 3t in ban vidt tay. Trong dd "ed dl viet vfi in phd bien hfldng fldc.<br />
4 vfin ban thudc dia phfin Bic Tridu Tien Trong so' 34 ban hfldng fldc neu tren trfl<br />
ngfiy nay. Dd lfi eac ban: hai chau hfldng ban Lam Biin... (ban hfldng fldc mfiu ed<br />
fldc {% ¥\ M W), hai Chau nhfi't hfldng fldc tfnh chfi't kinh dien thdi Bic Td'ng - Trung<br />
thflc {M ^ - U i^ '^), Quan Bic hfldng Qude), cdn lai 33 ban, k l ca ban Chu Td...<br />
fldc (Bm db «P iS*)) (1), Quan Bie hfldng fldc (thdi Nam Td'ng), nhflng da dfldc eae hge<br />
(2)" (9). Nhflng thdng tin rfi't quan trgng vl gia Tridu Tien tiep thu, chgn Ifla, giai<br />
eac ban hfldng fldc dflge t h l hifn dfldi day: nghTa; sau dd dfldc phd bien rgng rSi trong<br />
<br />
Nien do - Bi khao - M ^<br />
Ten ggi<br />
TT ^jS(khoang (xufi't xfl tfii lieu)<br />
nfim)<br />
1 Lam Dien La thj hUdng fldc Cudl ddi Bic Chfl Nho tieu de chu sd tieu<br />
Tdng (Trung hgc tfip thfinh -<br />
Qud'c)<br />
Quyen 9<br />
2 Quang chau hfldng fldc dieu mye 1451 Tfl Nghiem chi-<br />
<br />
3 Chu Tfl tfing quyen La thi hfldng 1517<br />
fldc ngan giai<br />
<br />
4 [Le An] Hfldng Ifip fldc dilu 1556 Thoai Khe tofin tfip<br />
iiSS:i:«. Q 42<br />
5 Pha chau hUdng udc ty 1560 Lfit Cdc tofin tfip -<br />
W^±flk. Q 13<br />
6 Tay Nguyen hUdng udc 1571 Lfit Cd'c tofin tfip -<br />
-mw-mnii^ m'^±m. Q16<br />
7 Hai chau hfldng udc 1578 nt<br />
<br />
8 Hai chau nhfi't hfldng udc thuc Cudl t h e k y XVI nt<br />
<br />
9 [An Dong] hfldng Udc 1602 Bfic Nhai tien sinh vfin tfip -<br />
itm^t^-k.'m. Q3<br />
22 Rghien cflu Lich sit, sd 5.2010<br />
10 [Mat Dfldng] hfldng fldc 1648 Mat Chau trflng tin luc-<br />
<br />
11 [Ban Khe] hfldng fldc Cudi t h e k y Bfin Khe tuy lyc-<br />
i^M] mm XVII ISSISiS^. Q9<br />
12 Hfldng fldc thdng bien 1706<br />
mmmm<br />
13 [Thfldng chau] hfldng fldc 1730<br />
<br />
14 [Bao An] hfldng fldc dieu mye 1747<br />
<br />
15 [Thufin Hflng phfl] hfldng fldc tiet 1765<br />
muc(jlilliif]«Piii^g5S<br />
16 [Kim Phd' dien] hUdng fldc tiet vfin 1771<br />
<br />
17 Hfldng le hdp bien 1797<br />
<br />
18 Xich Thanh phfldng hfldng fldc cfi'm 1801<br />
ta hgc tiet muc<br />
<br />
19 [Tay Nguyen] tan tfing hfldng fldc 1871<br />
mm]m^miif3<br />
20 Hfldng udc khe thiep 1888<br />
<br />
21 Hfldng li tam tuyen 1888<br />
mm=m<br />
22 [Quan Bfic] hfldng udc 1890 Hfldng fldc hfinh li hdt ky-<br />
<br />
23 Nam Nguyen phu hfldng fldc tiet thfl 1893<br />
thfinh sach- mmi^Mm^'Ofi^m<br />
24 Hfldng udc khe tda muc 1893<br />
<br />
25 Hudng fldc chfldng trinh 1894<br />
<br />
26 l.[Vu Ddng difn Don Sdn] hfldng fldc 1904<br />
tiet muc- {HifMmniU] MmWi§<br />
2.[Bic Nhfi't difn Tay VTnh] hfldng<br />
1904<br />
fldc tiet m u c - { d b - ® H * ] MmWU<br />
27 [Hoa Dfldng dong] hfldng udc vfin 1904<br />
<br />
28 [Kinh Udc sd] hfldng fldc chfldng trinh 1904<br />
m:iL<br />
29 Khd fldc chfldng trinh 1905<br />
Sy hrong ddng va hhac biet. 22<br />
<br />
30 [De Xuyen] hUdng udc tiet mye 1905<br />
lSJII]«|!i(i<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cao Tf qufin Mfiu Trfldng hfldng fldc chinh an- 1937<br />
MmmmmmmiEm<br />
Bang trfin dua theo: Trieu Tien thdi dqi xd hdi sit nghien citu sic lieu tilng thu, tr. 5-6-7.<br />
<br />
xfi hdi Trilu Tien. fldc. Dflc nghifp cflng khuyen khich nhau...<br />
Cd the trong thflc te dfldi trilu dai Cho Nhflng dilu lim loi eiing dfla vfio khudn<br />
Son tflng tdn tai cac ban hfldng fldc khac ph6p... Le tuc cflng nhau trao ddi... Hoan<br />
ngofii bg sflu tfip tren, mfi den nay da mfi't nan cflng thfldng yeu nhau...<br />
hofic chfla tim thfi'y... Vi ring vdi sd Mgng Tfl dd Lam Biin... trd thfinh ban hfldng<br />
cae ban hfldng fldc tren chfla t h l phfl khip fldc mfiu mang tfnh kinh dien dflge ap dyng<br />
eae ddn vi hfinh ehfnh trong nfldc. Cung cd d nbieu thdn Qfing) thdi Bic Td'ng.<br />
thl nhflng ban hfldng fldc mfiu do nhfi nfldc Sang thdi Nam Tdng, Chu Tfl dfla vfio<br />
Ifip ra se dflge ap dung cho nhflng ddn vi Lam Biin... bd sung vfi hofin cMnh them<br />
hfinh chinh cflng cfi'p nhfl ly, hfldng, chau, thfinh ban Chu Tit...; tiep tyc phd bien trong<br />
difn hay phfl? Cau giai dap vfin phai chd d nfldc. Sau dd ban hfldng fldc dd dfldc lflu<br />
tfl lifu thflc te. : ;7,', ,:> truyin sang Trilu Tien. Nfim 1517, Kim An<br />
Mdt n6t tfldng ddng khae kha ro trong Kflc xufi't ban vfi lflu hfinh rgng rai b Trilu<br />
hfldng fldc Vift Nam vfi Trilu Tien lfi diu Tien. Cae sT dai phu Trilu Tien dfla vfio<br />
dfla vfio ban hfldng fldc mfiu - Lam Biin... Lam Biin... vfi Chu Tit... cfin cfl vfio tinh<br />
de tfl dd tidp thu vfi soan ra hfldng fldc cfla Mnh thflc td trong nfldc da Ifip ra ban<br />
moi nfldc. Lam Biin... dfldc ch6p b trang 5- Quang chdu hUdng Udc diiu muc - % JW M<br />
7 trong saeh Triiu Tien thdi dqi... (da iS^
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