Nuclear envelope

Basic Cell Biology I. Cytoplasm A. Plasma membrane B. Mitochondria C. Ribosomes D. Endoplasmic reticulum 1. Rough 2. Smooth E. Golgi apparatus F. Lysosomes G. Cytoskeleton II. Nucleus A. Nuclear Envelope B. Chromatin C. Nucleolus D. Nuclear matrix III. Cell division .© 2002 by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter. .Asymmetrical arrangement of phospholipids in plasma membrane ATP-dependent phospholipid translocase .Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish et al., 4th edition. .Figure 2—1.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein R (HIV-1 Vpr) promotes nuclear entry of viral nucleic acids in nondividing cells, causes G2 cell cycle arrest and is involved in cellular differentiation and cell death. Vpr subcellular localization is as variable as its functions. It is known, that consistent with its role in nuclear transport, Vpr localizes to the nuclear envelope of human cells. Further, a reported ion channel activity of Vpr is clearly dependent on its localization in or at membranes.

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The oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PS II) complex of red algae contains four extrinsic proteins of 12 kDa, 20 kDa, 33 kDa and cytc-550, among which the 20 kDa protein is unique in that it is not found in other organisms.We cloned the gene for the 20-kDa protein from a red algaCyanidium caldarium. The gene consists of a leader sequence which can be divided into two parts: one for transfer across the plastid envelope and the other for transfer into thylakoid lumen, indicating that the gene is encoded by the nuclear genome....

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Although several proteins undergo tyrosine phosphorylation at the nuclear envelope, we achieved, for the first time, the identification of tyrosine-phos-phorylation sites of a nuclear-membrane protein, emerin, by applying two mass spectrometry-based techniques.

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The nuclear envelope (NE) is composed of inner and outer nuclear mem-branes (INM and ONM, respectively), nuclear pore complexes and an underlying mesh like supportive structure – the lamina. It has long been known that heterochromatin clusters at the nuclear periphery adjacent to the nuclear lamina, hinting that proteins of the lamina may participate in regulation of gene expression.

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Lamins are major structural components of the nuclear envelope in multi-cellular eukaryotes. Particularly A-type lamins are also located in the nucleoplasm, likely involving a specific binding partner, lamina-associated polypeptide 2a (LAP2a). LAP2a–lamins A⁄C complexes in the nucleo-plasm have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression by various means.

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The inner nuclear membrane protein MAN1 has been identified as an important factor in transforming growth factor b⁄bone morphogenic pro-tein (TGFb⁄BMP) signaling. Loss of MAN1 results in three autosomal dominant diseases in humans; all three characterized by increased bone density.

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The inner face of the nuclear envelope of metazoan cells is covered by a thin lamina consisting of a one-layered network of intermediate filaments inter-connecting with a complex set of transmembrane proteins and chromatin associating factors. The constituent proteins, the lamins, have recently gained tremendous recognition, because mutations in the lamin A gene,

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Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học 'Respiratory Research cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: "Localization of HIV-1 Vpr to the nuclear envelope: Impact on Vpr functions and virus replication in macrophages...

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