Xây dựng cộng đồng học tập ngoại ngữ, những vấn đề thực tiễn

Sl4(246)-2016<br /> <br /> N G 6 N NGf<br /> <br /> & Ddl<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> 95<br /> <br /> IDIENDANVA KHUYEN NGHI<br /> <br /> XAY DVTVG CQNG DONG HQC T ^ NGOAI NGf,<br /> NHCTNG VAN DE THVC TIEN<br /> NGUYEN L A N T R U N G - NGUYEN NGQC LUtJ LY<br /> (PGS.TS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfl-, DHQG Hd Nfi)<br /> Ngdy 30/9/2008, Thu tiidng chinh phu dd<br /> W quyet dinh 1400/ QD-Ttg phd duyft D I an<br /> "Dgy vd hpc Ngogi Ngft trong hf thing gido<br /> dye quIe ddn 2008-2020". Myctieuchung cua<br /> DI dn dd dupe xdc d)nh rd rdng: " Dii mdi<br /> toan difn vifc dgy vd hpc Ngogi i ^ trong hf<br /> thing gido due quic dan, trien khai chuong<br /> trinh dgy vd hpc Ngogi ngft mdi d cde c ^ hpe,<br /> trinh df ddo tao, nhdm ^ n ndm 2015 dgt dupe<br /> mft budc tien rd rft ve trinh df, ndng lye sfl<br /> dyng Ngogi ngft cua nguon nhan lyc nhit Id<br /> ^ i vdi mft so luih vyc uutidn;^ n ndm 2020<br /> da sl thanh nien Vift Nam tit i^hifp trui^<br /> c^, cao ding va dgi hoc cd du nai^ lyc sft<br /> dung ngogi ngft 6^ lfp, tu tin trong giao ti^,<br /> hpc tap, ldm vifc trong mdi trudng hfi nhfp,<br /> da ngdn ngft, da vdn hd^ biin ngogi ngft ted<br /> thdnh thi mgnh ciia ngudi ddn Vift Nam, phyc<br /> vy sy nghifp cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hd^ dat<br /> nude. Tiang Chi flii 3575/ BGE®T-CT ngay<br /> 10/9/2014. Bf Trudng Bf GUBT cflng dd<br /> nhln manh: "Diy mgnh cdc hogt dfng, huy<br /> dfng cdc nguin lyc xd hfi, cdc sdng kiln h5<br /> trp thyc hifn D I dn. Tdi^ cudng tl ebflc cdc<br /> hogt dfng ngogi khda, giao luu trong nude vd<br /> quic ^ Wnh thdnh mdi trudng hpc vd thuc<br /> hanh, sfl dyng ngogi ngft sau rfng trong cfng<br /> dong".<br /> ^<br /> Nhflng chi dgo nhat qudn mang tam chien<br /> lupc ndy ddtiiucdiy vifc xay dyng mft cfng<br /> ding, mft xd bfi hpc tfp ngogi ngft, coi dd Id<br /> mft trong nhung gjdi phdp trpng tam dl thyc<br /> hifn thing Ipi cdng eufc doi mdi cdn bdn vd<br /> todn difn dgy vd hpc ngogi ngft d nude ta ^ n<br /> giai dogn 2020. Hai ndm vfta qua, trong tit ca<br /> cac CO sd gido dye- ddo tgo cfla cd nude, mft<br /> phong trdo hpc tfp ngogi ngft dd diy ldn mgnh<br /> <br /> mS khdng chi trong ddo tao tren Idp nm phdt<br /> tiiln rfng khdp ra d cdc boat dfng ben ngodi<br /> Idp hpe, trong xd hfi, trong cfng ding. 19<br /> trudng DH dupe gjao nhifm vy xdy dyng md<br /> WnhtilngAnh cfng ding vd hdng chye trudng<br /> DH-CD khdc dang tiiln khai nhiiu cdch ldm<br /> mdi, nhiiu sdng kiln hay, dang din hhih flidnh<br /> ede md Wnh dlln Wnh tfl nhflng kinh ngWfm<br /> fliye tl. Mft logt cdc hfi thdo khoa hpe, cWa sd<br /> kinh r ^ f m dd dupe tl chflc, bdt diu Id hfi<br /> flido dupe ^ ehfte ndm 2014 tgi trudng<br /> DHNN-DHCJGHN, vd sau dd Id cdc Hfi tiido<br /> tgi DH Dd Ndng, DH T ^ Nguydn, DH Tdy<br /> Bdc vd gin ddy nhit Id Hfiflidotgi DH Quy<br /> Nhan, da khdng dinh siic song vd budc di vftng<br /> chic cua mpt chfl truong diing din, mpt thyc<br /> tiln hit sftc sinh dfng cfla qud trinh Wnh thdnh<br /> vd phdt triin cfng ding hpe tfp ngogi ngft, dd<br /> thii mft lulng gid mdt vdo trong nhgn flitie<br /> cfta cd ngudi dfy, ngudi hpc vd nhd qudn Ii,<br /> ldm thay dii ed vl phucmg phdp dgy vd hpc,<br /> cdc hogt dfng hpc t ^ , kilm tra ddnh gid, hpc<br /> Ufu, phuongtifnday vd hpc ngogi ngft.<br /> Vfy, trudc hit chflng ta d n tim Wlu cdc<br /> d$c trung cfla Cfng dong hpc tap ngoai ngft Id<br /> Khdi nifm "Cfng ddng hpc tap"raddi dya<br /> trdn quan nifm cho ring hogt dfng hpc diin ra<br /> kW ngudi hpe tham gia vdo cdc hogt dfng<br /> chung vdi ngudi khdc, vi myctieuchung, vdi<br /> miic dp vd khd i^ng khdc nhau. Lave vd<br /> Wenger (1991- din lgiflieoLd Vdn Canh) dd<br /> dua ra Ididi nifm "Cfng ding hdnh ngWfp"<br /> (Community of Practice) vdi gid dinh thdng<br /> qua qud trinh hanh ngWfp (vi dy dgy vd hpc)<br /> cdc thdnh vidn taorasy gdn kit vdi r ^ u trong<br /> cfng ding. Vd dl xay dyng vd vfn hdnh cfng<br /> <br /> 96<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Ddl S 6 N G<br /> <br /> ding hpe tap tW diiu kifntidnquylt Id lam tbi<br /> ndo dk tgo rampt mdi trudng hpe tap thu hut<br /> dupe nguoi hpc tham gia vdo cfng ding hpc<br /> tdp, gdn kit vdi nhau trong hpe tfp cfng ddng.<br /> Cd ba ylu to ca ban tgo ndn sy gdn kit cfng<br /> ding, dd Id: 1/Cflng nhau cam klt( Mutual<br /> engagement); 2/CWa sd kiln thiie (Shared<br /> lepetoire); 3/Lidn kit hdnh dfng (Joint<br /> enterprise).<br /> Vd cd bdn yeu cdu md mpi cfng dong hpc<br /> tgp cin phai cd, dd Id: 1/Sy da dang vl kiln<br /> thftc cua cdc thdnh vien vd sy ddng gdp eua<br /> moiflidnhvien diu dupe tdn trpng vd hS trg;<br /> 2/Cd myc tidu chung Id cftng phdt triin kiln<br /> thiic vd kl ndng cfla mpi thdnh vidn; 3/DQ cao<br /> sy phdt triin Id ndng tu hpc; 4/Cd ea chl dl<br /> mpi thdnh vidn cWa sd nhftng ^ dd hpe dupe.<br /> Mft dilra nira can nhln manh Id qud tiinh<br /> hpc trong cfng ding hpc tgp dupe diin ra hai<br /> ldn: lan thu nhdt, hanh dpng hpc mang tinh xd<br /> hpi dien ra trong qua trinh tham gia vao hdnh<br /> dpng mangtinhtap thi, vd Idn thft hai dien ra<br /> ti^n binh difn ed nhdn nhd vifc tham gia vdo<br /> cde hanh dpng vdi ngirdi khae trong cfng<br /> dong.<br /> Dd ndi den cong ding hpe tfp, chiing ta cin<br /> luu y din ba dgc diim sau. D ^ diim thft nhit<br /> Id so lupng ldn. Ddy Id mfttix)ngnhung thudc<br /> do trong sy thdnh edng eua cfn^ dong hpe tap.<br /> Sftc lan tda vd bieu ung cfng ddng Id cdi dich<br /> mft efn^ ddng hpe tap hudng tdi. Tuy nhidn,<br /> theo cWeu ngupc lgi, sl lupng ldn sS cd thi<br /> k&) theo chat lupng di xuong. Day chinh Id sy<br /> cdn nhdc eua ngudi qudn Ii cfng ding hpc tgp.<br /> Neu nhu trong hpe chinh khda, ngirdi hpc cd<br /> trinh dp kem vd tnmg bhih it cd co hpi dl thi<br /> Wfn tW chinh phuong thflc cfng ding hpc tap<br /> se tao diiu kien thudn Ipi nhat de hp phdt huy.<br /> Chinh vi vay, chung ta khdng ndn qud coi<br /> tepng chit lupng ma lam mat di ca hpi sft dyng<br /> ngdn ngft. Ca hoi dirpc tham gia sft dyng ngdn<br /> ngfl mft each ty nWdn, gdn vdi ylu tl vdn hda,<br /> xd hfi khae se tgo dpng lye, hiing thu rat ldn<br /> cho dii tupng ndy. D|e diem thii hai Id phdi<br /> flioa mdn cde nhu elu chung. Day cfing lgi Id<br /> <br /> So 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> mft bai todn khd nan gidi efla ngudi qudn U<br /> cfng ddng hpc t|^. d trong mft fliilt dil ehdt<br /> che, sy xde djnh muc tidu va nfi dung, hinh<br /> ±itc hogt dfng Id ro rdng, mang tinh hian thfl.<br /> Trong hogt dfng hpc tap cfng ding, cde nhu<br /> cau can dupe thda man da dgng hem nWlu, m^<br /> tit la gay dupe dfng lye, hftng thfl, nhung mdt<br /> khdc vifc qudn Ii dl di din thing nhit hanh<br /> dfng, coi trpng Wfu qud eua tfp thi. Id mft<br /> vifc rit khd khdn, ddi hdi ngudi qudn li phdi<br /> rit ndng dfng, sang tgo vd mIm ddo. Nhftng<br /> wlu biet vl tdm Ii hpc vd qudn trj hpc co vai<br /> tedtoldn d ddy. Thftba, dd Idtinhkhdflii.Hpc<br /> trong diiu kifn trudng Idp, trang tWit bj, nhdn<br /> lyc gidng dgy cd sdn tinh khd tW rat cao.<br /> Ngupc lai, tl chuc cdc hoat dfng cfng ding<br /> khdng cd dupe nhung thuan Ipi ndy, tgp thi<br /> nhung ngudi tham gia phdi ty tgo ra cde diiu<br /> kifn thuc Wfn hogt dpng, yi vfy phdi tInh todn<br /> rat Id din ede diiu kifn khd thi. Cin phdi rit<br /> thyc tl tW mdi ddm bdo dupe cdc hogt dfng<br /> dienrasudn sd.<br /> Dd gidi quyet van de dgt ra cfla ba d^ diem<br /> tedn, chflng ta can luu y: 1/Lupng hda cu flil<br /> ede hogt dfng; 2/Cd phucmg thCtc ddnh gia<br /> cdc hoat dpng (Nen chdng xdy dyng mft bf<br /> cdng cy?); 3/Hogt dpng hudng din tinh bin<br /> vung.<br /> Ndi tdm lgi, ndi den cdc d§c tnmg cua<br /> cfng ding hpe tap ngogi ngft, trong khudn<br /> khd nhd trudng, chiing ta can phan bift ro<br /> nhflng khdc bift gifta mft ben Id chuong trinh<br /> ddo tgo, cdn mft bdn Id hogt dfng cfng ding<br /> mft ben la trong Idp hpc (hay cdn gpi Id chinh<br /> khda) cdn mft ben Id ben ngodi Idp hpc Oiay<br /> cdn gpi la ngogi khda), mpt bdn Id nhd trudng,<br /> la hpc dudng, cdn mft bdn la xd hfi. Dieu eo<br /> bdn eIn khai thdc la nhung ^ khd lam, khd<br /> thyc Wfn d tiong nhd trufimg, trong Idp hpc,<br /> trong chinh khda, trong chuong trinh dko tgo<br /> tW se ed nWlu ca hpi, nWlu dieu kifn thyc<br /> Wfn Wfu qud ban d ngodi Idp hpc, d cde hogt<br /> dfng ngogi khda, d trong epng ding, d trong<br /> xd hfi. Ddo sdu sy khdc bift ndy chinh Id sy bo<br /> sung hodn hdo cho qua tilnh phdt tiiln chuydn<br /> <br /> So 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Ddl S 6 N G<br /> <br /> 97<br /> <br /> mdn, phat tridn nang lyc cfla cac ca nhdn, cfta ^ n g ngoai khda, coi trpng ndng lyc sft dyng<br /> ngdn ngft vd cac ndng lyc Id ndng khdc giup<br /> tftng ednhdiL<br /> iBij^ Nhfn thftc dupe id ndt nhftng ddc trung cfta eho ngudi hpc hinh dung mdt cdi chuan khdc,<br /> rdt<br /> quantirpngkW sau ndy budc chdn vdo thi<br /> cong ^ n g hpc tap ngogi ngft se dinh hudng<br /> chiing ta kW trd ldi cau hdi "phdi ldm gi, ldm trudng lao dfng, dd la chiddn tuyin dung. Ddy<br /> chinh Id dfng lye thuc diy ngudi hpc phdi n5<br /> '^*piuthendo?"Theo chflng tdi, trudc hit phdi phan logi va lyc rit nWlu, tgo dfng co cho ngudi hpc phin<br /> tii do phdt huy dupe cao nhit vai trd cua tftng diu, vi nhiing myc tieu bet siic cy the. Ngoai<br /> yeu to con ngudi tham gia vdo qud trinh hogt cac nhd qudn I^ dfi ngu giao vien, gidng vidn<br /> dfng cfla cfng ddng hpe tgp. Dieu diutiencan vd ngudi hpc, nhftng lyc lupng khdc cung<br /> duoc nhdc toi, dd la vai trd cfla lanh dao. Thyc ddng mdt vai Ird quan trpng trong viec xay<br /> tien eho thay, niu khdng tranh thfl dupe su dyng cfng ding boat dfng ngogi ngft, nhiing<br /> dong tinh,flnghf efla ede ldnh dao tW cdc boat lyc lupng ndy vin cd vai trd nhd hon trong<br /> dong i^ogi khda, cdc hoat dfng cfng dong, chuong trinh dao tgo chinh khda. Chflng ta cd<br /> ben ngoai xa hpi se khd cd dupe cac dieu kifn the kerad ddy, yeu to giafflnh,phy buynh, cdc<br /> thuan Ipi de boat dpi^, khdng cW nhftng thuan to chuc Dodn, Hfi, cdc riid tdi trp, cdc td chiic<br /> loi ve chft tmdng ma cdn Id nhung thudn Ipi vd cd nhdn teong xd bfi. Hp Id nhfing ngudi sd<br /> tan dyng dieu kien vat chat sin cd hoge tgo ddng gdp rit nWlu trong vifc tgo ra nhftng<br /> jdiftng £eu kien vat chit mdi, tgo dieu kifn de diiu kifn, d^ bift Id cdcffliukifn vft chit dd<br /> quan he va tranh thu sy ddngtinh,ung hf cfla thyc Wfn thdnh cdng cde chuong tiinh ben<br /> cac c^. Ngudn nhan lyc thft hai Id dpi ngu ngodi Idp hpe.<br /> giao vien, giang vien. Ld nbur^ ngudi khdi<br /> Bdn cgnh vifc nhfn tbfle vd phdt huy vai lib<br /> ddu neu y tudng, vach ke hogch ban ddu, bS trp<br /> eua tung ngudn lye tham gia vdo qua trinh xay<br /> ve chuyen mdn, cd van ve each thyc Wfn,<br /> dung epng ddng hpc tfp ngogi ngft, chung ta<br /> chlnh sfla va danh gia ket qua, dpi ngu giao<br /> can con coi trpng vd tinh den cdc "tinh" sau.<br /> vien gidng vien ddng mft vai trd vd cung quan<br /> Mft la tinh thuc te<br /> trpng. Dd ddnh ring sau kW da di vao ne nep<br /> Tdt nhiin di thdnh cdng, kW lam mpt<br /> Qii vai trd cfla ngudi hpc la quan trpng nhat<br /> chuong<br /> trinh nao, theo mpt quan diem nhfn<br /> nhung d nhimg budc khdi diu, md Wnh cd<br /> thdnh cdng hay khdng phyfliupcratnWeu vdo thiic ndo tW eiit^ phdi dua vdo hf thing cac<br /> sy tam huylt, sang tao vd kien tri cfla dfi ngu nguyen li, don gian la trd ldi cac cau hdi: vi sao<br /> ngudi thdy. Ngudn nhan lyc thft ba, ngudn ldm edi ndy, vi sao td ehfte hogt dfng ndy, tl<br /> nhdn lyc phai ndi la quan trpng nhdt, la cWa chiic flii tudn thu nhftng dieu gj, y ngbia Wfu<br /> khoa cua su thdnh cdng trong md Wnh efng qua cua nd se ra sao,...? Nhung d day dat ra<br /> ding hpc tdp ngoai ngft, vfta Id chfl thi, ngudi vin de khoang each gifta nguydn U vd thyc<br /> kien tao hogt ^ n g vd ding thdi Id ngirdi thy tien. Hogt dfng cfng dong hpc tap ngoai ngft<br /> hudng kit qud cfla hogt ddng, dd chinh Id rit can nhung md Wnh li thuyet soi roi, ddy<br /> nhftng ngudi hpc. Hpc sinh, sinh vien ebinh la khdng eW dan tbuin Id vui chai, la ty do thyc<br /> diu ihi chinh, hp sang tao ra boat dfng, thyc Wfn chuyen giao tri thuc, md cdc boat dfng<br /> hifn hogt dpng vd phdt triin din vd chuydn cftng phdi tudn thfl ede nguyen tac tam Ii ngdn<br /> mdn tft cac hogt dfng ly cung vdi cdc ndng lyc ngft hpc, ngdn ngft xd hpi hpe, gido hpc phdp<br /> xd hdi khdc. Dii vdi cac chfl the nay, dfng ca, ngogi ngft. Tuy nWdn, nhftng nguyen ly cW<br /> dfng lyc, hftng thft Id nhung ylu to quan trpng phat huy Wfu qud kW nd gdp phdn gidi quylt<br /> nidt. Cd flll ndi hogt ^ n g chmh khda coi dupe bai hpc thyctien,gidi quyet dupe nhftng<br /> tipng rdt nbihu chuan ddu ra, edn cdc boat vin dl do thyc tiln d$t ra, phfl hpp vdi cdc diiu<br /> kifn cy flil cflatinhbulng. Hogt dfng hpc tdp<br /> <br /> 98<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Ddl SdNG<br /> <br /> S6 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> cfng dong khdim ndm chdn chdn trong khudn<br /> Ba Id tinh bin vung<br /> khi cfla tWit ch^ chinh vi vdy md Wnh dua ra<br /> Mft trong nhftng cau hdi thudng dupe d$t<br /> cin gpi y cdc cdch ldm cy the, nhln mgnh din ra dii vdi sy ngWfp xdy dyng cfng ddng hpc<br /> tinh sdng tgo vd thyc tien ciia tftng dia bdn, ^ ngogi ngft Id Idm sao duy tri dupc hogt<br /> tiing ca sd. Md Wnh dua ra phdi tgo "dit" cho dfng ndy kW vl mdt nguydn tdc nd khdng<br /> sy tudng tupng sdng tgo, quy trinh ki thuft dupe ho tiv tii ngdn s^h Nhd nude, dm<br /> cfla md Wnh phdi ldm rd cac biin thi cd thi, nWlu cdc CO sd, cdc trudng, fliye tl cho thiy<br /> niutinhhuing Ididc di tW ed thi iing biin theo cdc hogt dfng ndyfliudngbfc phdt, ty phdt tft<br /> cde nguydn tdc ndo- ndi mdt edeh khdc di Id phong trdo hpc tfp cfta hpe smh, smh vidn,<br /> phdi ed cdc phin ddng vd phin md, cin dua ra theo nhdm sd tWchhodc theo tl chftc Dodn,<br /> md Wnh ding flidi kdm tbeo hudng din thyc Hfi. Tuy nWdn sau mpt thdi gian phdt triin Idid<br /> Wfn quy tiinh, phdt triin hogt dfn^ cho phfl sdi nil, smh hogt din tfau hpp lgi ed vl sl lupng<br /> hpp vdi cdc doi tupng khdc nhau, didu kifn vd ngudi tham gja, cd vl df phong phu cfla cdc<br /> hogt dfng. Bdn cgnh nguyen nhan Id cdc hogt<br /> tinh huing khdc nhau.<br /> dfng khdng ty dil mdi, khdng edn h ^ dan tfau<br /> Hai Id tfnh hung thii<br /> hut nhu flidi gjan diu, edng tdc tl ehfle Idng<br /> 6 ddy Id cdc mii quan hf trong vifc hpc vd<br /> ldo do nhdn sy \Aia d^ing tW nguydn nhdn<br /> sft dyng ngogi ngft. Hogt dfng hpc t ^ cpi^ chinh vin Id tWiu vl nguin lyc tdi chinh. Lflc<br /> ding cin vd phdi hudng din vifc tgo hftng thu mdi md ra cd the nhd trudng tao nhihig diiu<br /> dio ngudi hpc. Cd flil phdi nhfn fliuc lgi quan kifn ban dau, nhung nguin kmh pW ly khdng<br />