Về quê quán, thân thế của Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Cấu qua gia phả dòng họ và di tích - Đôi điều cần trao đổi

TRAO OOI Y KIEN<br /> <br /> <br /> VE QUE Q U A N , T H A N THE C U A TIEN S Y N G U Y E N C A U QUA<br /> <br /> G I A P H A DONG HO V A D l TICH - D O I D I E U C A N T R A O D t f l<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN DINH HUNG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T r a cQu tQ lieu tren mang Internet diidc nhQng thdng tin nao hdn sach Cdc<br /> vao muc cua Vien Nghien ciiu Han nha khoa bdng Viet Nam.<br /> nom d phan Van khac Han Nom, co trang Chung tdi da tra cQu mdt sd' sach ve cac<br /> viet ve Bia Van Mieu - Ha Noi co bai: Van nha khoa bang do dat tQ thdi Ly cho den<br /> bia de danh Tien sy khoa Quy Miii nien thdi Nguyen cua midc ta, trong so' 2.898 vi<br /> hieu Quang Thuan nam thd 4 (1463) dang do dai khoa Tien sy va tQdng diidng trong<br /> toan van noi dung bai van bia va anh chup 845 nam khoa cQ thdi phong kien, tQ khoa<br /> ciia khoa thi Tien sy nam Quy Mui (1463). thi d i u tien nam 1075 thdi vua Ly Nhan<br /> Ciing tai phan chii thich trong bai nay cl Tong den khoa thi cudi cung nam 1819 thdi<br /> trang 5, so' thii t i l sd' 40 co ghi ve Tien sy vua Gia Long chi co 2 ngiidi ten la "Cau":<br /> Nguyen Cau (? - ?) ngQdi xa Khuong Le, Do la Tien sy Nguyen Cau da noi tren va<br /> huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Tien sy Le Ca'u, que xa Lac Thuc, huyen<br /> Ha Noi). Van de mudn trao ddi trong bai Thanh Lam (nay la huyen Thanh Ha, tinh<br /> bai nay la que quan, than the va sii nghiep<br /> H i i Diidng do Tien sy khoa Tan SQu nien<br /> cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau qua viec siiu tam<br /> hieu Hdng DQc thQ 12 (1481) ddi Le Thanh<br /> tu" lieu va di tich vdi quy ban doc de cung<br /> Tong ong do nam 29 tuoi. Ngoai ra, tra cQu<br /> nghien ciiu va tham khao.<br /> cac sach khong cd ngQdi nao ten la "Ca'u"<br /> Theo mot so' cuo'n sach da cdng bo' nhu": do Tien sy nQa.<br /> Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, Bdc Ninh dit<br /> Nhii v&y, qua nhQng thdng tin d sach<br /> dia chi, Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Npi... (1) chi<br /> Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam va mdt so'<br /> ghi torn tat, sd liidc ve que quan, than the<br /> sach khac da neu cho biet:<br /> va sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau.<br /> Sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam ch6p: - Sd iQdc ve que quan cua Tien sy<br /> "Nguyen Cau, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen Nguyen C i u .<br /> Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha - Nam dng thi do Tien sy: khoa Quy Mui<br /> Noi). Dd ddng Tien sy xua't than khoa Quy nien hieu Quang Thu&n thQ 4 (1463).<br /> Mui nien hieu Quang Thu&n 4 (1463)" - Do bdi canh lich sQ nen ghi chep ve<br /> (trang 115). Sach Bdc Ninh du dia chi va than the, sii nghiep cua dng khdng dQdc<br /> Tuyen tap vdn bia Hd Ndi ciing khong ghi diy du.<br /> <br /> <br /> * Sd Van hoa, The thao va Du lich Thai Nguyen<br /> 64 Rghien curu Lich stf. so' 2.2011<br /> <br /> Van de dat ra, sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Vay, sach Cdc nha khoa bdng Viet Nam<br /> Viet Nam lai chu thich que quan cua Tien do Ngo Diic Tho chu bien, Nxb. Van hoc,<br /> sy Nguyen Cau la: nay thuoc huyen Sdc Ha Noi, 1993 da chep: NguySn Ciu, ngiidi<br /> Sdn, Ha Noi. xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc<br /> Theo van bia Tien sy diing nam 1484, huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi) co sii khac biet vdi<br /> hien dang diidc diing tai Van Mieu - Ha nhiing tu" lieu ma chiing tdi siiu tam diidc<br /> Noi, trong do co ghi ve Tien sy Nguyen ve que quan va than the, sii nghiep cua<br /> Cau, bia da chep: "Nguyen Ca'u Bac Giang Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u.<br /> phu Tan Phuc huyen [...] (U W At tt M Trong qua trinh tra ciiu ve tieu su cua 4<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> f r t§ W) = Nguyen Cau, huyen Tan Phuc, cac vi khoa bang chiing ta thay cd nhieu<br /> phu Bac Giang. Theo chii thich phan dau sach viet khac nhau. Nhiing vdi triidng hdp<br /> cham liing trong ngoac vudng ciia sach ve que quan ciia Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd<br /> Tuyen tap Van bia Ha Noi - Quyen I - Nxb. the diidc giai thich nhu sau: Tuy van bia b<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> KHXH, 1978, 3 trang 164 la co mot so chii Van Mieu Ha Ndi khdng ghi ten lang, xa<br /> da bi liidc bo" (2). cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u nhiing lai cd cac<br /> Bai dich tu: chii Han nom bai Van bia de tai lieu khac bd sung, dd la sach nhu : Lich1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ten Tien sy khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang trieu dang khoa (quyen I I I , td 35b), Lich<br /> Thuan thii 4 (1463) d Van Mieu - Quoc Tii dqi dang khoa, td 62a, Lich huyen dang<br /> Giam Ha Noi sang tieng Viet cua Trung khoa (quyen V, td 23b), Lich trieu tap ky<br /> tam Van Mieu Quoc Tvi Giam - Thanh pho' (quyen I , trang 128), Lich trieu dang khoa.<br /> Ha Noi djch nghia noi dung ve que quan Trong triidng hdp nay sach Cdc nha khoa<br /> cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u ciing tiidng t i i nhu<br /> 1 bdng da ghi lai que quan cua Tien sy<br /> tren. Nguyln Ca'u, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen<br /> Tan Phuc, phii Bac Giang. Cd the chQ<br /> Sach Ddt va NgUdi Thdi Nguyen cua<br /> Khuong L l (IB ijif) chep nham la Tieu L l<br /> Nguyen Huii Khanh, do Hoi Van hoc Nghe<br /> ('h ijif) chang? chii "khuong" (E) gan gid'ng<br /> thuat tinh Thai Nguyen xua't ban nam<br /> vdi chii "cii" (!=[), chut tieu (/J ) gan gid'ng vdi<br /> N<br /> <br /> <br /> 1997 co viet: "Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u (Nguyln<br /> chii "thuy" (?K). V i du, mdt triidng hdp chep<br /> Dinh Ca'u) que cl lang Thanh Thu, tdng<br /> nham chQ d sac phong ciia di tich den Gia,<br /> Tieu Le, huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha,<br /> xa Tieu Le, tdng Tieu Le, huyen Phd Yen<br /> xii Kinh Bac, nay la thon Thanh Van, xa (Thai Nguyen). Sac phong nay phong cho<br /> Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Manh Dien qudc viidng va Phu Ddng Thien<br /> Nguyen". viidng phong nam Khai Dinh thii 9 (1924)<br /> Theo Ho sd di tich Khu lUu niem Tien sy chep nham chii "Tieu" thanh chQ "Thuy"<br /> Nguyen Cdu, xa Tan Hiidng va xa Ddng sac phong viet nham dd nguyen van la:<br /> Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen "Sac Thdi Nguyen tinh, Phd'An phu, Thuy<br /> (da diidc Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Li xd tong tien phung sU...".<br /> Nguyen xep hang cap tinh nam 2006) dang Ve dja danh huyen Tan Phuc, phu Bac<br /> liiu tai Sd Van hoa The thao va Du lich Giang, theo cac sach nhii: Du dia chi ciia<br /> Thai Nguyen ciing ghi que quan tiidng t i i Nguyln Trai, Dqi- Nam nhdt thd'ng chi<br /> nhu' sach Ddt vd NgUdi Thdi Nguyen ciia (tinh Bac Ninh) deu chep huyen Tan Phuc<br /> dng Nguyen Huu Khanh. cd t i i thdi Tran, thdi Hd, thudc chau Bac<br />  Ve que quan. than the".. 65<br /> <br /> Giang, phu Bac Giang. Sang dau thdi thudc ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Cau, ndi day<br /> Minh, Le sd van theo nhii the. Den thdi Le cdn bao tdn diidc md va den thd ciia Tien sy<br /> Hoang Dinh (1600-1619), vi ky ten huy vua Nguyln C i u thi dd la mot cd sd de khang<br /> Le Kinh Tong la Tan, nen ddi la huyen dinh day la que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln<br /> Tien Phuc. Hien nay d dia phUdng bia da Ca'u.<br /> "Bdi Cao ttf bi" (chua Doi Cao, xa Tan Nhii v i y , ve que quan cua Tien sy<br /> Hiidng, tdng Tieu Le) diing nam Chinh Hoa Nguyln C i u trong van bia Van Mieu - Ha<br /> thu- 18 (1697) van ghi dia danh la "Tien Ndi la cd do tin chy cao, gia t r i lich su chan<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> Phuc huyen". Nam Minh Menh thii 11 xac, nien dai diing n h i t . Van de dien each<br /> (1830) ddi ten huyen Tien Phuc thanh cua dia danh huyen Tan Phuc - Tien Phuc -<br /> huyen Thien Phuc, tran Bac Ninh (bia den Thien Phuc trong lich sii nhii phan tich<br /> Ddng Thu, xa Thuan Thanh, huyen Phd tren theo chiing tdi la thoa dang va dinh<br /> Yen). Nam Tii Diic thU 19 (1866) ddi ten chinh lai cho sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet<br /> huyen Thien Phuc thanh huyen Da Phuc, Nam, chep que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln<br /> phu Da Phiic, tinh Bac Ninh. Thdi Khai C i u thudc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Ndi la chiia<br /> Dinh thfl 5 (1920) tdng Tieu Le thuoc phu chinh xac ma c i n p h i i di'nh chinh lai la<br /> Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen. Tien sy Nguyen Cdu que d xa Tieu Li,<br /> Theo sach Ten lang xd Viet Nam ddu the huyen Tdn Phuc, phu Bac Giang (nay la<br /> ky XIX (3) cd chep xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le, thon Thanh Vdn, xd Bong Tien, huyen Pho<br /> huyen Thien Phuc, phu Bac Ha, xii Kinh Yen, tinh Thdi Nguyen).<br /> Bac. Ddi chieu vdi cac van bia ghi chep dia Ngoai ra, theo gia pha va ldi truyen<br /> danh xa Tieu L l d huyen Thien Phuc d dau tung cua cac cu cao tudi thudc ddng ho Tien<br /> the ky XIX ma nay thuoc huyen Phd Yen, sy Nguyen Ca'u cho biet them - Nguyln<br /> tinh Thai Nguyen la chinh xac vdi thdi Ca'u cdn cd ten goi khac la Nguyln Dinh<br /> diem bay gid. Phan tich cac tai lieu hien cd Ca'u, dd De tam giap ddng Tien sy xuat<br /> tai Sd Van hda The thao va Du lich Thai than, khoa Quy M u i (1463) nien hieu<br /> Nguyen nhii: sach Dong Khanh dtf dia chi, Quang Thuan thii 4, ddi vua Le Thanh<br /> kem theo ban dd cho biet xa Tieu Le, tdng Tdng, lam quan tdi chiic Thi ve xu\ Cung<br /> Tieu Le, phu Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen la<br /> theo gia pha cua ddng ho cua Tien sy<br /> mdt trong nhiing xa nam d phia Ddng -<br /> Nguyln Ca'u cho biet dng sinh nam 1442,<br /> Nam cua huyen Phd Yen. Ddi chieii vdi ban<br /> dd Tien sy nam 1463, khi dd dng 21 tudi.<br /> do huyen Phd Yen trong sach Bong Khanh<br /> Nam 1463, dng di thi, ca midc cd tdi 4.400<br /> du dia chi vdi ban do huyen Phd Yen ngay<br /> ngiidi dii thi, chi l i y cd 44 ngiidi do, vdi ty<br /> nay thi dia danh xa Tieu LS xiia, nay thudc<br /> le: 1/100, nhii the chung td sii khd luyen va<br /> mot phan xa Ddng Tien, xa Tan Hiidng,<br /> tai nang cua dng de dat danh hieu Tien sy.<br /> huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen.<br /> Sau khi thi dd dng diidc bd nhiem lam<br /> Tai lang Thanh Thu xiia, cdn goi la lang qua>n. Thdi dd, mot sd' quan van cd tai nang<br /> Sui, triidc kia thudc xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu diidc trieu dinh cii chuyen sang hang quan<br /> L l , huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha, xii vo, Nguyln C i u la mdt trong nhiing ngiidi<br /> Kinh Bic, ngay nay la thdn Thanh Xuan, nhii vay. Cung theo gia pha ddng ho<br /> xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyln Cau cho biet dng dUdc trieu dinh<br /> Nguyen cdn nhieu chi ho, con chau hau due giao trong trach girl chiic Thi ve xU. Dieu<br /> ee Rghien ciru Lich stir, so' 2.2011<br /> <br /> nay trung kh6p vdi ghi ch6p trong sach Dqi Tren md cd xay them mdt ngdi mieu nho<br /> Viet sit ky toan thii, tap I I I , trang 97 ghi: lam hau cui.g. Ngdi mieu nay cd kich thiidc<br /> Nam Nham Ngo (1522), ldi dung tinh hinh rong 2,6m, dai 3,4m mai diidc cud'n vdm.<br /> Mac Dang Dung diing len tru" khu! cac the Dac biet, dang sau md cd mot cay dudi cd<br /> liic doi khang, vua Le Chieu Tong hoang sd moc 9 nhanh, ngay sat chan tiidng hau, chu<br /> da bo kinh thanh chay trdh ra viing Minh vi gd'c 3,5m. Cay dudi da trum gan kin ngdi<br /> Nghia, huyen Tung Thien (Sdn Tay) lanh md xoe ra nhii chiec long khdng Id che mat<br /> nan. Ngay 27-7 nam do, Mac Dang Dung tQ cho md dng, tao them ve linh thieng. Md<br /> Bo De (Gia Lam), cho quan viidt song diidc xay bang da ong hinh vudng. NhQng<br /> Hong, dot nhip vao kinh thanh, giet hai hdn da ong de xay md cd hinh chQ nhat. Tai<br /> nhiing ngiidi trung thanh v6i nha Le, trong khu viic cd ngdi mieu cd (nhan dan thiidng<br /> do co chi huy xii Thi ve Nguyen Cau, Do liic goi la Nghe Van), vao nam 1997, con chau<br /> sy Minh Sdn ba Nguyen Tho va Dam Cii... ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u da gdp tien,<br /> (4). cua, tdn tao ngdi mieu triidc mo thanh mot<br /> Trong sud't 6 ddi vua Le: Thanh Tong ngdi den nhd. Chinh dien ngdi den quay ve<br /> (1460-1497), Hien Tong (1497-1504), Tuc hiidng nam, tren cao mat chinh dien cd ten<br /> Tong (1504), Uy Muc (1505-1509), Tiidng chQ dap ndi 3 chQ Han ndm la "Thanh Vdn<br /> Diic (1510-1516), Chieu Tong (1516-1522), tu". Ngdi den cd kien true hinh chQ nhat cd<br /> Nguyen Cau lam quan da co nhieu cong ba gian nhd, cd chieu dai 6,6m, rdng 4,7m.<br /> trang cho nen diidc thang tien chu yeu giQ Ndi that nha ket ca'u khung go ket hdp xay<br /> trong trach bao ve trong cung cam va khu gach theo ldi tiidng dau hdi, bit ddc, mai Idp<br /> viic kinh thanh ciia nha vua. Tiidng truyen, ngdi mui. Tren ndc cd dap ndi "lQdng long<br /> khi Nguyen Dinh Cau ciing bo ha bi chem chau nguyet" va bd dai. Triidc cQa den xay<br /> dQng 2 cot tru cao vut cd ddi cau dd'i dap<br /> ngay 27-7 nam Nham Ngo (1522), ong tho<br /> 81 tudi, mot sd' thu ha da lay diidc thu cap chQ ndi nhu" sau:<br /> ciia ong bi mat giau kin dem ve que nha. Van vu 'song todn, hien cdng tqo vinh<br /> Khi ve den que thi trdi da tdi, lai dd cdn quang To quoc<br /> miia, hd ben de thu cap d gdc cay ngoai go Diic tdi cao thiidng, luu danh diing<br /> ven lang, ho chay ve bao tin dii cho gia truyen thd'ng cd'hUdng.<br /> dinh, lang xdm. Moi ngiidi chuan bi dd mai Trong den, hai ben cua vdm hhu cung<br /> tang cho ong. Nhiing sang hdm sau tai ndi cung cd cau dd'i ndi dung nhu sau:<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> de thu cap dng mdi da xong len thanh ddng Le trieu Tien sy danh van dai<br /> rat to. Ho hang cho rang la linh thieng ben Dqi Viet tUdng qudn tac thien thu.<br /> de nguyen nhu cii. Sau nay tinh hinh yen<br /> 1<br /> <br /> Tai ban thd trong Khu liiu niem Tien sy<br /> on, con chau da xay mo va ngdi mo tdn tai Nguyen Ca'u d thdn Phong Nien, xa Tan<br /> tii do cho den bay gid. Hiidng, huyen Phd Yen - di tich da diidc Uy<br /> Ngoi md Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u hien dang ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen xep hang<br /> nam tren mdt doi dat thuoc khu canh ddng la di tich lich sQ van hoa (2006) cd bai vi<br /> Nghe, xom Phong Nien, xa Tan Hiidng, thd ghi: "Nguyen Dinh Cdu, sinh Dinh Mao<br /> huyen Phd Yen. Hien nay, ngdi md hinh nien nhdt td tii Kinh Bdc huyen, Thien<br /> vudng co canh dai 1,5m, cao 1,5m, mo xay Phuc tdng, Tieu Li xa, Thanh Thii thdn, vi<br /> kin, lien ke vdi gian giQa cua ngdi deh. nien nhdt td luc tam Khdm sai dai thdn chi<br /> V3" que quan. than the". 67<br /> <br /> huy xu dac... long qudn uy hdu ddc bdt ngdi dinh cd' duy nha't cdn nguyen mau<br /> qudn cong... Le Thdnh Tdng... nhi ngu kien true nghe thuat d huyen Phd' Yen,<br /> dtfng thdp tai...". trQng tu nam Canh HUng thQ 40 (1780) co<br /> Hang nam cu" vao ngay 27-7 Am lich, con bai vi thd Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u l i m Thanh<br /> chau hau due cua dong ho Nguyen Ca'u lai hoang lang. Dinh Phong Nien, xa Tan<br /> den den Thanh Van lam le ciing gio ong. HQdng each lang Thanh Thu 2km cung thd<br /> Ciing theo ldi truyen ngdn ciia dong ho Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u lam phuc t h i n .<br /> Nguyen Ca'u, sau khi ong mat, vi thdi loan Qua nhQng tQ lieu do ddng ho cua Tien<br /> lac, giac gia lien mien, quan quan nha Mac sy Nguyen C i u d huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai<br /> lien tuc truy cQu, cat cii 6" vung Thai Nguyen cung cip va cdng vdi viec sQu t i m<br /> Nguyen, nen ten tudi, than the sii nghiep cua nhQng nha nghien cQu lich sQ, van hoa<br /> cua Nguyen Ca'u ciing v i dd ma khdng diidc d dja phQdng, biidc d i u da tap hdp dQdc<br /> trieu dinh nhac den. Chi cd the sau khi mdt so' tQ lieu va thdng tin gdp p h i n lam<br /> binh xong nha Mac vao nam 1667, d i t midc sang ro que hQdng, than the cua Tien sy<br /> tam yen ang, vua Le mdi truy phong cac Nguyln Ca'u - mot vo quan dQdi trieu nha<br /> ciiu than da xa than trung thanh vdi nha Le. Ong, ngQdi xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le,<br /> Le mdi cd sac phong truy ting. Theo cac cu huyen Yen Phuc, phu Bic Ha, xQ Kinh<br /> cdn nhd, Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd sic phong Bic, ngay nay la thdn Thanh Xuan, xa<br /> cd nhiing chQ: "Le trieu khdm sai dqi thdn, Ddng Tien, huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai<br /> chi huy xd, Thi ve long qudn cdm hdu, Nguyen. R i t mong cac nha nghien cQu lich<br /> Chanh do ddc, ddc bdc qudn cdng, thtfdng sQ va van hoa cd them y kien de cd sQ ddng<br /> ddng phuc thdn". Ban than ddng ho da ghi thu^n giQa tai lieu khoa hoc va tQ lieu dQdc<br /> cdng Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u bang viec giQ gin lQu giQ, bao tdn d dia phQdng nham tdn<br /> md cd, bao ve cay cdi va ra Ha Ndi de sQu vinh ve mdt trong nhQng con ngQdi cd<br /> tam tii lieu lich sQ... Tai lang Thanh Thu cd nhieu ddng gdp cho trieu dinh nha Le.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Ngo Due Tho (chu. bien). Cdc nhd khoa (2). Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyen I, sdd.<br /> bdng Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoc, Ha Npi, 1993; Bac<br /> (3). Vi$n Nghien cuu Han Nom. Ten lang xa<br /> Ninh dii dia chi - Do Trong Vf (the ky XIX) - Do<br /> Viet Nam ddu theky XLX (Cdc tong, trdn, xa danh<br /> Tuan Anh dich, Nxb. Van hoa Thdng tin, Ha Noi,<br /> bi lam), Dudng Thi The, Pham Thi Thoa dich, Nxb.<br /> 1997; Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyln I - Uy<br /> ban Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam - Ban Han Nom Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1981.<br /> sUu tSm, dich nghia va gidi thieu, Nxb. Khoa hoc (4). Bai Viet s& ky todn thd, tap III, Nxb. Khoa<br /> xa hoi, Ha Ndi, 1978, tr. 135, 164. hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 97.<br />