VAN DE HOANG SA VA TRlTdNG SA<br />
TREN BAO CHI TIENG VIET 6 NlTdC TA<br />
DAU THE KY XX<br />
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<br />
NGUYEN VAN KHANH'<br />
LirONG THUY LAN HUONG"<br />
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1. May n i t v l h a i q u a n d a o Hoang Nguyen (ve nam 1838) da ghi ro phia Bae<br />
Sa vk Trflchig Sa la Hoang Sa va phia Nam la Van Ly<br />
Ho&ng Sa v^ Tnlcfng Sa \k hai quin dao Trfldng Sa thuoc chu quyin cua nhk nfldc<br />
ngoli khoi Biln Ddng thu^c chu quyin cua Vigt Nam...<br />
Vi^t Nam. Vko t h i ky XVI-XVII, hai quin Quin dao Hoang Sa nam trong khoang<br />
dao nky thfldng dfl^c goi dfldi tgn ehung la: ISMS' den IT^IS' vi Bae; 110" den 113" kinh<br />
Bdi Cdt Vdng, Hodng Sa, Bai Hodng Sa, Dong, each dao Ly Sdn (Cfl Lao R6) tinh<br />
D(^i TrUdng Sa, Van Ly TrUdng Sa... Tren Quang Ngai hdn 120 hai ly (222km) vk<br />
nhijing ban d l d i u tign cua cac nhk h t o g Thanh pho Da Nftng ;70 hai 1^ (315km).<br />
hai phuong Tfiy, quin dao Hoilng Sa, Paracels la mot quin dao bao gSm cac dao,<br />
Tnl6ng Sa thu6ng dfldc ve thanh mpt dai bai da ngim trai tfl Bfic xuo'^ng Nam, tfldng<br />
liln. Nhung, nhd c6 sfl phat trien cua flng vdi dai bd bien tfl Thfla Thign • H u l<br />
ng&nh h^ng hai va ky thufit hai dl ngn vi den Quy Nhdn. Quin dao gIm trgn 30 hon<br />
tri cua hai quin dao Ho&ng Sa, Tnidng Sa dao, con da, san ho, bai cat nlim rai rac<br />
ngky eing dfli?c t h i hign chinh xae theo trgn mfit vung bien rpng tfl Tay sang Dong<br />
diing nhfl si^ t i n tai thilc te cua ehung (1). khoang 100 hai ly, tfl Bfic xuong Nam<br />
Trgn nhilu ban do ciia cac nhk hkng hai Bo khoang 85 hai ly, chilm mdt dign tfch<br />
Dko Nha, Hk Lan, Anh, Phap..., quin dao khoang IS.OOOkm^.<br />
Hoing Sa thfldng dfldc goi Ik Paracels (hay Quin dao Ho&ng Sa chia th&nh hai<br />
Parcels, Pracels), cdn quin dao Tnidng Sa nhdm: Nhdm phia dong goi la An Vinh<br />
dihfc ghi \k Spratly. Theo Giko sU Pidre (Jbnphitrite, goi theo ten cua mot tau Phap<br />
Yvea Manguin, ten goi Paracels c6 nguIn bi bao danh dat vao vung dao) va nhom<br />
goc tfl tilng Bo Dko Nha. Theo do, "Ithas de Ludi Lilm (Croissant). Gifla hai nhdm each<br />
ParceV c6 nghia \k "da ngim" (2). Trong nhau khoang 70km. Nhim An Vinh bao<br />
"Dai Nam nhdt thdng todn d&' ddi nhk gom dao Phfl Lfim (Wood), dao Bk<br />
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•OS. TS. Trfldng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN<br />
" Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN<br />
Rghien ethi Ijch siSr. s6 6.8013<br />
<br />
(Jtocheuse), dao Nam vk dao Trung {Milieu, Ngofii ra cdn nhilu dao nho vfi bai dfi ngfim<br />
dao Bdc (^ord), dao Cay (TVec), 6 phia nhfl: Sinh Tin Ddng, Chfl Th$p, Chfiu<br />
Ddng ]k dao Linh Cdn (Lincoln), Phfl Lam Vign, Ga Ven, Ken Nan, Dfi Ldn, Thuyin<br />
la nhiing dao ldn, dign tich 1,6km'. Cac dao Chfii. Cfic dao b day ciing cd vfinh dfi san hd<br />
phfa Tfiy goi \k nhdm Lfldi Lilm (Nguygt ngfim, rpng hfing trfim mit, che chd cho dao ,<br />
Thilm) gIm 5 dao chmh. Ldn xihSt Ik dao; trfldc nhflng dpt sdng ldn. Phfin ldn cfic dao<br />
Hflu Nhat (ftobert, D,32km=0, Quang Hda nfiy, khi thuy triiu xuong mdi noi len vdi<br />
(Puncan, 0,48km^, da Thu Lu (Palm, di^n tfch tfldng d ^ ldn nhfl dao Thuyin<br />
0,09km^, Duy Mong (X>rummond, Chfii, Dfi Tfiy, Da Ldn. T i n g didn tich phfin<br />
0,41km^, Homing Sa (Pattle, 0,3km'^. 6 noi cua t i t ca cfic dao, dfi, con, bai d qufin<br />
phia Nam ed dao Quang Anh (Jdoney, dao Trfldng Sa khoang lOkm^ tfldng dUdng<br />
0,5km^, dao Tri Tdn cung \k nhflng dao vdi qufin dao Hofing Sa, nhflng qufin dao<br />
ldn, cd vinh dai san ho bao quanh. Cflng Trfldng Sa trai ra tren mdt viing biln r§ng<br />
vdi 2 nhdm dao tren, vflng q u i n dao cdn ed gfip hdn 10 Ifin qufin dao Hofing Sa...<br />
30 dao nho, cac bai can, da ngim. Cae bai<br />
2. H o a n g Sa, Tri^dng Sa t r € n c a c bao<br />
san ho, da ngim... Ik moi de doa doi vdi<br />
V i l t N a m d a u t h ^ k y XX<br />
tau, thuyin khi qua lai viing quin dao (3).<br />
Dfiu t h i ky XX, Biln Ddng dfte bidt la<br />
Cach quin dao Hoang Sa v l phia Ddng vfin d l Hofing Sa, Trfldng Sa cila Vilt Nam<br />
Nam 300 hai ly (555km) Ik quin dao da thu hflt dfl^ sfl quan tfim cua khdng chi<br />
Trudng Sa (Spratly) do ngfldi Anh d^t n&m chinh gidi mfi ca bfio gidi vfi nhilu tfing ldp<br />
1867. Quin dao Trfldng Sa gIm khoang xa hdi Vi$t Nam. Tren nhilu td bao (gom ea<br />
100 dao, bai da va ran san ho... n4m trong tig'ng Phfip vfi tilng Vi$t) dfi cho dfing<br />
khoang 6°50' den 12*'00' vi B&c; lll-SO' din nhflng bfii vilt v l Bien Ddng, v l hai qufin<br />
117''3D' kinh Ddng, gom khoang hdn mdt dao Hofing Sa vfi Trfldng Sa mfi tfip tmng<br />
trfim hdn dao, da, con san hd vfi bai san ho, nhfi't Ifi cudc tranh bien v l chu quyin cua<br />
n i m rai rkc tren mot vung bien r^ng tfl Tay Vigt Nam trdn hai qufin dao nfiy (4).<br />
sang Ding khoang gin 350 hai 1^, tfl Bfic<br />
Nlu tfnh v l so Itidng bfio chi, b Vilt<br />
xuong Nam khoang hdn 360 hai 1^, chilm<br />
Nam vfio cudi thSip ky 1920, da xufi^t hi^n<br />
mot di§n tfch bien khoang 160.000-<br />
vfi t i n t£ii khoang 154 td bfio, tap chi.<br />
180.000km^ Dao gin d i t lien nhfi't Ifi dao<br />
Nhflng dg'n nay, do cong tfic bao quan ban<br />
Trfldng Sa cfich vinh Cam Ranh (Khfinh<br />
ehe vfi nhfit Ifi do thdi gian c6 han ngn<br />
Hda) khoang 250 hai ly, each dilm gin<br />
chung tdi mdi chi cd dieu ki$n tfip trung<br />
nhfi't cua dao Hai Nam (Trung Qudc)<br />
khao cflu mdt so tap chi, td bfio tigu bilu<br />
khoang trgn 600 hai ly vfi cfich dao Dfii<br />
xufit ban tai Hfi Ndi nhfl T^p chf Nam<br />
Loan khoang 960 hai 1;^.<br />
Phong cua Pham QujUih, Tap chf Tri Tdn,<br />
Dp cao trung binh trgn mfit nfldc cua cfic Trung Bdc Chd nhdt cua Nguyin Doan<br />
dao tfl 3 din 5m. Ldn nhfft Ifi dao Ba Binh Vflgng; Bfio TUng B&n cua Hu^nh Thiic<br />
(Itu • Aba) rdng khoang 0,6km^ sau dd Ifi Khfing xu^'t ban tai Hul', Bfio Cdng Ludn<br />
cac dao Song Tik Tfiy (dfii 700m, rong xufit ban t^i Sfii Gdn. Cfic td bfio nfiy c6<br />
300m), Nam Yet (dai gfin 800m, rong thdi gian ton tai dai n g ^ khfic nhau. Nam<br />
200m), Trfldng Sa, Song Tii Ddng, Thi Tii, Phong Ifi tap chf nguydt san xufit ban tfl<br />
Loai Ta, Sinh Tin, Vinh Viln, An Bang... nfim 1917 din nfim 1934; Tri Tdn Ifi tap chi<br />
via d& Ijoang 8a va Tnrdng So..<br />
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vfin hda ra hfing tufin xufit ban tfl nfim da giii cdng hfim cho Cdng sfl Trung QuIc d<br />
1941 din nfim 1945; Trung Bae Chu nhdt Paris ngu chu quyin ciia Phap ddi vdi qufin<br />
Ifi tufin bfio xufit ban tfl nfim 1942 den nfim dao Hoang Sa vfi de nghi phia Trung QuIc<br />
1944; Tii'ng Bdn xufit ban moi tufin hai so c6 mpt giai phfip hflu nghi hay giai phfip<br />
tfl nfim 1927 din nfim 1943; Bfio Cdng trpng tfii. Su kign nfiy da dfldc nhilu td bfio,<br />
Ludn xufit ban tfl nfim 1922 den 1939, Iflc tap chf khi fi'y dfla tin nhfl Tiing Bdn, Nam<br />
dfiu cung ra mdi tufin hai s i nhflng sau dd Ph^ng... Tap chi Nam Phong s i 172 ra<br />
chuyin sang xufit ban hfing ngfiy (nghi Chu thfing 5 nfim 1932, trang 551-557 cd bfii:<br />
nhfit). Qua nhflng tap chi, s i bao da khao "Nudc Phdp mud'n ddi ddo Tdy sa (Siosan)<br />
sfit, chung tdi nhfin thfiy r i n g cac bai vilt cho ddn Viet Nam ta", dang trong mue<br />
ve bien dao cua Vigt Nam t^p tmng vfio "7%di ddm - Viec trong nUdc", dfldc chu<br />
mdt so nfim chii yeu nhfl nfim 1931 - 1932, thich Ifi trich hai bfii dfing cua Ngg bdo vfi<br />
dfic bi^t Ifi nfim 1938. Bfio Tieng Dan.<br />
Hfiu qua nfing n l culc khung khoang Ndi dung ehinh eua bfii vilt nfiy dfi md<br />
kinh t l 1929-1932 da d&n din nhilu biln ta chi tilt cudc tranh bidn gifla Chinh<br />
ddng sfiu sic trong hch sii khu vUc vfi t h i quyin Tmng Hoa dfin qud'c vfi Chfnh phii<br />
gidi. Si^ xufit hidn ciia chu nghia phat xit Phfip thdng qua nhflng ly le moi bfin dfla ra<br />
vfi tham vpng bfinh trfldng eua eac nfldc de khing dinh chii quyin b qufin dao<br />
Dflc, •$•, Nhfit da khiln tinh hinh chinh tri Hofing Sa. Phfin cuH bfii viet Ifi mot vfii f<br />
t h i gidi trd nen h i t sflc efing thing. Cfic kiln cua tfic gia dd'i vdi qufin dao lfiu nay it<br />
cudc chig'n tranh khu vfle hit dfiu xay ra. dfl^c nhfic tdi. L^ lg chu ylu cua gidi cfim<br />
TrUdc sfl thay doi cua tinh hinh t h i gidi, quyin Tmng Hoa Ifi do qufin dao nfiy gfin<br />
vfin dl an ninh quoc gia dflpc dfit ra vfi cfic vdi Qujfnh Nhai dai dao (dao Hai Nam) cua<br />
nudc diu dfinh stf chu y dfic bifit din nhiing hp hdn Ifi bd biln Vidt Nam. "Hg viin le:<br />
qufin dao ngofii bien khdi. Qufin dao Hofing ddo Tdy-sa vi tri d phia dong Qu^nh-nhai<br />
Sa, khi dd gpi Ifi dao "Tfiy Sa" hay dao dai ddo, cdch Quynh-nhai cd 145 hdi ly, md<br />
Paracels, dfi trd thanh myc tidu cua eac bd biin ni/dc Nam thi d vi phia tdy Quynh-<br />
nfldc Tnmg Quoc, l^fit Ban va chinh nhai, xa cdch den 185 hdi ly, quyii khdng<br />
quyin Phfip da co nhflng chu tnidng, hfinh phdi Id cua niidc Nam. Bat trong ddo Tdy-<br />
dpng dl bao v6 chu quyen tren cfic qufin sa todn Id chdt cdt vd nhQng vo sd, hen, trii<br />
dao (5). mdy canh rOng gd vd it md phdi-phdt c6 the<br />
bon cdy dUdc thi khdng cd gid tri gi vi thUc<br />
Nfim 1932, vSii d l chu quyin dH vdi ddn chinh sdch. Mdt thoi ddt cd hoang dy,<br />
qufin dao Hofing Sa nli len, md dfiu bang xUa nay chl cd ngiidi Quynh-nhai d do kiS'm<br />
vi^c chfnh quyin Tfldng Gidi Thach nhfin cd sinh nhai, chUa thdy co ngUdi An-nam<br />
qufin dao Hofing Sa thudc "chu quyin" cua ndo cU tru, thi cd le gi bdo Tdy-sa-ddo Id<br />
Tmng Qudc vfi cd y dinh cho ph^p chinh cua nUdc Nam" (6).<br />
quyin Quang Dong cfl ngfldi ra khai thfic<br />
phot phfit b Hoang Sa. Lfip tflc, ngfiy 4-2- Trfldc nhflng ly le cua chfnh quyin<br />
1931 vfi 24-4-1932, Chinh quyin Phap len Tmng Hoa dan qudc, chfnh phu Phfip dfi<br />
tilng phan ddi ke hoach dd ciia Tmng Qudc cho dilu tra vfi dfla ra nhflng chflng cfl ro<br />
vfi khing dinh qufin dao Hofing Sa Ifi cua rfing chiing minh chu quyen qufin dao<br />
Vi^t Nam. TrUdc dd, ngfiy 4-1-1932, Phfip Hofing Sa Ifi cua Vi$t Nam. Theo dd: "1- Xlt<br />
Rghifin cihi Lich sit. s6 6.8013<br />
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trong sii ky' Vi$t Nam, nfim 1816, vua Gia tai ciing thdi gian dd nhfl Bfio Bdng Phdp,<br />
Long da tflhg quan tri cai dao fiy, vfi da CdngLuan... khdng thfi'y dfing tin.<br />
cfim cd Vi^t Nam b trdn mieng dfit fiy roi. Trung Qudc khi do dang phai don Iflc<br />
Nfim 1835 vua lai sai ngfldi den xfiy thfip ddi phd vdi cupc chien tranh xfim Iflijc eua<br />
vfi dflng bia b dfiy nfla. 2- Nfim 1898, c h i ^ Nh^t Ban, cdn thflc dfin Phfip ciing chfla<br />
tfiu Belleon vfi tfiu Vnojimou cua nfldc Anh t h i huy ddng nguon Iflc, k h i n g dinh vfi bao<br />
hi dfim b eanh dao Tay sa, bfiy gid cd bpn vd chii quyin b qufin dao Hofing Sa ma chi<br />
thuyin chfii ngfldi Tfiu Ifiy trdm nhflng muln duy tri quyin ldi ciia hp d thudc dia.<br />
milng dong b tfiu fiy, vien Linh sfl Anh D I trfinh khdi sfl nhdm ngd cua qufin dpi<br />
ddng tai Qu^nh nhai hai k h i u cd dem viec Nhat Ban, chfnh quyin dd hd Phfip da<br />
fiy khfing nghi vdi Chanh phu Tfiu thi khdng cd nhiing bien phfip manh me trong<br />
Chanh phu Tfiu phuc dfip rfing: "Bdo Tdy vfi'n d l biln dao. Chfnh vi v^y, sau m$t vfii<br />
sa khdng thudc vi tinh thd Tdu, nUdc Tdu nfim ifing xud'ng, den nfim 1938 khi tlnh<br />
khdng chiu trdch nhiem viec dy ". Chflng cd hinh t h i gidi trd nen h i t sflc cfing thing,<br />
xfic thuc nhu vfiy, dao Tay-sa qua thudc ve cudc Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai sfip n l<br />
dia phfin nfldc Nam, hdn mdt trfim nam ra, dfic bigt Ifi khi Nhfit Ban cho qufin dfinh<br />
nay, khdng ai di nghi" (7). "Chinh phii Dai- chilm dao Hai Nam (Trung Qudc), thi vfin<br />
Phap lai bien lufin mdt cfich minh bach d l chu quyen dao Hofing Sa lai trd thfinh<br />
rfing: neu dao Tfiy-sa khdng phai Ifi cua mdt trong nhflng tam diem cila quan he<br />
nfldc Nam, thi sao vua Gia-long da din khu vflc. Vfin de chii quyen dao Hofing Sa<br />
quan tri tfl nfim 1816? Sao vua Gia-long dfi khi fi'y dfldc rfi't nhilu td bfio Idn dfla tin<br />
sai quan din xfiy bia, xfiy thap tfl nfim nhu Bao Bdng Phdp b Hfi Ndi, Bfio TUng<br />
1835? Lai tra cfic sfich "Hfing hai chi nam" Bdn b Hue, Cdng Ludn b Sai Gdn. Bao<br />
ciia cfic sd trfic liidng nfldc Anh, nfldc My Ti^ng Bdn dfing vfiii d l tranh chfip chu<br />
lfim ra, cung thfi'y ndi: ddo Tdy-sa mdi di'n quyin dao Hofing Sa, chu ylu gifla Nhfit vfi<br />
ndm 1909 Chdnh phu Trung-qudc mdi liet Phap hen tuc trgn 4 so liln tfl so 1230 den<br />
vdo bdn do" (8). Nhflng bfing chflng tron da s i 1233 (12-7-1938 din 21-7-1938).<br />
chflng minh mdt cfich cd cd sd rfing qufin<br />
dao Hofing Sa thudc chu quyen cua Viet S I 1230 ra ngfiy 12-7-1938 cd bfii "Qudn<br />
Nam. Mac dfl da cd nhiing chflng cfl xae ddo Tdy Sa (Paracels) vdi Nhdt vd Phdp"<br />
thuc nhfl vfiy nhflng chinh quyin Tmng dfing tren trang nhfi^t. Dfiy Ifi bfii vilt tong<br />
Hoa dfin quIc vfin khdng ehiu cdng nhfin si^ hdp tfl mdt so* td bfio khac nen khdng cd ten<br />
thflc lich sui h i l n nhien do (9)! tac gia. Sd' 1231 ra ngfiy 16-7, trang nhfit<br />
dfing hai bfii lign quan den vfin d l qufin<br />
Trong thdi gian dd, phat xft Nhfit bfit dfiu dao "Tfiy Sa": "Qudn ddo Tdy Sa trd thdnh<br />
xam chiem miln Ddng Bfic Trung Qudc. vdn di quan trpng" cua Hai Au vfi bfii<br />
Trong tfl tudng bfinh trfldng ve phia nam, "Quanh mieng dia phdn Paracels" dfl^c tfip<br />
Nhfit Ban cung da ehu f den qufin dao hqfp tfl cac td bfio nfldc ngofii. Trong dd, bfii<br />
Hofing Sa vfi mud'n chilm Ifi'y qufin dao nfiy viet cua tfic gia Hai Au cd trich dfin tfl li^u<br />
nen da cd hfinh ddng can thiep. Tuy nhidn, tfl Bfio Bdng Phdp. S i 1232 ra ngfiy 19-7,<br />
cd ve nfim 1932 vfi'n d l Hofing Sa chfla thfit dflng bfii "Viic Paracels (Tdy Sa) Phdp<br />
efi'p thig't lam, nd chi nli len it lfiu rii lai chinh thtic nhdn chu quyin ddo dy" cung<br />
Ifing xud'ng. Vi vfiy, nhiing td bfio khfic ton tren trang nhfit vdi cfic thdng tin d\l