Về một số cách xưng hô trang trọng trong tiếng Hán hiện đại (liên hệ với Tiếng Việt)

So 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Btfl S6NG<br /> <br /> 57<br /> <br /> INGOAI NGir VOl BAN NGOI<br /> <br /> VE MOT SO CACH XlTNG HO TRANG TRQNG<br /> TRONG TIENG HAN HIEN DAI<br /> (LIEN HE VOtt TIENG VIET)<br /> ABOUT SOME FORMS OF SOLEMN ADDRESSING IN MODERN CHINESE<br /> LANGUAGE (IN COMPARISON WITH VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE)<br /> PHAN THJ THANH THCIY<br /> (ThS - NCS; D^i hqc Su* pham Tp Kh Chf Minh)<br /> Abstract: Research ofthe addressing forms in the respect of vocabulary not only helps to<br /> take some rules in practice but also helps to identify some cultural characteristics. On the<br /> basic of investigating the system of ^dressing words detained in the modem Chinese<br /> language from the courteousness aspect, this paper refers to the practice of Vietnamese<br /> language to find out the similarity and difference between them.<br /> Key words: modem Chinese language; Vietnamese language; politeness; the addressing<br /> forms.<br /> V^ nguySn II, lich sy cd thf dugc bilu<br /> 1. Md dau<br /> "Ljch sy" (politeness) trong tieng Hdn hifn d tat cd cdc cap df ngdn ngii. Tuy<br /> hifn dgi (THHD) la ^l^ li mgo. Theo Gu nhien, d binh difn tii vyng, ben cgnh sy lya<br /> Yueguo (1990), 4LIS bit ngu6n tft khdi chon cdc biln thk trong djnh danh thi hf<br /> nifm ^(/e ) du^c Kb6ng Tft dftng de chi th6ng tii ngft ximg ho cd khd ndng bf c If cdc<br /> cung bgc linh edm khdc nhau. Vifc nghien<br /> vifc tudn thu theo thft bgc va trat ty xa hfi. cfhi chiing trong hodn ednh sii dyng khdng<br /> Ddy Id mft trong nam dftc tinh (nhdn, le, nhttng cd thk nit ra dugc mft s6 quy tdc<br /> nghTa, tri, tin) ma con ngucri clin phdi tu trong hdnh chiic md cdn cd the nhfn (Hfn cdc<br /> duong, Tbn luyfn va duy tri no trong cdc m6i d|c tnmg vdn hda. Trong bdi viet ndy, chiing<br /> quan hf xd hfi. Phai den hai hodc ba tram tdi chi tdp trung dk cfp din hf th6ng tii ngft<br /> ndm sau khi Kh6ng Tii mat, khdi nifm ^L li xung hd c6 cdn luu lgi trong THHD nhin tii<br /> mdi bdt diiu dugc dung v6i y nghta " khiem gdc df Uch sy vd lien hf vdi thyc tiSn tiing<br /> t6n vdi minh va t6n kinh v6i ngudi" Vift dl tim ra sy tuong d6ng vd khdc bift.<br /> (5,tr.238). Cho din ngdy nay, ^ ngbia ndy<br /> 2. Khi de cfp din xung hd, ngudi ta<br /> v§n c6n dugc bao luu trong khdi nifm Uch thudng nhdc din ngdi thu nhat (xung) vd<br /> ngdi<br /> thii hai (hd). DT nhiSn, trong giao tilp,<br /> sy cua ngudi Trung Quoc. Theo dd, ^LSS Ie<br /> mgo du^c gidi thich la sy khiSm t6n, kinh cdn cd mft d6i tugng dugc ndi din Id ngdi<br /> can vd coi trgng Ie tiet the hifn qua ngon thii ba. Trong THHD, ben canh mft s6 tii<br /> ngQ, cii chi, than thdi,...trong d6i nhan xii ngft ximg hd cd ttnh trung tinh, tft ngft xung<br /> hd cd the ehia ra thdnh hai nhdm: kfnh ngft<br /> thi Cung theo Gu Yueguo, li mgo trong (xung hd) vd khiem ngft (xung hd). Kinh<br /> quan nifm cua ngudi Trung Qudc gom cd 4 ngft (honorific expressions) Id cdch ndi day<br /> ylu t6, dd Id: ton kinh, khiem tdn, n6ng hfu vi the ciia d6i tdc len cao hon minh, thudng<br /> vd tao nha (5,tr. 239). Trong dd, hai yeu to thiSn ve hd hon Id xung; khiem ngft (humble<br /> ddu cd ^ nghia rdt quan trong gdn l i ^ vdi expressions) Id cdch ndi diy vi thi cua minh<br /> xuong thdp hon d6i tdc (thudng thien vl<br /> ngudi ndi (S) vd ngudi nghe (H).<br /> <br /> 58<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Btfl S 6 N G<br /> <br /> So 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> xung hon Id hd). Ve m|t cau tgo, kinh ngft thft nhdt, tftc chft thi cfta phdt ngdn, thi hifn<br /> vd khidm ngft cd the do tft hogc ngft ddm sy khiem tin, nhun nhudng cfta S. So vdi<br /> nhifm. Nhbi tft chftc ndng xung hd, cd the nguygn tdc Ijch sy md C, Kerbrat Orecchioni<br /> thdy kinh ngft dugc su dyng theo trye quy dua ra (nguySn tdc hudng tdi S hay H)<br /> chilu don hudng: S—>H; trong khi dd, diem (6,tr.l84), cd thi thdy, vifc sft dung khiem<br /> quy chilu cila khiem ngft Igi chinh Id bdn ngft dl ty xung hodn todn phii hgp vdi<br /> than S. Vifc S ty dua minh vao diln ngdn nguySn tdc khiSm t6n, hay nguySn tdc ty de<br /> bdng cdc tft xung hd logi ndo khdng chi thi dga thi difn cua minh. Dd Id phdi trdnh ho$c<br /> hifn rd vai giao tilp md cdn cd tdc dyng xdc gidm thilu cdc hdnh dfng ty ndng cao thi<br /> lgp khung quan hf giua nhihig tham thi. Cdc difn cfta chinh minh. Trdn thyc te, nhftng<br /> mftc df t h ^ /so cung td dd md hinh thdnh, khiSm ngft diing dl ty xung phan Idn dS<br /> chiing chi ph6i mgnh mS den sy duy hi quan khdng cdn diing trong xd hfi hifn dai. Chl<br /> hf, thiic day cufc thogi phdt trien. Vd dd cd mft so tft khiem xung nhu ^-f^ hhi tang<br /> ciing Id nhan to giup cho cufc thogi thdnh S M bita ni Id cdn gift dugc vai trd cua chiing<br /> cdng.<br /> trong giao tilp Phft gido. Trong khi dd, cdc<br /> 2.1. Trong vdn hda Trung Qu6c, vifc tdn hlnh thftc ximg hd thufc nhdm 3 vd nhdm 4<br /> trgng trgt ty thft bdc vd thfta nhgn vi thi xd lgi dftng dl tdn vinh H vd nhung sd thufc<br /> hfi cua ngudi d6i thogi ludn dugc xem Id tuong ftng. Vifc sft dyng kinh ngft hd gpi<br /> quy tdc quan trgng hdng ddu trong giao tilp. thufc hai nhdm ndy trong giao tilp thuong<br /> Tft hdng trdm ndm trudc Cdng nguyen, Gido ldm tdng thi difn cua H, d6ng thdi ldm tdng<br /> Ii ciia dgo Kh6ng dd dua ra nhiing chudn them sdc thdi trang trgng vd tinh hch sy cho<br /> myc hit sftc rd rdng vl cdc vi the xd hfi phdt ngdn. So vdi cdc khiem ngft thufc<br /> khdc nhau, d^ng thdi quy dinh nhung md nhdm 1 vd 2, cdc kinh ngft thufc nhdm 3 vd<br /> binh ling xft dugc xem Id chudn myc. Dilu nhdm 4 hifn vSn gift mft vai trd d^c bift khi<br /> ndy thi hifn rdt rd trong Tam le (Chu ll, thyc hifn mft s6 nghi thftc giao tilpttongxS<br /> Nghi ll vd Ll kO- Cd thi ndi, nhftng hinh hgi hifn dgi. VI dy: |^~F c&c hg trudc kia<br /> thftc xung hd c6 hit sftc phong phii cdn luu thudng dung ttong thu tft, nay van dugc<br /> lgi trong THHD ft nhieu lien quan din sy dftng trong nghi thftc ngogi giao nhu 'X^^<br /> phdn hda giai cdp vd nhftng dinh chl trong T dgi sii cdc hg ngdi dgi sit bay "M'^f^T thil<br /> xd hfi cu. De tifn cho vifc mieu td, chdng tudng cdc hg ngai thu tudng v.v.; bo$c cdc ket<br /> tdi tgm thdi phdn ehia cdc tft ngft xung bd cdu nhu ^^ qtr^ khdeh , ^ ^ qiiy tdn khach<br /> ndy thdnh b6n tiiu hf thong sau day: nhom 1 qtr^ (ehi khdeh nude ngodi), S:H qufi qudc,<br /> the hifn vai S; nhdm 2 chl sd thufc cfta S; ft^ quj tfnh ^wy danh, ^M qaf canh/ tudi<br /> nhom 3 thi hifn vai H; nhom 4 chi sd thufc eda qu^ ngdi v.v. hifn nay van dugc diing<br /> cuaH.<br /> ttong giao tilp hdng ngdy, thi hifn tinh lich<br /> Thufc nhdm 1 vk nhdm 2 Id nhiing hinh sy.<br /> thftc ty xung vdi dilm quy chilu chung Id S<br /> va nhihig sd thufc cfta S. D|c diem chung<br /> cfta hai nhdm ndy la ludn gdn liln vdi ngdi<br /> Bdng 1: Mpt so tit ngir xung ho chinh danh<br /> mang sdc thdi cd liin quan din lfch sv vd vai<br /> Phjin lotii<br /> <br /> M9 hlnh<br /> ffingu + X<br /> <br /> VI du<br /> MiiL ngu huynh; M ^ ngu ISo<br /> <br /> Nhdml<br /> (thi hi«n<br /> <br /> Ma hlnh<br /> Th9 + X<br /> X+Tht<br /> <br /> VI du<br /> T E h9than;T'B' h?quan<br /> ftTt^iha<br /> <br /> 4ti +X<br /> llbl + X<br /> <br /> # A ti nhSn;#?R ti chiic<br /> flIAbInhau:ei:^bIphu<br /> <br /> Kte+X<br /> <br /> IKAt^nhSn<br /> <br /> So 1 (243)-2016<br /> vai S)<br /> <br /> Nhta2<br /> (chlsd<br /> thuOccua<br /> S)<br /> <br /> Nhdm 3<br /> (die Men<br /> vaiH)<br /> <br /> Nhdm 4<br /> (chisi<br /> thuOc ciia<br /> H)<br /> <br /> 59<br /> <br /> NG6N NGU" & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> !»ti?n + X<br /> *lio + X<br /> 'J-ti6u + X<br /> *gia+X<br /> SxS + X<br /> Sngu + X<br /> *ti +X<br /> S(bl + X<br /> ISti^ + X<br /> *dsi + X<br /> <br /> K A tiSn nh«n;R* tifti the<br /> *(Haob«c;«*lanth8n<br /> 'bt tieu sinh; 'J^» tieu dj<br /> ^ j£ gia phu;S£^ gia mlu<br /> #r«IxSgian;#»rfde<br /> j®E ngu J;Mja ngu lain<br /> »«ti*<br /> Bljilblkibil^Xbi;<br /> I S t t tien t M i ; I S S tien danh<br /> :*; A dai nhSn;Aff dai ca<br /> <br /> 3^hfln + X<br /> <br /> *t6n + X<br /> Hhicn + X<br /> ft quj + X<br /> ^Ignh + X<br /> 3td9l + X<br /> »t8n + X<br /> <br /> ^ffll<br /> ytSi<br /> S ^<br /> ^®<br /> ^ ^<br /> dj^<br /> <br /> i^cao + X<br /> ,Bfln + X<br /> <br /> ' h S ; tiiu van;'J^^ tiiu xA<br /> * ) t l lao kinh<br /> K«te*;KHtequlc<br /> ^ # hiin x ^ ^ ^ h ^ gia<br /> ^ j a thiln k i l n ; ^ ^ thiln hpc<br /> ^ ^ b ^ x & ; S ^ bin gia<br /> * * t lao lien slnh;*Ji5 lao<br /> su<br /> i^B.lj cao minh;BrjH(cao hiln<br /> M.& an c6ng;,BM fln su<br /> <br /> RquJ + X<br /> i^cao + X<br /> <br /> ft^ qu^ danh;ftB quy qu6c<br /> ^ ^ cao danh;i^M cao kiln<br /> <br /> tdn su,:®-fe tdn tmdng<br /> hiSn huynh; 53!^ hiln muOi<br /> quy idiAch;^ A quy nhfln<br /> lenh ton;%iil, lenh huynh<br /> dai danh;AfF dai tiic<br /> tdn t M i ; # 5 ^ A Idn phu nhSn<br /> <br /> Kbfe + X<br /> 'htiSu + X<br /> <br /> *lao + x<br /> Kte+x<br /> *bSn + X<br /> Sthiln+X<br /> Bbln + X<br /> *lao + X<br /> <br /> S ^ hdn sinh; M^ hiin tien<br /> S j i bfin dao; ® 1 t bin tang<br /> <br /> 2.2. Ciing Ii6n quan trye tiep den Hch sy phyng mpnh/ tudn theo mpnh Ipnh, $ Po<br /> vd vai gi£U) tilp, ben cgnh nhftng md td ben phpig hki di theo, thdp tung .v.v.<br /> tren, THHD cdn cd cdch dien dgt khd cd<br /> Cd the thdy, d$c diem chung cua hai<br /> ftiudng dugc sft dyng ttong giao tilp xd hfi, nhdm tft ngft tten Id nhdm tdn vinh vi the vd<br /> the hifn ddc dilm vdn hda trongftngxft cua dl cao thi difn cua H. Vifc bfc If cdc nghi<br /> ngudi Trung Quoc, dd Id ludn dl cao danh thftc (chdo hdi, xin phdp, rdo ddn) Id do S<br /> dy vd uy tin cua ngudi khdc. Nhung tft ngft hodn todn ty nguyfn. Cdc tft ngft ndy dugc<br /> sft dyng trong nhftng mdi trudng giao tilp<br /> ndy dugc ehia Idm bai nhdm:<br /> Nhdm (5a): lidn quan trye tilp den vai chfnh thftc, thudng mang sdc thdi x3 giao,<br /> ngudi nghe (H), Id cdc tft ngft nhu: f^^ bii khdeh sdo.<br /> tit bdi bipt. cdo td, # ^ bfii dfc xin kinh dpc 2.3. Tiing Vift vd tieng Hdn cftng thufc<br /> WWL bdiphye/xin bdiphue, I^SiMith4c logi hinh ngdn ngft don lap. Bdn cgnh dd, do<br /> xin kinh nhd, ^W. hid vi?Bg kinh thdm, ^nhftng (filu kifn vl Uch sft, dia If, kinh tl,<br /> 3S phyng o^£iih nghenh tiip. ^i|S huf ldm hg vdn hda, hai ngdn ngft da tilp xftc nhau tft<br /> rdt sdm. Ddy chinh Id Ii do gidi thfeh bf<br /> CO din thdm v.v.<br /> thong tft ngft xung hd ttong hai ngdn ngft cd<br /> Nhdm (5b): lien quan trye tilp den vai nhieu dgc dilm gidng nhau. Dudi ddy Id<br /> ngudi ndi (S),ld cdc tft ngft nhu: ^^ cdo tu bdng khao sdt tft ngft xung hd c6 trong tiing<br /> t n"iS cfio thodi xin phep vi trudc, #JJiL Vift:<br /> tham kiin/ bdi kiin, yit kiin, ^ ^ linh<br /> gido/ xin hgc hdi, nhdn sv dgy bdo<br /> Bdng 2: Mpt sd tit ngit xung hd ed trong tiing Vipt<br /> Phtn loai<br /> Nhfima<br /> (th& h i ^ vai<br /> Bgiriri ndi - S)<br /> <br /> Tfr Hfin-Vi^t<br /> Quanh&n<br /> B&nd^o<br /> B^sT<br /> Bdn tang<br /> Tifiud?<br /> <br /> Giii netiTa<br /> (qua: tt, nhdn: /i^iroiTTir 6nR vua ti; ximg mOt c4ch khifim t6n. (cO)<br /> (Ban: ngh&o. dQo: ton gido). Tit cdc d^o s\ diing it tv ximg mOt cAch<br /> khigm ton. (dl)<br /> (B6n: ngheo. sT: hgc trd). Ngiriri hgc tr6 nghfeo. Tir ngu6i hoc trd trong<br /> xa hOi cQ dime d6 tf xung m^t c&ch Ichigm t6n. (cu)<br /> (Bdn: ngt^o, tSm: nhd sv. ngum di tu). 1^ nhi su di^g dS tv xung<br /> mOt cich khi€m ton. (cfl)<br /> {Tiiu: IK: nho, dp: em). Tit dCmg d^ ty xung mOt cich khiSm tfin v6i<br /> ngudi Idn tu&i hon hay vdi b6 b ^ cua minh. (cQ)<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG<br /> Tl^nhin<br /> Blnhin<br /> van sinh<br /> Ti§nthi^p<br /> Nhdmb<br /> (th^ hi^n vai<br /> ngudi nghe H)<br /> <br /> Cicvi<br /> Cich»<br /> B$h9<br /> Di§n h?<br /> D^inhin<br /> D^ica<br /> Ansu<br /> An nhdn<br /> Hi^n d$<br /> Tdnnhan<br /> Tflnsu<br /> T6n flng<br /> Tfln phu nhin<br /> Hifin huynh<br /> Quy khich<br /> Quyvi<br /> <br /> Nhdmc<br /> (chi sd thu^c ciia<br /> S)<br /> <br /> NguV<br /> Thifin^<br /> Thi^n k i ^<br /> Thi^ tudng<br /> Hingia<br /> T?xi<br /> <br /> Nhdmd<br /> (chi sd thuOc ciia<br /> H)<br /> <br /> QuJ chiic<br /> Quy danh<br /> Qu^ tfnh<br /> Qu^ qu6c<br /> Cao kidn<br /> Nha;f<br /> AinQ<br /> Qujtijr<br /> Unhii<br /> <br /> i 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> {tiiu: nho; nhdn: ngu&i)- Ngudi b6 nhd; ngudi tini thudng tii dimg di<br /> tv xung mOt cich khiSm t6n.<br /> (bi: lihinh mi?l, ihS k^ch; nhdn: ngudi). Tii dimg dt tif xung mOt c&A<br /> khigm tdn. (cQ)<br /> (vdn: mupn; sinh: di). TCr m i ngudi cdn tr6 khifim tdn tv xung v(H mftt<br /> nfflidi Idn tudi. (cQ)<br /> (ti4n: thSp hkn; thiip: phvn&nf xung). Tit khifim tdn ngudi phy nil<br /> thdi tmdc diing dk tv xung. (ctl)<br /> (cAc: mpi, tdi cd; vf: ngdt thi). Cic ngii, cic dns.<br /> (cdc: Idu cao. gdc: A: y nght). Y nghl tdt ddi vdi<br /> nguiri khic.<br /> (di: viu; na: con eii). Ngudi con gii ygu quf.<br /> (quf: sang, tdn Irgng; tit: con). Con quj; nguiri con lim nSn sv nghigp<br /> Idn.<br /> (linh: cdch ndi tdn kinh chi sd thude cOa ngdi thir hai; di: viu). Cich<br /> <br /> S6 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> 61<br /> <br /> ndi kinh trgng chi con gii ciia nguiri dang ndi chuydn vdi minh. (cii)<br /> (linh: cdch noi Ion kinh chi sd thude aia ngdi thu hat; lang: con trai).<br /> Cich ndi kfnh trgng chi con trai cua nguiri dang ndi chuygn vdi minh.<br /> <br /> Bgi danh<br /> Quy quydn<br /> <br /> {linh: cdch ndi tdn kinh chi sd thugc cOa ngdi thi hat; dudng: nhd,<br /> mf). Cich ndi kfnh trgng chl m^ cua nguiri dang ndi ehuydn vin minh.<br /> (cii)<br /> (dgi: to Idn; danh: lin). Tia tudi lihig lly.<br /> (q>^: sang, tdn trgng; quyin: thdn thude). Tit ljch sv diing 6^ chl<br /> nhOng ngudi thin thu^c trong gia dinh ciia ngirdi minh ndi chuygn<br /> hogc vidt thu cho.<br /> <br /> Cdc tft ngft tten deu la Hdn Vift. D|c bift,<br /> hinh thdi cau tnic van gift trgt ty: thdnh td<br /> phy + thdnh to ehinh. Cdch sft dyng nhftng<br /> tft ngft xung hd nay mft m^t bf c If d ^ dilm<br /> vdn hda trongftngxft cfta ngudi Vift (giong<br /> nhu hdu hit cdc ddn tfc A Ddng): tlmnh lich,<br /> kbiSm nhudng, tdn ttgng ngudi khdc.<br /> Thufc nhom a thi hipn vai ngudi noi (S)<br /> Id nhftng cdch xung hd tuong dii cl, ngdy<br /> nay thudng chi thdy trong cdc tdc phdm vdn<br /> hgc c6, ho$c ttong cdc vd kich, tudng, ch^o,<br /> phim dnh co v.v. Day Id cdch ty xung bdng<br /> cdc danh tft dugc dgi tft hda, ludn gdn lien<br /> vdi vdi ngdi thft nhdt. Thufc nhom ehi sd<br /> thupc ciia S Id nhftng tft cung chl dugc dftng<br /> gdn liln vdi ngdi thft nhdtvdi nhftng sd<br /> thufc tuong ling. Cdc tft thiin y, thiin kiin,<br /> thiit tudng hifn van dugc dftng ttong xd hfi<br /> hifn dgi, d$c bift ttong nhftng phdt bieu<br /> mang tinh chdt ca nhdn. D$c dilm noi bdt<br /> cfta cdc tft thufc hai nhdm vfta nhdc deu thi<br /> hifn tfnh khiem nhudng cfta S, tucmg duong<br /> nhdm 1 vd nhom 2ttongTHHD.<br /> Thufc nhdm thi hipn vai ngudi nghe - H<br /> vd nhdm chi sd thupc eda H Id nhftng tft<br /> dftng dl tdn xung, thudng gdn vdi ngdi thft<br /> hai ho§c ngdi thft ba vdi y nghia dl cao, tdn<br /> trgng ngudi khac. Nhilu tft ngft xung hd<br /> thufc hai nhdm ndy van cdn dugc sft dyng<br /> rfng rdi ttong xd hgi hifn dgi, trong cdc tinh<br /> hulng gi£U} tilp chinh thftc nhu: phu nhdn,<br /> quy qude, quy danh, qu^ ea quan, qtry<br /> tnrdng v.v.<br /> 3. Kit lu$n<br /> Hf thing cdc tft xung hd cl trong THHD<br /> vd tiing Vift vl sdu xa cd nguIn goc tft ndn<br /> <br /> tdng tu tudng Nho gido, gdn lien vdi thudn<br /> phong mi tyc cua phuong Ddng, hay ndi<br /> cdch khdc Id thufc pham trft dao dftc. Sd<br /> lugng cdc tft xui^ hd cd khd Idn song hifn<br /> nay chi mft phan nhd cdn dugc sft dyng<br /> trong xd hfi hifn dgi. Khidm tin, tdn trgng<br /> vd de cao the difn cfta doi tdc ludn Id each<br /> ftng xft Ijch sy, mang dfm tinh vdn hda cua<br /> ngudi dan A Ddng. Tren day chl Id nhung<br /> phdc thdo vl mft so cdch xung hd co ttong<br /> THHD qua lien hf vdi tiing Vift xdt trSn<br /> thang df Uch sy.<br /> <br /> T A I L i f u THAM K H A O<br /> 1. Cao Xuan Hgo (2001). Mdy vdn di van<br /> hda trong edch xung hd eda ngudi Vipt, TC<br /> Khoa hgc, DHSP TPHCM, sl 25.<br /> 2. Ddo Duy Anh (1996), Hdn Vipt tit diin,<br /> NxbTPHCM,TpHCM.<br /> 3. Nguyin Lan (2007), Tit diin tit vd ngit<br /> Hdn Vipt. Nxb Vdn bgc. Hd Nfi.<br /> 4. Tg Thi Thanh Tdm (2009), Lich su trong<br /> giao tiip tiing Vipt, Nxb Ting bgp TP HCM,<br /> TPHlCblMinb.<br /> 5. Yue Quo. Gu (1990). Politeness<br /> phenomena in modern Chinese. Elservier<br /> Science Publishers B.V.., North Holland.<br /> 6. Kerbrat Orecchioni. C, (2000), Politesse<br /> et idiologie: rencontre de pragmatique et de<br /> rhetorique conversationnelle, Louvain-LaNeuve, Peetere.<br /> 7. Gu Yueguo (1992), Limao. yiryong yu<br /> wenhua, Waiyu jiaoxue yu yanjiu Daxue,<br /> Beijing.<br /> 8. He Ziran (1998), Yuyong xue gailun,<br /> Hubei Jiaoyu Cbuban She, Hubei.<br /> <br />