Truyền thống và hoạt động thương mại của người Việt - Thực tế lịch sử và nhận thức (Tiếp theo và hết)

TRUYEN THONG VA HOAT DONG THUimG MAI CUA<br /> NGUlOn VIET - THUC T l LICH SUTVA N H A N T H I ) C<br /> (Tiep theo va he})<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN VAN KIM*<br /> NGUY£N MANH DUNG"<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Noi thifc^ng - n g o a i thifdng v a q u a n tam den viec cung cd', thiet lap cac mdi bang<br /> h e thUtfng m a i t h d i Le sd giao qudc te va phat huy vai trd cua cac<br /> nginh kinh te cdng - thUdng nghigp nhim<br /> Viet ve thdi Le sd (1428-1527) nhieu nha<br /> bao dam nhu ciu, nhip sorig can bing v i dn<br /> nghien cQu cho ring, ehinh quyen Le m i<br /> dinh thudng xuyen cho mdt dat nUdc dang d<br /> tieu biiu l i Le T h i n h Tdng (cq: 1460-1497),<br /> vao giai doan phat trien cUdng thinh.<br /> do theo dudi tU tudng trgng ndng v i tdn vinh<br /> Nho giio, da thUe thi nhieu bien p h i p n h i m ThQc te lich sQ cho t h i y , cac ngudn<br /> ban che boat ddng cua cic nganh kinh te phi san vat va tiem n a n g kinh te cua nUde ta<br /> ndng nghiep. ThQc ra, trong bdi canh lich sQ ludn l i ddi tUdng chu y cua cic nUde lan<br /> luc biy gid, la mgt t h i che chinh tri manh, bang dac biet l i chinh quyen phUdng<br /> tap quyen cao, chinh quyen trung Qdng cung Bic. Vao thdi thudc Minh (1407-1427),<br /> r i t coi trgng van de kinh te cdng - thQdng va sau khi cd ban binh dinh xong Dai Vigt,<br /> cd nhieu chinh sich n h i m bao dam cho cac nha Minh da thQc thi nhieu bign p h i p<br /> nganh kinh te nay phat trien. Ve chien iQdc, tan bao de vd vdt cac ngudn tai nguyen<br /> nha Le vQa md mang bd cdi vQa mudn t h i u ddng thdi cung l i nhQng ngudn thQdng<br /> tdm, n i m ddc quyen quan ly nhieu boat p h i m cd gia tri. Todn tha ghi ro: Nam<br /> ddng kinh te cua d i t nQdc. NhUng, trUdc ap "At Mui [1415], (Minh Vinh Lac nam thQ<br /> lyc manh me cua chinh quyen phong kien 13), Mua thu, t h i n g 8, nha Minh kham<br /> phUdng Bic, lai phai thudng xuyen dd'i phd thu cic md vang bac, md phu dai nhat<br /> vdi tinh trang gay ban cua cac qudc gia ling vang bac v i bat voi t r i n g , md tran chau.<br /> gieng d phia Tiy - Nam, nen chinh sich Thue k h o i nang, vd vet nhieu, dan chung<br /> kinh te cua chinh quyen Le sd ludn gin lien dieu dQng. Bai muoi ven b i l n ci'm d i n<br /> viec bao vg an ninh, sU toan ven lanh thd vdi mua b i n rieng, sai ndi quan coi giQ ca.<br /> viec thyc thi nhieu bign p h i p dl bao vg chu Lai dat chQc cue sQ va phd cua tQng bai<br /> quyen kinh te cua dat nUdc. Cic ngudn sQ mudi d l ehia n h a u trdng coi. Cac phu,<br /> lieu cho thiy, ben canh chinh sich trgng chau, huygn deu dat phd sQ ty Thue khda<br /> ndng, chinh quyen Thang Long cung r i t chu va sd Ha bac" (41).<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS. TS. Tnidng Dai hgc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br /> •* ThS. Vien Sir hoc<br /> Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thirong mai. 43<br /> <br /> <br /> Sau khi tien hanh khang chien chdng trdm tien ddng, thi ehia ra loai thu pham<br /> Minh t h i n g ldi, khdi phuc dUdc qudc thd'ng, va tdng pham ma xii tdi khac nhau" (46).<br /> nha Le da thi hanh nhieu bien phap manh Ve sau, cac vua nha Le cdn nhieu lin ra sic<br /> me de chin hUng dat nUdc. Chinh quyen Le chi ve bao ve ngudn tai nguyen nhU tran<br /> sd cung sdm cd y thQc sau sic ve viec bao vg chau d vung Ddng Hai, vang, n g i voi, gd<br /> cic ngudn san vat, tai nguyen. Chi 4 t h i n g quy, hUdng lieu.<br /> sau khi len ngdi, ngay 10-8-1428, Le Thai<br /> Ngay sau khi len ngdi, ngiy 19-3-1461,<br /> Td (cq: 1428-1433) da "Ra Ignh chi ke khai<br /> Le Thanh Tdng da ra sic chi khuyen khich<br /> day du, ro rang nhQng san vat do dia<br /> quan dan cham lo nghe ndng "khdng dUdc<br /> phUdng san x u i t nhU ddng, sit, dau, gai,<br /> bd gdc theo nggn, hoac kiem chuyen budn<br /> td, lua, keo, sdn, nhya t r i m , s i p ong, diu,<br /> ban" (47). Nhieu nha nghien cQu cho ring,<br /> diem tieu, may" (42). Den ngay 25-11-1428,<br /> sic chi dd la sQ t h i bign rd ret tQ tQdng<br /> nha vua lai "Ra chi thi cho cic phu, huygn,<br /> trgng ndng cua nha vua va quan diem Qc<br /> t r i n . Id kham xet cac chim bai, rugng dit,<br /> thUdng cua mdt trieu dai. NhUng, bing<br /> md vang bac, nhQng san vat nui rQng trong<br /> each nhin va luan giai khac, cung cd the<br /> hat, cic loai thue ngach cu" (43). Ngiy 22-<br /> cho r i n g Le Thanh Tdng dUdng nhU mudn<br /> 12, ngQdi khai sang trieu Le lai ra tiep<br /> ngan chan mdt xu the dang diin ra tUdng<br /> "Ignh chi cho cac quan phu, huyen, Id, tran, dd'i phd bien luc bay gid la d nhieu ndi dan<br /> xa, sich ddi chieu kham xdt rugng dat, dim chung bd hoang ddng rugng de di budn v i<br /> bai cdng tU trong cic huygn, xa, Id cua bd phan xa hdi nay da giau len nhanh<br /> minh, cung ca mu, hoa qua, mudi m i m va chdng. Khuynh hUdng xa hdi dd hien nhien<br /> cac rach ci tU ngoai cQa bien, cac loai, se phUdng hai va lam thay ddi hg gia tri m i<br /> vang, bac, chi thiec, tien" (44). thiet che chinh tri Nho giao dang mud'n xac<br /> De dUa mgi hoat ddng cua xa hdi vio lap, ciing cd'. Dd cung chinh la ndi lo ve vigc<br /> quy chuin, khudn phdp, tao dieu kien Idn cua dat nUde ma tQ nam 1429 Le Thai<br /> t h u i n ldi cho cac boat ddng kinh te, t h i n g Td tQng suy nghi den tinh trang: "NgQdi di<br /> 3-1439 vua Le Thai Tdng (cq: 1434-1442) d i n h giac thi ngheo, ke rong chdi thi giiu.<br /> da ra lenh chi quy dinh gia tri cua 1 tien, NgUdi di chien dau thi khdng cd mdt thUdc,<br /> kich thudc dai n g i n cua vai lua va quy each mdt t i c dat ma d cdn nhQng ke du thu du<br /> td giiy viet. Theo dd: "He tien ddng thi 60 thyc, khdng cd ich gi cho nQdc lai cd qua<br /> ddng la 1 tien, lua linh thi moi t i m dai 30 thQa rugng dat... Thanh ra khdng ai chiu<br /> thudc, rdng 1 thUdc 5 t i c trd len, vai gai het Idng vdi nUdc, chi-ham nghi phu quy<br /> nhd moi t i m dii 20 thUdc, rdng 1 thUdc 3 m i thdi" (48).<br /> tic trd len, vai td chudi thi mdi t i m dai 24<br /> thudc, vai bdng thd mdi tam dai 22 thUdc, Trong 38 nam d ngdi, vdi mong mudn<br /> giiy thi tinh 100 td" (45). Cung nhU b i t cQ xiy dUng mdt nha nUdc p h i p tri, Le Thanh<br /> mdt trieu dai cUdng thinh nao khac, n h i Le Tdng ludn canh cinh moi lo ve luat phip<br /> ludn t h i u hilu vai trd cua kinh te cdng khdng dUde thUc hien nghiem minh, rUdng<br /> thUdng va cd nhQng bign phap manh de cot d i t nUdc chUa t h i t vQng bdi nhieu<br /> bao v$ nhQng ngudn ldi tQ nhien. T h i n g 8- nguyen nhan trong dd cd Iy do kinh te.<br /> 1464, Le T h i n h Tdng (1442-1497) ban chi N h i n viec Hinh bd ThUdng thU Trin Phong<br /> du: "Ke nao pham tdi md nggc trai v i due xin cho Le Bd pham phap bi tdi kinh (tgi<br /> 44 Rghien ciiru Lich siSr. sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> thich chQ vao t r i n ) dUdc chudc tdi, nha vua rd. Cac sQ t h i n n h i Le nhan xit: "Bgn Bat<br /> cho ring: "NhU the thi ngudi giau cd nhieu tham lam thd bi, trong bung rat ham tien<br /> cua hd'i Id thi dUdc mien tdi, cdn ngUdi ciia nhUng ngoai mat lam ra ve liem khiet,<br /> ngheo thi vd cd ma bi tri tgi" (49). Thyc ra, moi khi cd tang le vat vang bac, deu tQ chd'i<br /> trong Qud'c trieu hinh lugt do dng chu khdng nhan, nhUng lai nhin nhQng ngQdi<br /> trUdng bien soan cung cd nhieu dieu khoan, di theo net mat ngan ngai. Trieu dinh biet<br /> VI nhu cac Dieu 21 den 24 cua p h i n Danh y, mdi dUa nhQng ngUdi di theo sang dy<br /> le, la nhQng quy dinh cu t h i ve viec dung yen d phdng khac, rdi nhan luc rdt rUdu, lay<br /> tien de chudc tgi ldi hay nop thay cho cac miy nen vang n g i m an vio Idng bgn Bat.<br /> nghia vu phii dich, Qng dich (50). Cic Bgn Bat mQng rd khdn xiet. Bgn Bat lai<br /> ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, mdc du lugt phdp mang nhieu hang phUdng Bic sang, dat gia<br /> thdi Li so ndi tiing nghiem minh nhUng cao, ep trieu dinh phai mua. Den khi ve<br /> tien bgc vdn cd thi ldm thay ddi hay ciiu vdt nUdc, phai bat den g i n mdt nghin dan phu<br /> cdc sd'phgnl khieng ganh dd cd'ng vat va hanh ly" (52).<br /> <br /> Ve kinh te dd'i ngoai, cic ngudn thdng Ve phan minh, nhan cic chuyen di sy,<br /> tin trong chinh sQ cung cho tha'y cac boat ngoai viec thUc hien cic nhiem vu chung mi<br /> ddng giao thUdng dien ra rat dang dang, da trieu dinh giao phd, mdt sd' sQ doan va sQ<br /> chieu va trong nhieu trUdng hdp r i t khd de than cung tranh thu cd hdi hiem cd dl "lam<br /> cd the di den sy phan dinh cu the, rd rang kinh te", mUu tinh ldi rieng. Theo nha sQ<br /> giQa quan he bang giao, trieu cd'ng vdi viec hgc Nhat Ban, chuyen gia ve lich sQ Viet<br /> trao ddi, budn ban... theo nghia hgp cua tQ Nam, Momoki Shiro thi: 'Vao thdi Le (1428-<br /> dd. Cac boat ddng nay ludn xen cai l i n 1527), cd 64 sQ doan (ke ca nhQng chuyen di<br /> nhau va cd md'i lien he, tUdng hd vdi nhau. ngoai le) da dUdc cQ den trieu Minh. Mac du<br /> Chinh sQ nha Le ghi rd, sau khi Le Thai To cic cd'ng pham thUdng dem theo la: Vang,<br /> bang ha, nha Minh da sai cac sQ than bac bieu 34 lan, ngya 4 lin, nga voi va syng<br /> Quach Te, Chu Bat... sang dieu te. Cung te 7 lan, gd quy 3 lan, nhUng sd' lUdng va gia<br /> vdi le vat thinh soan cd tdi 80 ban, cac sQ tri cua nhQng hang hda ma cac sQ doin<br /> than cdn dem theo nhieu hang hda phUdng mang theo de trao ddi thi khdng dUdc ghi<br /> Bic va dp trieu dinh nha Le phai mua vdi chep. NhQng sQ doan dd da thQc sy tham gia<br /> gia cao! (51). Dieu dang chu y la, hanh vao viec budn b i n rieng tU. Vi vay, ma nam<br /> ddng dd cua cac sQ "thien trieu" dien ra 1433-1434 da bi Le Thai Tdng trQng phat vi<br /> dung luc trieu dinh Dai Viet dang cd dai tgi budn ban b i t chinh" (53). Trong Todn<br /> tang! Cd the khang dinh ring, sy kien dd thu, cac sii than nha Le da chep ve sy kien<br /> khdng the la chuyen hy hQu trong lich sii. nay nhu sau: "Bay gid chanh sy Le Vi,<br /> Nguyen Truyen, hai ngudi mua r i t nhieu<br /> Nhan t h i y hinh thQc "Ngoai giao - kinh hang phUdng Bic, den 30 ganh. Trieu dinh<br /> te*' cd the dem lai nhQng hieu qua thiet ghet hg lam thdi budn ban, dinh lam cho hg<br /> thyc, den t h i n g 12-1435, nha Minh lai sai phai hd thgn trong long; mdi sai thu bet dem<br /> sQ la Chu Bat, Ta Kinh sang bao viec vua bay d san dien, rdi sau mdi tra lai. Viec ndy<br /> Minh len ngdi va giai tdn Thai hoang Thii roi thdnh le thUdng" (TG n h i n manh) (54).<br /> hau. NhUng tren thyc te, muc tieu kinh te Du vay, chinh thdi Le Thai Tdng, van xay ra<br /> cua sy doan Trung Qud'c dUdc the hien r i t sU viec nhu cac sQ than Nguyen Tdng Tru,<br /> Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 45<br /> <br /> <br /> Thii Q u i n Thyc dUdc cQ sang sy nha Minh lUdng Idn quan ddi tien sat den vung Ddng<br /> nhUng 'Tdng Tru lai dem theo nhieu tien • Bic nUde ta chuan bi cho vigc "khim x6t<br /> lua sang mua hang phUdng Bic, vua gh6t bien gidi". Vua Le Nhan Tdng (cq: 1443-<br /> Tru vi pham lenh c i m ma lam lieu, lien liy 1459) sai Ddng dao tham tri Trinh Due di<br /> het hanh trang ehia cho cac quan" (55). dd xdt tin tQc. Trinh Due khdng dieu tra<br /> than trgng, tau bio sai khien nha Le phai<br /> Chinh sQ cung cho biet, vao thdi Thai<br /> huy ddng mgt ddi ngu Idn quan chQc, binh<br /> Tdng nhieu quan lai cao cip, dai t h i n da<br /> linh, tai iQc dl de phdng bien gidi. "Ca<br /> sai rieng q u i n Hnh lam nha cQa cho minh.<br /> mien Ddng do viy deu xao ddng. Den luc<br /> Trong sd dd, theo t i u trinh hac tgi cua<br /> tdi bien gidi, d lai ca t u i n , ca thing, dd xdt<br /> Ngdn quan Phan Thien Tudc thi Tien q u i n<br /> tin tQc thi im i n g nhU td. Bgn hg lien dem<br /> Tong quan Le Thu "Dang cd qudc tang m i<br /> tien cua mua hdng phUOng Bdc chd nang<br /> liy vd, lam nha cao cQa rdng, sai ngUdi nha<br /> mang ve, ndi thdc Id quan khdm sai nhd<br /> x u i t canh mua ban vung trdm vdi ngUdi<br /> Minh Igi cd viec khdc khdng din (chung tdi<br /> nUdc ngoai" (56). Ket qua la, n h i vua<br /> n h i n manh - TG). Dai quan l i bgn H i Lat<br /> khdng hdi ai, chi sai kham xet mdt minh<br /> thi vao cinh vdi nhau khdng ndi mdt cau.<br /> Thu va tham quan Le Thu chi bi thu hdi 15<br /> Trieu dinh cung khdng cd ai hdi den tgi dd"<br /> lang vang, 100 lang bac mua b i n vung<br /> (58). Ve sau, neu can cQ theo Qud'c trieu<br /> trdm ma thdi!<br /> hinh lugt, thi chi rieng tdi 'Vien quan sai<br /> Hien tUdng sao lang vigc cdng, tham di cdng can, xem xdt viec gi khi ve t i u trinh<br /> nhiing, dung uy quyen de mua re, chiem khdng dung sy thQc thi phai tdi biem hay<br /> doat hang hda hay chi lo mdi ldi rieng... da tdi dd; neu vi t h i n tinh hay thu oin m i cd<br /> trd thanh dieu ban khoan va mdi nguy ciia y lam sai sU thUc thi se chieu theo sy tinh<br /> trieu chinh. TrUdc bign trang dd, t h i n g 7- nang nhg ma tang them tdi; neu an tien hdi<br /> 1435, Le Thai Tdng da phai ban Ignh chi Id thi xQ tdi them hai bac" (59). Dudng nhU,<br /> cho cac quan van vd trong ngoai: "... Cdn ke theo thien y cua chung tdi, vao thdi Le sd<br /> coi dan thi chi vu ldi rieng, khdng lo nudi vdn cd mgt thi liic hay sac manh ndo dd,<br /> dudng dan, hoac tha cho ngUdi giiu, bat tdi trong mgt sd'trUdng hgp cu thi, cd the vUOt<br /> ngUdi ngheo, mua go lam nha cQa, xQ kign ra, ndm ngodi sU cUOng toa cua lugt phdp.<br /> khdng cdng bing, chi giy be pbii, lo hdi Id, Nhu viy, khdng phai bao gid nha vua cung<br /> lim viec khdng sieng nang, chi thich an cd t h i can cQ theo luat phap dl t h i bign uy<br /> udng nhau nhgt. Lai nhU cac quan ndi iQc cua minh va giQ nghiem ph^p nQdc.<br /> phien t r i n , quan ai, khi cd ngUdi la qua lai Bd chinh sQ n h i Le cung ghi lai mdt sQ<br /> thi sd hd ii nd trd'n thoat, khdng chiu chu y kign r i t dang chu y. Dd la vao nam 1476,<br /> x€t hilt, chi lo budn ban de kiem chic cho thdi ky tri vi ciia Le Thanh Tdng, d i t nUdc<br /> minh" (57). Ket cue t i t yeu l i , n h i vua da gap ban h i n . Trong biiu ciu mUa, ngUdi<br /> phai cho bat va xdt hdi Tuyen uy cic phien dQng d i u t h i che viet: "Nay tQ mua Ddng<br /> trin, tudng higu nam dao, cac vien Tuyen den mua Ha it lUa, n i n g sudt, viec d i n<br /> phu, Chuyin van, T u i n sat cac Id, tri'n, v i t va. NgUdi ldm thO, di budn khdng chd<br /> huygn, tdng cdng 53 ngUdi! Den t h i n g 2- nUOng nhd, ke cdy rugng, chdn tdm hit be<br /> 1448, lai xay ra sy kign cd tin ddn nha trdng ngdng. Chi vi t h i n khdng cd dQc, de<br /> Minh sai hai vien kham sai v i mdt lyc den noi tram ho chiu tai Udng" (60). NhU<br /> 46 Rghien ciiu Lich sit, sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> vay, trong bai bieu thieng lieng tau xin xii tdi dinh 80 trUdng va d i n di reu rao trong<br /> Nggc hoang thUdng de ban cho mUa thuan hg ba ngay. NgUdi thu thue chd trong cac Id,<br /> gid hoa, vi hoang de d i y uy lyc da giai b i y huyen, cae lang q u i nang thi bi xQ tdi them<br /> Idng thanh va chinh dng da xac dinh rd vi mdt bac". D l thd'ng n h i t cac ddn vi do ludng,<br /> tri cua gidi cdng - thUdng. Cung cd t h i dd bao vg uy lUc va vai trd cua n h i nUde trong<br /> chi la "sU n g i u nhien" trong mdt van ban viec dieu hanh cac hoat dgng kinh te, Dieu 91<br /> mang tinh chat tdn giio nhUng chinh dQc ciia Lugt Hdng Dac cQng ghi rd: "Trong cic<br /> vua da xep gidi cdng - thUdng len trUdc chd tai Kinh Thanh va thdn que, nhiing ngUdi<br /> nhQng ngudi ndng d i n thuan hau. mua ban khdng theo dung can, thude, thang,<br /> da'u eua nha nUde ma lam rieng cua minh de<br /> Trai qua thdi gian, dudng nhU Le Thinh<br /> mua ban thi hi xii tdi biem hoac tdi dd" (63).<br /> Tdng cung ngay cang cd nhQng nhan thQc rd<br /> Mdt van ban khic do chinh Le Thinh Tdng<br /> hdn ve vai trd cua gidi cdng - thUdng trong<br /> bien soan la Hong Dac thiin chinh tha ciing<br /> mdt t h i che kinh te - xa hdi thd'ng nhit. Bdi vi<br /> de ra nhQng quy che cu the ve boat dgng eua<br /> chi nam sau dd, tQc nam 1477, vua Hdng DQc<br /> chd v i The le md chd. Trong ban The Ig nay<br /> da ban h i n h Dinh li ehia md chg mdi v i ra<br /> Le Thinh Tdng da dUa ra mdt "dinh nghia"<br /> sic chi ring: "Sinh dan cac huygn, chau, xa d<br /> chinh thd'ng ve chd: "d cic dan gian, dd cd ddn<br /> cac xQ trong nUdc mdi ngay mdt ddng, neu<br /> thi cd chg, chg Id di giao thdng hdng hda<br /> mud'n md them chd mdi dl tien mua ban thi<br /> trong thien hg, phdt triin mdu dich de thoa<br /> quan phu huygn, chau phai khim xit thUe te,<br /> Idng ngadi (TG n h i n manh). Xa nio da cd chd<br /> neu qua la tien cho dan thi lim ban tau len,<br /> lap ra trUde rdi, khdng dUde cim di rdi lai md<br /> cho theo tien ldi m i hgp chd, khdng cQ la cd<br /> cai khac, de be tic dUdng thUdng mai mdt<br /> ngach cu hay khdng" (61). Tiep dd, ngiy 10-3-<br /> each vd ly. NhU ling nao mai sau mdi cd loi<br /> 1484 nha vua lai ra sic chi ve vigc cim mua<br /> budn bin, khi dd mdi md chd, thi khdng dUdc<br /> b i n Qc hiep. Sic chi neu rd: 'Vigc cim mua<br /> ddi vdi chd ling xung quanh lap trung ngay<br /> ban Qc hiep da cd lenh rat nghiem m i cic<br /> phien Idn; hay la ddn trUdc ngay phien i y ma<br /> n h i quyen hao v l n chQa ddi thdi cu, hai d i n<br /> chan mdi hang cua lai budn. Neu mudn md<br /> chung, hdng chinh sy khdng gi te bing. Kl tQ<br /> chd mdi, phai xem cac chd cu rdi lap sau ngay<br /> nay, phii Phung Thien va hai ty Thya, Hie'n<br /> phien thi dUdc. Neu chd md trUdc chd md sau,<br /> cac xQ phai nhic lai lenh cu, cim doan, ran<br /> can rd sinh ra moi tranh gianh, khdng theo Ig<br /> bao. Cic nha sim siia le vat cQdi xin, neu<br /> ed, ma mudn cim doin chiem ldi rieng, thi se<br /> mua hang d hang chd d i n gian, hang hda Idn<br /> luan tgi, tuy theo trUdng hdp nang nhg, dl<br /> nhd deu phai theo thdi gii, khdng dQdc quen<br /> triiCng phat cii thdi pham cim Ig" (64) NhU<br /> thdi gian ngoan nhU trUdc, y the cay oai, mua<br /> viy, quy dinh tren da t h i hien ro quan dilm<br /> hiep, cUdp doat, ke nao vi pham thi tri tdi<br /> cua ngUdi dQng d i u chinh quyen Le sd ve vai<br /> theo nhu lenh trUdc" (62). Dieu 90 cua Qud'c<br /> trd cua kinh te cdng-thUdng v i dudng nhU<br /> trieu hinh lugt cung quy dinh: "NhQng ngQdi<br /> n h i vua ludn t h i u hilu nhQng nhu ciu thQc<br /> coi chd trong Kinh t h i n h sach nhieu tien leu<br /> tai cua cuge sd'ng cung nhU nhiing y nguygn<br /> chd thi xii tdi xuy danh 50 roi, biem mdt tU,<br /> cua Idng dan tram hg.<br /> lay thue chd q u i nang biem hai tU, mat chQc<br /> coi chd, bdi thudng tien gap ddi tra cho ngUdi<br /> Cung theo Todn thU, t h i n g 4-1484, l i n<br /> dan; tien phat thudng cho ngUdi cao giac theo<br /> d i u tien, trieu dinh ban Ignh cim ke giau y<br /> nhu le. Neu liy thue chd khdng dung luat thi<br /> the quiy nhieu xUdng khai md vang bac.<br /> Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 47<br /> <br /> De tao dieu kign thuan ldi cho lUu thdng cho ngudi nUdc ngoai, neu vi pham thi bi xii<br /> kinh te, ngay 1-5-1486 Le T h i n h Tdng ban chdm; thuyen be ra vung cQa sdng deu phai<br /> sic chi neu rd: 'Viec dung tien quy d chd khim xdt trQ thuyen rieng ciia cic quan dai<br /> tren dQdi lUu thdng, chQa d kho tang thi than huan quy, ham nhi pham trd len;<br /> quy d chd de lau khdng hdng. Kl tQ nay cac nghiem cam vigc dung dd ngQ dung dl lam<br /> nha mdn trong ngoai cd truy ddi cic khoan diy kdo thuyen neu vi pham thi hi xQ tdi iQu<br /> tien phat cdng hoac tU cung la chi phit, hay tdi chet (66). Nha Le cdn cam quan lai<br /> kiem tra cic hang tien, cin dem vao kho va d i n chiing khdng dQdc tQ y dung vang,<br /> cdng chQa lai, thi deu phai chgn liy tien nggc, thuy tinh de lam mu, dng nhd; cim<br /> ddng thyc, tuy vanh ddng cd sQt me mdt vigc budn ban ndn thuy ma va ndn sdn dd<br /> chut nhUng la ddng thUc, de l i u khdng trong cic chd dl tranh sQ lim l i n ve trang<br /> hdng cung nen nhan liy. Cdn ve tien thay phuc giQa quan vdi dan. Nha Le cdn dinh<br /> lUdng cho quan lai va tien d i n chung sQ thue mudi, dau timj cho mgt sd dia phQdng<br /> dung trong mua ban, he la ddng thyc cdn ddng thuyen budn de van chuyen thdc gao<br /> xiu diy dUdc thi deu phai nhan tieu, khdng ddng thdi phan dinh thue vang bac vdi muc<br /> dUdc Idai bd hay ken chgn ky qua" (65). Sau tieu l i giam thue vang va dieu chinh gia<br /> khi Le Thanh Tdng qua ddi, Hoang thai tQ giQa vang va bac (67).<br /> Tranh tQc vua Le Hieu Tdng (cq: 1498-<br /> Vao thdi Le sd, cung vdi vigc duy tri<br /> 1504) len ngdi. Chi 2 ngay sau d ngdi biu,<br /> quan he vdi Trung Qud'c, mdt sd qudc gia<br /> n h i vua da ban chieu n h i c lai hai lenh chi<br /> Ddng Nam A nhU Xiem La, Trao Ga, Ma<br /> quan trgng cua vua cha, dd la: Cim viec<br /> Lat Gia (Malacca), Tam Phat Te<br /> dung quyen uy de Qc hiep trong mua ban (Palembang), Chiem Thanh, Ai Lao... cung<br /> v i 6p gii tren thi trUdng; ddng thdi: Cim thudng cho thUdng nhan va cac sQ thin<br /> cac vien lai, d i n chung kdn chgn tien mdi, sang budn ban, trieu cdng. Sau sU kign<br /> tien cu trong trao ddi, luu thdng. Vua mdi nam 1471, 'Vi vua da dgp dUdc Chiem<br /> len ngdi v i lenh chieu dau tien dUdc ban ra Thanh, uy danh chin ddng k h i p chdn, cho<br /> trong thdi dilm dd hiln nhien khdng the la nen cic nUdc phien thudc d phia tay deu lat<br /> sQ kien n g i u nhien cua lich sQ. dat ke trUdc ngUdi sau tranh nhau den<br /> Cung vdi nhQng chinh sich, chu trQdng cd'ng" (68). Mac du quan he thUdng mai it<br /> neu tren, chinh quyen Le sd cdn cho dat kho dUdc ghi lai trong chinh sQ nhUng Todn thU<br /> tien d hd Hai Tri; nghiem cam viec lam gia cung ghi rd sy kign nam 1437: "Nudc Xiem<br /> tien te hoac dung tien due dd vat, lam gia dd La sai sQ l i bgn Trai CQdng Lat sang cdng.<br /> vat; cim thd thuyen budn ban khdng dUdc Vua dUa cho sic thU bao mang ve va trQ<br /> md cQa hang trong Hoang thanh; cim tU y cho p h i n thue budn giam xudng bang nQa<br /> hoac Idn lut giao thiep vdi cac sy than; cam phan nam trUdc, cQ 20 p h i n thu 1 phin, rdi<br /> budn ban dac biet la hang qud'c cam qua thQdng cho r i t hau. Ngoai ra, ve phan chua<br /> nQdc iy, cho 20 t i m lua mau, 30 bd bat sQ,<br /> bien gidi nhUng neu khach budn cung ngUdi<br /> p h i n ciia ba phi nUdc i y la 5 t i m lua miu,<br /> Man Lieu (ddng bao dan tdc it ngUdi - TG)<br /> 3 bd b i t sQ, mdi bd 35 chiec" (69). Cd le,<br /> qua cQa quan ma sach nhieu tien le lat thi<br /> trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam<br /> bi biem hai tU v i phai bdi thudng gip ddi sd'<br /> A, vUdng qudc Xiem ludn dUdc chinh quyen<br /> tien an le cho ngUdi m i t tien; nghiem cim<br /> Le sd danh cho nhQng Qu ai dac bigt.<br /> vigc ban rugng d i t d bd cdi, nd ty, voi ngya<br /> 48 R g h i ^ curu Ljch siSr. sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> La mdt dang minh vUdng giau tU tudng mdt phu, nui biln nhieu ma rugng nUdng it,<br /> phap tri, sau khi ban hanh Hodng triiu n h i n dan deu budn b i n kiem ldi, l i m rugng<br /> quan chinAm 1471, den nam 1483 ke thQa trdng dau rat it, vigc d i n h thue khdng gidng<br /> kinh nghiem cua cic vua T h i i Td, Thai nhu cic t r i n " (74). La dau mm trong kinh te<br /> Tdng... Le T h i n h Tdng lai cho ban bd bg ddi ngoai ddng thdi la khu vyc het syc nhay<br /> Qudc triiu hinh lugt. Trong bg l u i t ndi cam ve chinh tri nen chinh quyen Le sd rat<br /> tieng nay, lien quan den quan he ddi ngoai, chu trgng trong vigc bao ve an ninh va giam<br /> nha Le quy dinh: "NgUdi trdn qua cQa quan s i t cic hoat ddng kinh te d thUdng cang Van<br /> ra khdi bien gidi di sang nUdc khic thi hi Ddn. Qud'c trieu hinh lugt quy dinh: "NgUdi<br /> chdm (theo thuyen budn nUdc ngoai di ra d trang V i n Ddn, chd hang hda Trung Qudc<br /> nUdc ngoai cung bi tgi nay), ngudi giQ cQa len Kinh t h i n h , ma khdng cd giiy cua An<br /> quan (ngUdi coi xit ciia b l cung the) khdng phii ty cap cho, khi den ben Trieu Ddng lai<br /> biet thi bi lUu di chau gin, biet ma cd y cho khdng den cho De bac ty kiem soat, da dem<br /> di thi ciing mdt tgi trd'n di nUdc ngoai, di b i n Idn lut, cung la khi ve khdng cd gii'y<br /> ngudi chu tUdng bi biem hai tU" (70). Ddi cua De bac ty ci'p cho; den chd Thdng mau<br /> vdi nhQng ngudn thUdng pham cd gia tri, trUdng lai khdng den cho An phu ty kiem<br /> nha Le cd nhQng quy dinh r i t chat che: soit, ma da ve t h i n g trang, thi deu phai<br /> "Neu dem gd lim, v i n g sd'ng, vd que, tran biem mdt tU va phat tien 100 quan, thudng<br /> chiu, nga voi b i n cho thuyen budn nQdc cho ngUdi to'giic mdt p h i n ba [sdtien phat].<br /> ngoai, thi bi tdi biem ba tQ. Quan phQdng Neu dem h i n g hda den cic ndi ling mac ban<br /> xa biet ma khdng p h i t giac tdi giam mdt giau, thi xQ biem ba tU" (75). Trong p h i n<br /> bac; cac quan Id, huygn va t r i n , ed'y dung viet ve Hinh lugt chi thdi Le eiia Lich trieu<br /> tung cung hi mgt tdi, neu vi vd tinh ma hii'n chUOng logi chi, nha bac hgc Phan Huy<br /> khdng biet, thi bi tdi biem hay phat" (71). Chu cung ghi rd: "Quan chQc vd cd di rieng<br /> D I n i m ddc quyen ve ngoai thQdng va bao ra cic trang d V i n Ddn hay ra ndi quan ai<br /> vg chu quyen kinh te, trieu dinh cdn de ra cic t r i n tbi xQ dd lUu... NgUdi cac ddn t r i n d<br /> quy dinh: "NhQng trang trai ven bd be, ma dgc bien gidi va cae trang trai ngoai biln m i<br /> ddn tiep thuyen budn ngam dd hd hang hda chd rieng ngUdi nUdc ngoai vao kinh dd thi<br /> len bd, thi xii biem ba tQ, phai phat gip ba xQ biem 5 tU; khdng cd quan tUdc thi x^ dd<br /> tang vat d l xung cdng; lay mgt phan thyc dien binh v i phat tien 100 quan...<br /> thudng cho ngUdi td giic. NgUdi chu trang Ngudi d trang trai giap biln ma ddn tiep<br /> trai a'y m i t chQc giim trang" (72). thuyen budn de chd lau hang hda thi x^<br /> biem ba tU, bat den tang vao nha nUde gip<br /> NhQ da trinh bay d tren, den the ky XV-<br /> hai phin, liy mgt p h i n thudng cho ngUdi<br /> XVI, Van Ddn v i n l i thUdng cang Idn va<br /> cao giic. Ngudi trang chu, chu trai i y m i t<br /> quan trgng n h i t cua qudc gia Dai Viet.<br /> chQc... Khi cd thuyen budn nUde ngoii den<br /> Trong lich sii ngoai thUdng Vigt Nam, Van<br /> trang V i n Ddn budn b i n m i quan Sat hai<br /> Ddn l i thUdng cang hinh thanh sdm, boat<br /> sQ di rieng ra ben hai quan ngoai biln ma<br /> dgng lien tuc va cd vai trd quan trgng trong<br /> kiem soat trUde thi x^ biem 1 tU. Neu cac<br /> sud't 7 the ky (73). Viet ve phu Hai Ddng, t i c<br /> thuyen i y xin di lai, trang chii phai lam ddn<br /> gia Lich trieu hiin chUOng loai chi, cho biet:<br /> trinh An phu ty lam b i n g thi mdi dUdc cho<br /> "Ngoai biln cd bai Hdng Dim, cic thuyen<br /> d, neu tuy tign cho d thi jcii biem 2 tU, phat<br /> budn d i u d day ri't ddng...". Va, "Dit trong<br /> Truyen thgng vh hoat dgng thuong mat... 49<br /> <br /> tien 200 quan; thudng cho ngudi cio giac 1 dinh mang tinh k h i i quit va cd gii tri<br /> phin 3 [sd tien phat]. Neu chQa ngoai phap Iy chung thi thUe sU la mgt quan<br /> trudng tich [hd tich], ngUdi ngoai qudc chUa diem r i t tien bd, nhan ban ciia chinh<br /> dii nien ban thi xQ biem 1 tU, phat tien 50 quyen Le sd. Bdi le, trong thdng le bang<br /> quan, thudng cho ngUdi cao giic cung nhU giao qud'c te thdi cd trung dai, p h i n Idn cac<br /> tren" (76). thuyen budn, thuyen van tai la (ngoai qudc)<br /> neu ching may gap nan thi khdng chi<br /> Nhu viy, mgi quy dinh ve quan he kinh<br /> phUdng tien van chuyen, vat phim, hang<br /> t^ trong dd cd hoat ddng ngoai thUdng deu<br /> hda ma ngay ca thuy thu dein cung deu trd<br /> ro ring, nghiem cin. Ddi tUdng kiem che,<br /> t h i n h nan nhan cua tinh trang cUdp bdc<br /> trQng phat cua luat phap khdng loai trQ<br /> hoac "chien ldi phim" cua chinh quyen<br /> bit cQ mgt trUdng hdp ngoai Ig nao neu<br /> trung Udng hay gidi tham quan sd tai!<br /> ngUdi dd budn ban b i t hdp phap hay mUu<br /> toan thu vdn ldi rieng. Theo dd, ngUdi nUde Trong quan he bang giao va giao thUdng<br /> ngoai deu cd t h i den budn bin, trao ddi qudc te chinh quyen Le sd cung r i t coi trgng<br /> hing hda nhUng phai dang ky, khai bao. nhQng vat p h i m dung de trao ddi, bieu tang.<br /> Vdi quan dilm tdn trgng lich sii va sU that Cung vdi trang phuc, nggc trai, td lua,<br /> hUdng lieu... gdm sQ da trd thanh mdt mat<br /> khach quan, khd cd the coi dd la sQ the<br /> hang cao cip cua chinh quyen Thang Long.<br /> bign chu trUdng "be quan, tda cang" ha<br /> Nhieu san phim trong sd dd da dUdc sii<br /> khic cua chinh quyen trung Udng thdi dai<br /> dung trong vigc trieu cdng Trung Qudc hay<br /> biy gid. Hon thd, h i n l i vio thdi Le sd,<br /> ban tang cho cic sQ t h i n "phien qudc".<br /> cung vdi nhQng boat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai<br /> Trong Da dia chi, Nguyen Trai ghi rd: Lang<br /> quan phUdng thi cdn cd nhieu boat ddng<br /> Bat Trang lam do b i t ch6n va cung vdi lang<br /> phi quan phUdng v i n khdng ngQng dien ra<br /> Hue Ciu (huygn My Van, tinh Hai HQng)<br /> va thuc te dd khien chinh quyen Thang<br /> chuyen nhudm t h i m l i hai ling chuyen<br /> Long phai thudng xuyen canh giic v i the<br /> cung cip cdng phim cho trieu Minh (1368-<br /> che hda bing nhQng quy dinh, dieu khoan<br /> 1644): "Bit Tring thudc huygn Gia Lam,<br /> cu the ghi rd trong luat phap.<br /> Hue Ciu thudc huygn Van Giang. Hai ling<br /> Dieu dang chu y la, trong Hdng Dac a'y cung cip dd cdng Trung Qudc la 70 bg bat<br /> thien chinh thU, vua Le Thanh Tdng cung dia va 200 t i m vai tham" (78). Can cQ vao<br /> cd quy dinh rd ve trUdng hdp thuyen bi gap hien vat gdm phat hien d tau dim Cu Lao<br /> bao. Theo dd, "Nha ngUdi ta bi chay, cung Cham, nhieu nha ngliien cQu cho ring, con<br /> la thuyen dang di ma bi bao, nhan luc i y tau dd cung vdi 240.000 bign vat (khdng ke<br /> ma an cudp tai vat cua ngUdi ta, se bi tgi manh) chu yeu deu la san pham cua hg Id<br /> mgt tram trUdng, dd ba nam; neu lai danh gd'm Chu D i u - My Xa, Nam Sach, Hai<br /> ngUdi hi thUdng se bi chdm; tung dang dUde DQdng the ky XV. NhQng hien vat gdm sQ<br /> dd khdng chi dat den do hoan my ve ky<br /> giam mgt bac. Neu [nhin bao] p h i vd<br /> thuat che tic, kieu dang v i gia tri ngh$<br /> thuyen, thi tdi cung the. Neu liy dUdc ciia<br /> thuat ma phat hien khao cd hgc dd cdn lim<br /> thi s§ hi tdi giao; danh ngudi bi thUdng se<br /> thay ddi nhan thQc ciia nhieu nha nghien<br /> bi ch6m" (77). Mac du van ban khdng chi rd<br /> cQu trong nUdc, qudc te ve ddng gom Chu<br /> thuyen bi nan l i thuyen n i o (trong nUde<br /> Diu cung nhu nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua<br /> hay ngoai qudc?) nhUng neu coi dd la quy<br /> 50 Rghien cihi Lich si^. sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> gd'm sQ Viet Nam the ky XV, mdt trong Ninh, V i n Ddn (Quang Ninh), Thang Long,<br /> nhQng thdi ky dinh cao, p h i t trien rQc rd Hgi Trieu (Thanh Hda), ciia Thdi, ciia<br /> cua lich s^ gd'm Viet (79). Quen, ciia Cdn, Hgi Thdng (Nghe An), Ky<br /> Anh (Ha Tinh), Nhat Le (Quang Binh), ciia<br /> Vdi tat ca nhQng boat ddng v i thanh<br /> Tung (Quang Tri)... Cung vdi cic cang bien,<br /> tyu dat dUdc, cd t h i thiy, trong "38 nam tri<br /> boat ddng kinh te ddi ngoai cua nUdc ta cdn<br /> vi, Le Thanh Tdng da tao nen mgt thdi thai<br /> cd sy ndi ket vdi hg thd'ng trao ddi dUdng<br /> binh thinh tri trong lich sQ. Nudc Dai Viet<br /> sdng v i dudng bien ma tieu bieu l i cac Bac<br /> trieu Le Thanh Tdng trd t h i n h mgt qud'c<br /> dich trudng dgc bien gidi Viet - Trung. Hoat<br /> gia dgc lap, thd'ng nhdt vd cUdng thinh d<br /> ddng cua cac cang va he thd'ng trao ddi,<br /> viing Ddng Nam A" (80).<br /> budn ban dd da dien ra lien tuc qua cic<br /> Tuy nhien, sau khi Le Thanh Tdng qua thdi ky Ly - Tran - Le sd. Va, nhU da trinh<br /> ddi, chinh quyen phong kie'n da mau chdng bay d tren, mac du de cao kinh te ndng<br /> bdc Id mgt so' nhUdc diem can ban va cd nghiep nhUng chinh quyen Le sd v i n rat<br /> nhQng bieu hien suy vi. Cudi thdi Le sd, coi trgng vai trd cua kinh te cdng thUdng<br /> trieu chinh rdi loan, cac the lyc ra sQc trong dd cd ngoai thUdng. Lyc hut v i syc<br /> tranh gianh quyen lUc, mUu toan chiem manh cua kinh te tien te v i n ngam chay va<br /> doat ngdi bau. Trung tam chinh tri Thang phan nao da p h i bd nhQng rao can, dinh<br /> Long tieu dieu trong cdn binh iQa. Theo che cua the che quan chu quan lieu Le sd<br /> Todn thu thi: "Luc ay, thanh da t h i t thu, d l rdi den thdi Mac (1527-1592) va thdi Le<br /> xa t i c bd phe, dan chung vao thanh tranh Trung Hung (1583-1788) kinh te Dai Viet<br /> nhau lay vang bac, cua biu, bach dan, xa trong dd cd boat ddng ngoai thUdng da cd<br /> hUdng, lua va td gai day trong dan gian; sU phat trien trdi vUdt, hdi nhap tUdng ddi<br /> sach vd, hd tieu, hUdng lieu cac thQ vQt bd mau chdng vdi mdi trUdng chung va sy<br /> tren dudng phd' cao den 1, 2 tic, khdng ke hUng khdi cua kinh te khu vUc, the gidi.<br /> xiet. NgUdi manh khoe tranh cUdp vang Tren cd sd tiem lyc kinh te trong nUdc, kinh<br /> bac, cd ngUdi lay dUdc den ba, bd'n tram te ddi ngoai cua qud'c gia Dai Viet da gdp<br /> lang, ngUdi yeu cung dUdc den hdn hai phan tao nen mdt thdi ky phat trien huy<br /> tram lang. Cung khuyet, kho tang nhU vay hoang cua nen ThUdng mai chau A thd ky<br /> m i bet sach" (81). Mdt Thang Long chien XVI-XVII.<br /> tranh, tan p h i , dieu tan... nhUng qua sy dd<br /> - Nhin nhan dien trinh lich sii dan tdc<br /> vd dd cung bdc dien mdt Thang Long giau<br /> vdi tu each l i mdt cdng ddng da dan tgc<br /> cd, ndi tich chQa nhieu ngudn ciia cai Idn<br /> thd'ng n h i t , ngUdi Viet tren myc do so sanh<br /> cua da't nUdc. Ngudn cua cai dd, chic chin<br /> khu vyc, da p h i t triln nen hai thUdng sdm<br /> khdng t h i chi dya vao nhQng khoan thu tQ<br /> va cd truyen thd'ng thUdng mai vdi nhieu<br /> ndng nghiep. , , , •,<br /> qud'c gia l i n g gieng trong khu vUc. Vi tri<br /> dia Iy g i n ke vdi nhieu qudc gia v i mdi giao<br /> 4. Mot so' n h a n x e t va k e t l u a n<br /> tiep da chieu: dudng bd, dUdng sdng, dudng<br /> - Nhu vay, sau khi khdi phuc dUdc qud'c bien vdi ca kinh te, van hda, chinh tri...<br /> thd'ng vao the ky X, cac bd sii nUde ta deu cung gdp phan tao nen truyen thdng nay.<br /> ghi nhan nhQng boat dgng hai thUdng rdng Hdn the nQa, vdi cU dan vung b i n dao, tQ<br /> md thdng qua cac thUdng cang nhU: Van khdi nguyen v i chieu sau lich sii, con ngQdi<br /> Truyen thdng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 51<br /> <br /> da sdm thich Qng vdi mdi trUdng nUde va gdp tich cQc vao boat ddng chung ciia he<br /> "tinh sdng nUdc can dUdc xem la mdt dac thd'ng thUdng mai khu vyc tren ca ba<br /> trUng cua van hda Viet Nam". Cac yeu td phUdng dien: Vi tri dia ly, Tiem nang kinh<br /> vSn hda dd trd thanh nhan to' h i n g xuyen te va Truyen thd'ng giao thUdng qudc te.<br /> khien cho ngUdi Viet "tii ddng nhdt minh<br /> vdi nUdc" va tao nen khd ndng ang biin cao - Trong bdi canh ddi sdng chinh tri khu<br /> trong truyen thd'ng van hda Viet (82). vyc va qud'c te the ky X - XV cd nhieu bien<br /> ddng Idn, bQc tranh kinh te - xa hgi Dai<br /> Ben canh dd, tQ nhQng the ky dau sau<br /> Viet cung dien ra nhieu bien ddi sau sic vdi<br /> Cdng nguyen, cung vdi ngUdi Viet, cU dan<br /> khdng it nghich ly. Day la thdi ky dinh diu<br /> Champa, Phu Nam da tien manh ra bien<br /> sy kien lap cua cac md hinh nha nUdc ma<br /> va thyc sy trd thanh cac "VUOng qud'c bien".<br /> dilm cd't loi la hUdng den xay dyng mdt the<br /> Hoat ddng hai thUdng va nang lyc khai<br /> che quin chu tap quyen. Cd the cho ring<br /> thac bien cua cic vUdng qud'c cd khdng chi<br /> the che dd ngay cang phat trien hoan chinh<br /> gdp phan quan trgng dem lai sQ p h i t trien<br /> nhUng mat khac nd cung lam cho xa hgi<br /> phdn thinh ve kinh te, van hda ma cdn Dai Viet truyen thd'ng vdi cd tang Ddng<br /> khing dinh vi the chinh tri cua cac qud'c Nam A, p h i n nao trd nen xd cQng. NhUng,<br /> gia dd trong mdi quan he khu vUc. Tuy dudng nhu tUdng phan vdi ciu true thUdng<br /> nhien, vi nhieu nguyen n h i n , truyen thd'ng t i n g Nho giio cung nhQng dinh che chat<br /> hai thUdng dd da khdng dUdc phat huy triet che thi nhQng yeu td'kinh te - xa hgi truyen<br /> de va thich Qng vdi nhQng khung canh mdi. thd'ng va ca nhu ciu bQc thiet cua thyc tai<br /> Trong mdi quan he tUdng t i c da chieu, sy xa hdi da tao dUng nen mdt bye tranh xa<br /> suy thoai cua Phu Nam vao the ky VII va hdi diy mau sic vdi nhieu xu the van ddng<br /> Champa vao the ky XV da cd tic ddng va truyen thd'ng khac nhau. Nhin lai lich<br /> khdng nhd den boat ddng kinh te khu vyc sQ kinh te Viet Nam, khdng phai bao gid<br /> trong dd cd Dai Viet. Hdn the nQa, do cic xu the van ddng va truyen thdng dd<br /> nhQng ap lyc chinh tri tQ nhieu phia va (chinh thd'ng // phi chinh thdng) cung dat<br /> phin nao la sQ ban che trong t i m nhin cua den sy gap gd va tim dUdc tieng ndi chung<br /> chinh gidi, nen ngoai thUdng Dai Vigt tQ nhit, duy nhat. Tren mdt dudng bien (bd<br /> chd cd nhieu bieu hien phat trien mang bien) dai va ludn cd sy giing xi giQa cac<br /> tinh khai phdng da khdng t h i trd thanh the lyc va nhdm ldi ich, cac hoat dgng kinh<br /> ddng kinh te chu lUu, cd the lam thay ddi te da dang dd ludn ddng thdi dien ra tham<br /> sau sic ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi. Tuy chi giQa chung cdn cd sy dan xen, lien ket<br /> nhien, cung phai t h i y ring, lich sQ hai vdi nhau. Trong sQ bien chuyin va p h i t<br /> thUdng Viet Nam tuy khdng cd nhQng cudc triln chung dd, rd rang la mdi trUdng cbinh<br /> vQdt bien Idn, thUc sU dan t h i n nhU thUdng tri va kinh te qudc te cung cd nhQng tic<br /> nhan Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban d Ddng Bic A ddng khdng nhd den sU thinh suy cua kinh<br /> hay Java, Xiem La d Ddng Nam A va cang te ngoai thUdng cung nhU vi the kinh te,<br /> khdng t h i so sanh vdi nhQng doan thUdng chinh tri cua mdi qudc gia trong tQdng<br /> thuyen ciia chau Au vio thdi ky sau cac quan vdi cac the iQc chinb tri khu vQc.<br /> cuge phat kien dia Iy nhUng kinh te ngoai<br /> thUdng da va ludn la mdt bd phan hQu cd - Tim hilu nhQng nguyen n h i n din den<br /> ciia nen kinh te dan tdc va cd nhieu ddng tinh trang ban che trong lich sQ giao<br /> 52 Rghien ciJru Lich sit. s6 9.2007<br /> <br /> <br /> thUdng ciia Viet Nam chung ta tha'y: do dac lanh thd, an ninh kinh te ddi ngoai va nen<br /> tinh tieu ndng, quen budn ban va san xuat kinh te trong nUdc.<br /> nhd, quen tieu dung nhQng san pham cua<br /> Ve kinh te, biiu hien cua mdt sd' chinh<br /> Hi sinh thdi phd tgp nhiet ddi vdi hai dac<br /> sach "ngan sdng, cam chd", "trgng ndng Qc<br /> trUng cd ban da canh va tgp canh nen mgt<br /> thUdng" cua chinh the q u i n chii cung mdt<br /> bg phan khdng nhd cua xa hdi da sdm x u i t<br /> p h i n la sU t h i hien Idl tU duy va quan<br /> hien tdm ly tii thoa mdn vdi mdi trUdng<br /> diem chinh tri dd. Do vay, mac du cd thdi<br /> sd'ng ma ngudn cung cap thyc pham (chii<br /> doan bQc tranh kinh te da bQng len v i cd<br /> yeu la lua gao) hiem khi trd thanh mgt<br /> phan khdi sic nhUng kinh te ddi ngoai da<br /> thich thQc nghiem trgng. Tu duy san xuat<br /> khdng t h i tao nen nhQng dgng lyc manh<br /> tieu ndng va nhQng anh hudng ciia dao<br /> me cd the d i n den nhQng chuyin bien can<br /> dQc, dinh che Nho giao cung la nguyen<br /> ban trong ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi ngd h i u<br /> nhan chinh yeu kiem tda sQc phat trien cua<br /> cd t h i dUa kinh te nUde ta cd nhQng bien<br /> cic nganh kinh te phi ndng nghiep ddng<br /> ddi ve chat va dy nhap manh me vdi bien<br /> thdi ban che nang lyc san xuat cac ngudn<br /> chuyin chung cua khu vQc: Ddng A: nhU<br /> thUdng pham cd gia tri cao tren thUdng<br /> nhQng qud'c gia tieu bieu Nhat Ban, Xiem<br /> trUdng qud'c te. Ben canh dd, cung vdi vigc<br /> La.<br /> mdt sd' nganh san x u i t phuc vu nhu cau<br /> xuat khau cdn chUa thyc sU dat den trinh Song cdng b i n g ma ndi, dya vao tiem<br /> do phat trien cao va dn dinh thi vigc chUa nang v i truyen thd'ng vdn cd, sQ tham gia<br /> hinh thanh dUdc mdt ddi ngu thUdng nhan mdt each tich eye cua ngUdi Viet vao nen<br /> chuyen nghiep, ddng dao, dUdc nha nUdc thUdng mai chau A vao Thdi ky dai thUdng<br /> khuyen khich, bao trd cung khien cho hoat {Great Commerce Age) da gdp phan thuc<br /> ddng kinh te ddi ngoai phan nao thieu sQc day sU phat triln cua nhieu nganh kinh te<br /> manh va ldi the canh tranh tren thi trUdng trong nUdc, tao dUng vi the dang ke ciia<br /> khu vUc, qud'c te. Cung vdi nhQng nguyen Dai Viet trong cic mdi quan he khu vyc. Cd<br /> nhan tren thi lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam le da den luc chung ta can cd nhQng nhan<br /> dudng nhu cung chUa thyc sy cd dUdc dinh chuan xac va t h i u dao hdn ve vai trd<br /> nhQng tU duy, triet ly sau sic va he thdng cua bien va vung duyen hai trong viec dinh<br /> ve nghe nghiep, ve vai trd cua kinh te ndi thanh cau true kinh te - xa hdi cua cic the<br /> chung trong dd cd kinh te thUdng nghiep. che nha nUdc trong lich sQ Viet Nam. TQ<br /> Hdn the nQa, chu trUdng n i m ddc quyen ve thyc te lich sQ va vdi y nghia lich sQ dd, "de<br /> ngoai thUdng cua chinh the quan lieu cung hilu lich svl Viet Nam, dieu hiln nhien,<br /> da kim ham sU phat trien ty nhien ciia mgt chung ta phai cd cai nhin hUdng biln". Mat<br /> so' linh vUc kinh te ddi ngoai trong thdi dai khic, de nhan thQc t h i u triet q u i trinh<br /> ma nen thUdng mai Biln Ddng phat trien bien chuyen cua Viet Nam thdi ky C i n dai<br /> hung thinh. Cudi cung, cung phai thay cung cin "phai ed cai nhin hUdng bien" (83)<br /> ring, do lien tuc phai chiu ap lyc chinh tri mdt each k h i c h quan v i t o i n dien hdn.<br /> tQ phUdng Bic va tinh trang mat an ninh Sy hien dien cua mdt Truyen thd'ng<br /> tQ phUdng Nam nen cac trieu dai phong thuong mgi bao gdm ca cac boat ddng ndi<br /> kien Viet Nam deu phai thyc thi nhieu thUdng va ngoai thUdng trong lich sii dan<br /> bign phap chat che n h i m bao vg chii quyen tgc la dieu khdng t h i phii nhan. Song, cip<br /> Truyen tho'ng va hoat dgng thuong mai... 53<br /> <br /> <br /> do va t a m mQc a n h h u d n g cung nhU vai trd n g h i e n cQu t r o n g nUdc cung nen sdm cd<br /> cua k i n h te cdng - thUdng t r o n g dd cd ngoai nhQng k h a o cQu c h u y e n s a u ve tQng Hnh<br /> thUdng n h u t h e n a o vdi ddi sd'ng k i n h te - vyc b o a t ddng cua k i n h te thQdng mai, mdi<br /> xa hdi t r o n g nUdc la mgt t r o n g nhQng chu lien h e giQa ndi thUdng va ngoai thUdng,<br /> de trgng t a m can p h a i tiep tuc di s a u tim dac trUng di biet cua cac k h d n g gian kinh<br /> h i l u , n g h i e n cQu. V a n de la, de cd dUdc mgt te, vai trd cua cac t h e che, cac tuyen giao<br /> n h a n thQc s a u s i c va t o a n dien ve t r u y e n thUdng t r o n g nUdc, qud'c te cung nhU cac<br /> thdng thUdng mai t r o n g lich sQ d a n tdc thi n g a n h k i n h te, t r u n g t a m san x u i t t h u<br /> dieu can t h i e t la p h a i k h a i t h a c t r i e t de cdng... cung nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua<br /> hdn nQa cac n g u d n tQ lieu t r o n g nUdc, qud'c moi vUdng qud'c, nidi thdi ky trong truyen<br /> te, k e t hdp vdi q u a n diem Nghiin cau so thd'ng k i n h te Viet N a m vdi t u each la<br /> sanh khu viic va d a n h gia k h a c h q u a n theo nhQng bg p h a n hdp t h a n h trong ddng chay<br /> Phaong phdp chuyin gia. B e n c a n h dd, gidi c h u n g lich sQ d i n tgc.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (41). Todn thii con cho biet: Ph6p Ifi'y muoi cua sang tao trong viec thay doi vfi che dinh ra nhiJng<br /> nhfi Minh: TrUdc het sai vien cue sii vfi vien ph6 dieu khoan phii hdp vdi thuc te xa hgi. Hdn the<br /> doc thiic dan nfi'u muoi, moi thang dUdc bao nhieu niJa, ciing nhU cac trieu dai Ly, Tran, trong vigc<br /> dua tdi ty De cit thu giiJ. Cac vien noi quan mg thUc thi lufit phap, trieu Le cung c6 sU vfin dyng<br /> ngudi buon bo tien ra Hnh gia'y kham hdp ciia ty linh hoat nhim tranh gay nen sU "xung dot vdi<br /> Bo chinh. Gifi'y kham hdp 16n thi Ifi'y 10 can muo'i, truyen tho'ng ban dia". Do vfiy, trong qua trinh vfin<br /> gifi'y kham h(?p nho thi Ifi'y 1 can roi mdi diJcJc dem dgng vfi xay dUng the che chinh tri theo mo hinh<br /> ban. Ne'u khong c6 gifi'y kham hdp thi xit toi nhu quan chii quan lieu, dildng nhU qua trinh "dan tgc<br /> lufit nfi'u Ifiu. Lai cfi'm ngUdi di dildng, 1? chi dugc hda" "dfi khien hg thong Nho giao quan phUdng<br /> dem 3 bat muoi vfi 1 lo nu6c mfim thoi. Dai Viet sii thien ve hoat dgng quan ly ciia chinh quyen vfi trd<br /> ky todn thu. Tap II, Sdd, tr. 236-237. thanh ndi hgi tu nhieu mau thuan xfi hgi vfi chinh<br /> tri da't nUdc, ndi phan anh nhieu xung dgt quyin<br /> (42), (43), (44). Dai Viet su: ky todn thU, Tfip II, Igi vd nhdn thiic ciia xd hdi...". Xem Insun Yu:<br /> Sdd, tr. 296, 297, 298. Ludt vd xd hdi Viet Nam theky XVII-XVIU, Nxb.<br /> (45), (46), (47), (48), (49). Dai Viet sd ky todn Khoa hoc xfi hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1994, tr. 20, 44, 79. Vifn<br /> thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 348, 401, 393, 299, 435. Nghien ciiu Han Nom - Vign Harvard-Yenching<br /> Hoa Ky: Nho gido d Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc xa<br /> (50). Vi?n Sii hoc Vigt Nam: Qud'c triiu hinh hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2006, tr. 312-313.<br /> ludt, Nxb. Phap ly, Hfi Ngi, 1991, tr. 42-43. Ve ngi<br /> (51), (52). Dai Viet sit ky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd,<br /> dung bg lufit noi tieng nhfi Le: Qud'c trieu hinh<br /> tr. 322, 334.<br /> ludt, cac nhfi nghien ciiu deu c6 chung quan diem<br /> (53). Momoki Shiro: Dai Viet and South China<br /> ve sU "dung hda" giiJa yeu to bon ngoai (ngoai<br /> Sea Trade from the X"" to the XV* Century,<br /> sinh) vfi thuc te ben trong (ngi sinh). KTiiing ngUdi Crossroad - An Interdisciplinary Journal of South<br /> diing din trieu Le khong chi tiep nhfin khuon Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1998.<br /> mlu, nguyen tfic bien soan lufit phap Trung Hoa<br /> (cho muc dich cai tri hien ton), mfi con co nhieu (54). Dai Viet sitky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 323.<br /> 54 Rghien curu Lich sit, sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> (55). Dai Viet sCl ky todn thii, Tap II, Sdd, tr. Ngu diem nhit thd ddn xu ldi - Hda dao vd diin<br /> 327. Day la each thUc thi lufit phap rfi't dang chii y thue bac chinh; tile: Cd , mudi nhiiu nhU ddt, ddn<br /> cua chinh quyen Le sd. Vdi gidi quan lai cao cfi'p xd nhau kiem ldi - Lua ma khdng cd rugng cdy nen<br /> nhflng ngUdi diing diu trieu Le van cd nhiJng thue ddnh cUng nhe (tr. 114).<br /> nhfin nhUdng vfi thUdng cd thai do "khoan dung"<br /> (75). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 211.<br /> khi xdt xii.<br /> (76). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUOng<br /> (56), (57), (58). Dai Viet sH ky todn thU, Tap II,<br /> loai chi, Sdd, tr.l51.<br /> Sdd, tr. 323, 330, 358.<br /> (77). Hdng Diic thien chinh thU, Sdd, tr. 83.<br /> (59). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 71.<br /> (78). Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Tan bien, Tfip II,<br /> (60), (61), (62). Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, Tap II,<br /> Sdd, tr. 464.<br /> Sdd, tr. 358, 469, 489.<br /> (79). Pham Quoc Quan: Ket qud khai quat tdu<br /> (63). Quoc triiu hinh luat, Sdd, tr. 87-88.<br /> cd dam d viing Cii Lao Chdm (1997-2000); Ho<br /> (64). Hong Diic thien chinh thii, Dai hgc vien Xuan Tinh: Cu Lao Chdm trong "Con ditdng ta lua<br /> Sfii Gdn, Nam Hfi fi'n quan, Sfii Gon, 1959, tr. 145. tren bien". Tap chi XUa & Nay, so 76, thang 6-<br /> 2000, tr. 20-23 vfi so 134 (182), thang 2-2003, tr.<br /> (65). Dai Viet sH ky todn thit. Tap II, Sdd, tr.<br /> 28-29. Cd the tham khao them bfii viet ciia cac tac<br /> 500. .. ._.<br /> gia Nguyin Dinh Chien - Pham Quoc Quan - Tong<br /> (66). Qud'c trieu hinh ludt, Sdd, xem cac dieu Trung Tin vfi Do Manh Hfi trong Thdng Bdo khoa<br /> 21-25, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79 vfi 81. hoc, Bao tfing Lich sit Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi, 2000.<br /> <br /> (67). Dai Viet sU ky todn thU, Nxb.Khoa hgc Xa (80). Phan Huy Le: Le Thdnh Tdng (1442-<br /> hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1993, Tfip III, tr. 63. 1497); trong: Tim vi cudi ngudn, tfip II, Nxb. Th^<br /> (68), (69). Bat Viet si ky todn thii, Tfip II, Sdd, Gidi, Hfi Ngi, 1999, tr. 597.<br /> tr. 451, 346.<br /> (81). Dai Viet sH ky todn thii, Tfip III, Sdd, tr.<br /> (70), (71), (72). Qud'c triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 77.<br /> 57,59,210.<br /> (82). Trin Quoc VUdng: Mdt net bdn sdc cua<br /> (73). Tham khao them Li Tana: A View from vdn hda Viet Nam: Khd ndng Ung bien; trong: Vdn<br /> the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central hda Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ngdm, Nxb. Vfin hda<br /> Vietnamese Coast. Journal of Southeast Asian Dfin tgc - Tap chi Vfin hda Nghg thufit, Hfi Ngi,<br /> Studies, The National University of Singapore; 2000, tr. 42-43.<br /> No. 37 (1), pp. 83-102, Feb-2006<br /> (83). Charles Wheeler: A Maritime Logic to<br /> (74). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUdng Vietnamese History? Littoral Society in Hoi An's<br /> loai chi. Tap III, Nxb. Sii hgc, 1961, tr. 114. Vinh Trading World c. 1550-1830. http://www.hi8tory<br /> ve phong thd An Bang, Le Thanh Tong ciing viS't: cooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/wheeler.html<br />