Triển vọng xuất khẩu một số mặt hàng vào thị trường EU

QUOCTE<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> • BUI HONG PHU'dNG 60% (dat t r d n 7 ty USD). Cdc dfl h a n g hod NK m a cdn ddi hdi c h a t<br /> a n FDI cua EU d a n g hfldng vdo Ifldng cao, d a c bidt g a n d a y thi<br /> heo Cd q u a n thd'ng kd nhflng linh vflc m a Viet Nam trfldng n a y lidn tuc dfla r a nhieu<br /> <br /> <br /> T chau Au (Eurostat), d e n<br /> gifla n a m 2010, EU vdn<br /> vfldt My, tiep tuc gifl vflng vi tri<br /> dang cd n h u cdu ldn nhfl ddu khi,<br /> xay dflng h a t a n g cd sd, che bid'n<br /> n d n g s a n , thflc p h a m cd h a m<br /> Ifldng cdng nghd cao nhfl sfla va<br /> qui dinh mdi r a t k h a t k h e dd'i vdi<br /> h d n g hod budc cac DN XK nfldc<br /> ngoai p h a i t u a n thu. VL t h e , cac<br /> DN Viet Nam k h d n g chi tid'p tuc<br /> ddn dau cac thi trfldng NK h a n g<br /> hoa tfl Viet Nam. Nam 2009, EU dd udng, vidn thdng, c a p didn, d a y m a n h XK cac m a t h a n g<br /> NK tfl Viet Nam 9,38 ty USD cap va t h o a t nfldc... Mot so linh truyen thd'ng, m a p h a i quan t a m<br /> trong tdng kim n g a c h XNK 15,2 vflc d a n g dfldc EU quan t a m day dd'n nhflng m a t h a n g chung t a cd<br /> ty USD. Hang hoa EU NK tfl Viet m a n h trien k h a i trong thdi gian ldi the' c a n h t r a n h , nhflng m a t<br /> Nam chu ye'u t a p trung vao tdi nhfl dfldc p h a m , dich vu y te, h a n g mdi, nhflng m a t h a n g cd<br /> nhflng chung loai s a n p h a m sfl thflc p h a m cao c a p , b a o h i e m , h a m Ifldng cdng nghd cao nhfl ed<br /> dung nhidu lao ddng nhfl giay n g a n hang... khi, didn tfl, thid't bi didn...<br /> dep, thuy - hai san, ndng san, dd EU la m o t thi trfldng ldn vdi EU vd'n la m o t thi trfldng r a t<br /> g6... chid'm tdi 8 0 % tdng kim k h o a n g 5 0 0 trieu d a n , GDP khd tinh vdi nhidu tidu c h u a n<br /> ngach XK h a n g hod cua Viet Nam 15.000 ty USD (chid'm 2 7 % GDP k h a t k h e budc dd'i t a c nfldc ngoai<br /> sang EU. De'n nay, EU la n h a ddu t o a n the' gidi), tdng kim n g a c h p h a i t u a n thu. Hidn m o t so m a t<br /> tfl ldn thfl 2 vao Viet Nam (sau XNK h d n 5.000 ty USD n a m h a n g XK ciia Viet Nam d a n g gap<br /> Nhat Ban) xdt trdn phfldng dien 2 0 0 9 {chid'm 4 5 % thfldng m a i trd ngai khi XK vao EU. Vide m a t<br /> tong vd'n ddu tfl dfldc giai ngan. t o a n cdu). Day la m d t thi trfldng h a n g ddt m a y va giay ddp XK cua<br /> Thdi diem n a m 1990, EU chi cd ldn, dn dinh, n d n r a t nhieu nfldc Viet Nam bl EU dfla r a khdi d a n h<br /> vai dfl a n FDI tai Viet Nam, thi d a n g quan t a m t h a m n h a p vao, s a c h cac m a t h a n g dfldc hfldng<br /> de'n gifla n a m 2 0 1 0 d a cd h d n do vay sflc e p c a n h t r a n h r a t ldn. flu dai thud' quan GSP giai d o a n<br /> 800 dif a n cua 20 (trong tdng sd Hidn nay, XK cua Viet Nam vao 2009 - 2012 la m o t khd k h a n ldn<br /> 27 nfldc t h a n h vidn EU) tai Viet EU chid'm k h o a n g 2 0 % tdng kim cho cac DN Viet Nam, ngoai r a<br /> Nam vdi tdng vd'n d a n g ky hdn 12 n g a c h XK h a n g h o a cua ca nfldc. m a t h a n g giay mu d a XK cua Viet<br /> ty USD. EU la n h a ddu tfl cd ty Id EU la m d t thi trfldng m a Viet Nam cdn bi a p t h u e c h d n g b a n<br /> vdn thflc hidn trdn tdng vd'n d a n g Nam d a n g cd x u a t sidu ldn. EU p h a gid tfl 1 / 1 / 2 0 1 0 lai la m d t<br /> ky cao nhat, chidm k h o a n g h d n k h d n g ehl cd n h u cdu ldn dd'i vdi khd k h a n nfla. Mdt so nfldc<br /> ASEAN cd t r i n h do p h a t t r i e n<br /> h d n Viet Nam lai dfldc EU d a n h<br /> n h i e u flu dai h d n . Vi du, cd tdi<br /> 90% h a n g XK cua Xingapo va<br /> 70% h a n g XK cua Malaixia d a n g<br /> dfldc hfldng flu dai thud' q u a n<br /> GSP cua EU, trong khi chi cd<br /> ThCiyhaisan k h o a n g 4 0 % h a n g XK c u a Viet<br /> la mgt trong Nam vao EU la k h d n g p h a i chiu<br /> nhQng mat t h u e . Nhdm s a n p h a m dd gd bi<br /> hang co the giam s a t c h a t bdi Hiep dinh t a n g<br /> manh cua Viet cfldng thflc thi Luat Lam nghiep,<br /> Nam xuat q u a n tri rflng va b u d n b a n gd<br /> sang thi (FLEGT) n h d m tniy nguydn<br /> tmdng EU nguon gd'c nguydn lieu cua<br /> <br /> THOONG Bias So 29/2010 1 2 5<br /> iQUOCTi<br /> <br /> ( ^ = s a n p h a m . Luat Hod c h a t<br /> REACH qui d i n h cdc loai h o a<br /> c h a t k h d n g dfldc d a n g ky h o a c<br /> d a n g ky t h a t bai se k h d n g dfldc<br /> sfl d u n g de s d n x u a t h a n g XK<br /> sang EU. Thuy h a i s a n XK p h a i<br /> t u a n t h u Quyd't d i n h lUU tfl<br /> 1 / 1 / 2 0 1 0 . Day la nhflng qui dinh<br /> b d t budc m a DN p h a i t u a n thu<br /> khi XK vao thi trfldng EU.<br /> Trong cac m a t h a n g XK chu<br /> life cua Viet Nam vao thi trfldng<br /> EU, giay ddp la m a t h a n g cd kim<br /> ngach ldn n h a t . Nhflng chi h d n 1 Che bien san pham g6~xusft khau<br /> n a m nay, m a t h d n g n a y lidn tid'p<br /> trung b i n h h a n g n a m thi trfldng eua vi sinh vat, nhflng qui dinh<br /> bi 2 trd ngai ldn, dd la: Khdng<br /> n a y NK tdi 80 trieu t a n qua tfldi ve kiem dich n h a m bdo dam san<br /> dfldc hfldng flu dai thud' q u a n<br /> va h d n 60 trieu t a n rau tfldi. Viet p h a m k h d n g bl n h i d m sau ray<br /> GSP m a cdn phdi chiu t h d m thud'<br /> Nam la nfldc cd tiem n a n g ldn ve h o a c cac b e n h do vi k h u a n gay<br /> chdng b a n p h a gid, khid'n cho<br /> XK rau qua tfldi, nhflng thflc td' ra. Phia n h a NK cd xu hfldng<br /> mflc thud' h i d n n a y ldn tdi 18%<br /> XK vao EU cdn b a n c h e . EU la m u d n dfla t h e m nhieu thoa thuan<br /> (thay vi 4 , 5 % trfldc dd). Vide dp<br /> m d t thi trfldng ddi hdi r a t k h d t vao hdp ddng m u a b a n nhU yeu<br /> thud' chdng b a n p h a gia dd'i vdi<br /> giay mu d a XK cua Viet Nam cdn khe dd'i vdi rau qua NK. Vide ngay cdu DN XK cung cap d a n h muc<br /> cd hieu life dd'n hd't t h a n g cang cd nhieu cdc tidu c h u a n ve thudc bdo vd thflc vat va phan<br /> 3 / 2 0 1 1 . Cho dd'n nay, Viet Nam VSATTP nhfl HACCP, Global GAP b d n d a sfl dung, ydu cdu trang<br /> d a n h i e u ldn k h a n g dinh s a n va dp Iflc c a n h t r a n h gay gdt trdn t r a i p h a i cd chflng chi Global<br /> p h a m giay m u d a XK cua Viet thi trfldng d a n g la nhflng trd ngai GAP va n h a m a y ehe bid'n phai<br /> Nam k h d n g b a n p h a gia tai thi ldn cho XK cua Viet Nam. cd chflng chi HACCP, ed trfldng<br /> trfldng EU. Trdn thflc te, giay mu h d p cdn ydu cdu truy xuat ngu6n<br /> Cho dd'n nay, rau qua tfldi cua<br /> d a cua Viet Nam XK vao EU chi gdc s d n p h a m , tflc la phai cd ma,<br /> Viet Nam d a XK tdi h d n 50 thi<br /> chie'm k h o a n g 10% tdng kim ghi rd h d p t a c xa hay trang trai<br /> trfldng k h a c n h a u t r d n t h e gidi,<br /> ngach NK m a t h a n g n a y cua EU n a o cung cap h a n g hoa dd.<br /> nhifng thi p h d n tai thi trfldng EU<br /> ndi ehung. Vide a p thud' chdng cdn k h i d m tdn, trong khi n h i e u C h a t Ifldng VSATTP cua mot<br /> b d n p h d gia chu yd'u n h a m vao nfldc nhfl Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, loai rau qua dfldc quyd't dinh d tat<br /> cac s d n p h a m chu life eua Viet Malaixia... d a tao dflng dfldc t d n cd cac cdng d o a n cua chudi cung<br /> Nam trong chid'n Ifldc p h a t trien tudi m o t so s a n p h a m rau qua c a p s d n p h a m , trong dd cdng<br /> n g a n h d a giay (cu the la ddi vdi cua ho t r d n thi trfldng. Mdt trong d o a n ddu tidn va cung la kho<br /> giay d a trung va cao cap), gay nhflng nguydn n h a n chinh khid'n k h a n n h a t , dd la k h a u s a n xuat<br /> a n h hfldng nghidm trpng cho rau qua ciia Viet Nam XK vao EU (gdm gidng va phfldng thflc canh<br /> n g a n h d a giay Viet Nam. EU la chfla nhieu la do DN chfla t u a n tac). Ydu cdu la vay nhflng n h a n<br /> thi trfldng XK ldn cua s a n p h a m thu nghidm nhflng qui dinh cua thflc cua ngfldi trdng rau qua cdn<br /> giay ddp Viet Nam. Trfldc thdi thi trfldng. Cac b i d n p h a p SPS ye'u, t h e h i d n rd n h a t la trong<br /> diem 1/2009 (khi chfla hi 2 trd dfldc xac d i n h trong Hiep dinh vd vide sfl dung p h a n b d n va thud'c<br /> ngai ndu trdn), cd tdi 8 0 % so DN dp dung cac b i e n p h d p kiem dich b a o vd thflc vat, nhidu n h a vfldn<br /> giay d e p Viet Nam XK s d n p h a m dpng thflc v a t cua WTO, trong dd chfla thflc h i e n tieu chuan GAP,<br /> s a n g thi trfldng EU, dd'n t h d n g cd m o t sd b i d n p h a p SPS d i e n nhieu n h a m a y che' bid'n chfla dat<br /> 5 / 2 0 1 0 chi cdn gan 30%). h i n h nhfl tidu c h u a n vd sinh a n chflng n h a n HACCP, BRC hoac<br /> EU la m o t thi trfldng NK va toan thflc p h a m gdm cac gidi b a n tfldng dfldng. Nhin chung, ngfldi<br /> tidu thu ldn dd'i vdi m a t h a n g rau vd thudc trfl sau, cac qui dinh ve tidu dung EU r a t q u a n t a m den<br /> qua tfldi, nhflng n a m gdn day, vd s i n h n h d m h a n chd' t a e h a i nhflng loai rau qua cd ldi cho sflc<br /> <br /> 2 6 1 THOONGMAISo 29/2010<br />  QUOCTE<br /> <br /> khoe va than thidn vdi mdi danh bdt khdng dfldc quan ly Id nhd le cho phu hdp vdi ngfldi<br /> trfldng. Nhidu loai rau qua cua trdn the' gidi ldn tdi 10 ty Euro. tidu dung d tflng vung mien thi<br /> Viet Nam da XK dfldc sang EU Theo qui dinh, cdc nfldc EU phai hieu qud kinh doanh lai thap.<br /> nhfl xoai, rihan, vai, dfla, chud'i, tidn hanh xfl phat d mflc thap Khdng ehl dflng lai d nhflng qui<br /> thanh long, mang cut, sdu nhat la gap 5 ldn gia tri Id hang dinh hidn hanh ma thi trfldng<br /> rieng... nhflng thi phdn cdn it. hi phat hidn sai pham, phat gap EU cdn tid'p tuc dfla ra nhflng qui<br /> Nguydn nhan la do ngudn cung 8 ldn gia tri ne'u tdi pham trong dinh mdi dd'i vdi hang hod NK,<br /> khdng dn dinh, chat Ifldng san thdi gian 5 nam. Ngoai ra, cd the ndn vide nam bat va tuan thu<br /> pham thap va khdng ddng deu, tidn hanh cac bidn phap xijf phat cac qui dinh ludn la van de khd<br /> lai chfla xay dflng dfldc thfldng khac kem theo nhfl tam gifl tau, khan cho DN. Xu the chung cua<br /> hieu, DN thfldng thid'u thdng tin tich thu san pham va ngfl cu, tam thi trfldng EU la ngay cang gia<br /> ve thi trfldng. Theo Hiep hdi Rau dflng hoac thu hdi giay phep tang cac bidn phap bao hd sdn<br /> qua Viet Nam, DN can quan tam danh bat. xuat ndi dia trfldc sflc dp cua<br /> dau tfl vung nguydn lieu trong Hidn nay, ca nfldc cd hdn 300 hang hoa NK. Vide EU kd't nap<br /> diem bdng hinh thflc hdp ddng DN vdi hdn 40 loai san pham tfl them eac nfldc thanh vidn mdi<br /> vdi nha vfldn, cung flng va giam hai san danh bdt dfldc XK sang cung tao thdm dp life canh tranh<br /> sat vide thflc hien dung qui trinh EU, vi the', mdi ddng thai thay ddi trdn thi trfldng toan khd'i, bdi vi<br /> vd sfl dung gidng, vat tfl, thdi gian cdc thu tuc cd lidn quan dd'n thi DN d cac nfldc thanh vidn mdi<br /> thu hoach, ngudn gd'c san pham. trfldng nay ddu tae ddng dd'n cac dfldc hfldng nhieu flu dai hdn<br /> DN va ngfl dan. Vide thflc hidn trong boat ddng thfldng mai.<br /> Dd'n nay, san pham ca tra va<br /> Luat lUU dang gay khd khan cho Ngay ca DN tfl cac nfldc ASEAN<br /> ca basa cua Viet Nam dang XK<br /> DN thuy san Viet Nam, bdi qui 6 cung dfldc hfldng nhidu flu dai<br /> tdi 110 thi trfldng khac nhau,<br /> md danh bdt cua ta nhd le, khau hdn so vdi DN Viet Nam khi XK<br /> trong dd EU la thi trfldng tidu thu<br /> che bid'n lai bi tha long ve quan vao EU, bdi ho dfldc EU cdng<br /> ldn nhat, rieng 3 nfldc la Dflc, Ha<br /> ly, cac DN chd' bid'n XK thfldng nhan cd nen kinh te thi trfldng,<br /> Lan va Tay Ban Nha da chid'm tdi<br /> thu mua nguydn lieu qua cdc trong khi kinh te cua ho phdt<br /> 60% tdng Ifldng san pham nay<br /> thfldng lai chfl khdng trflc tie'p trien hdn va cd ca'u XK cua ho<br /> cua Viet Nam XK vao EU. Mot sd<br /> thu mua cua ngfl dan, sd tau kha tfldng ddng vdi Viet Nam.<br /> thi trfldng EU khac ma Viet Nam<br /> dang day manh XK la Hungary, thuyen danh bat cua ca nfldc rat De hd trd DN trong kinh<br /> Bungari va Rumani. Nhin chung ldn vdi khoang 130 ngan tau, doanh vdi thi trfldng EU, Bd<br /> tbi trfldng EU fla thich ca tra va trong dd cd 18 ngan tau danh bdt Cdng Thfldng dang day m a n h<br /> ca basa cua Viet Nam, bdi cd gia xa bd, ndn vide quan ly sd tau boat ddng xuc tidn thfldng mai,<br /> ca phu hdp va dap flng tdt cac thuyen nay rat khd khan. quang ba sdn pham, cap nhat<br /> van de ve VSATTP. Bdn canh nhflng qui dinh cd thdng tin ve thi trfldng (nhat la<br /> Ngoai vide thflc hien qui dinh tinh phap ly, khi kinh doanh vdi nhflng qui dinh mdi cua EU ddi<br /> truy nguydn ngudn gd'c thuy sdn cac dd'i tac EU, DN Viet Nam cdn vdi hang hoa NK); ddng thdi day<br /> NK, tfl thang 1/2010, EU bdt phai vfldt qua nhflng khd khan manh tham van vdi cac ddi tac<br /> dau ap dung Luat lUU dd'i vdi khac nfla, dd la: thi hid'u, EU trong vide thao gd khd khan,<br /> hang thuy san khi XK vao EU phfldng thflc tidu dung, van hoa nghidn cflu va dd xuat cac bidn<br /> phai cd giay chflng nhan tdn tau kinh doanh, ngdn ngfl... Cd sfl phap thuc day quan he thfldng<br /> va vung bien khai thac. Bdi vi khac nhau gifla cac vung va gifla mai song phfldng va tham chi<br /> theo lap luan cua phia EU thi cac cac nfldc thanh vidn EU, trong ca vide thdng qua dam phan<br /> hoat dong danh bdt bat hdp khi hang hod XK vao thi trfldng FTA ASEAN - EU. Vd phia DN,<br /> phap va khdng theo qui dinh nay lai dfldc lflu thdng trdn tat yd'u td quan trong n h a t cho<br /> dang gay tac hai nghiem trong ca 27 nfldc thanh vien. Vi the, thanh cdng trong kinh doanh la<br /> cho nudi trdng bien, anh hfldng vide XK hang hoa sao cho thich DN phdi tfl nang eao chat Ifldng<br /> dd'n tinh bdn vflng cua dan ca va flng dfldc vdi cac nfldc thanh san pham, dap flng dung nhflng<br /> tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi cua vien ciia ca khdi la khd khan ddi hdi cua phia dd'i tac, dac<br /> ngfl dan. Cung theo EU, trung khdng nhd. Dd' tranh khd khan bidt tranh kieu kinh doanh<br /> binh mdi nam Ifldng thuy sdn nay, neu DN XK hang theo tflng ngan ban va gian lan •<br /> <br /> THOONGMAISo 29/2010 1 2 7<br />