Structural organization of the human body

Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is fascinating. To help get the students and instructions involved in the study of this subject, a number of special features are incorporated throughout the lecture note.

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Chapter 1 - The human body: An orientation (part a). This chapter presents the following content: Overview of anatomy and physiology, principle of complementarity, levels of structural organization, overview of organ systems, organ systems interrelationships, necessary life functions,...and other contents.

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Chapter 3 - Cells: The living units (part a). Just as bricks and timbers are the structural units of a house, cells are the structural units of all living things, from one-celled “generalists” like amoebas to complex multicellular organisms such as humans, dogs, and trees. The human body has 50 to 100 trillion of these tiny building blocks. This chapter focuses on structures and functions shared by all cells.

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Chapter 3 (part c) provides knowledge of the cytoplasm. This chapter describe the composition of the cytosol; discuss the structure and function of mitochondria; discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, including functional interrelationships among these organelles; compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.

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This chapter list the steps involved in preparing animal tissue for microscopic viewing; list several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue; name, classify, and describe the various types of epithelia, and indicate their chief function(s) and location(s).

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Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues, but its amount in particular organs varies. For example, skin consists primarily of connective tissue, while the brain contains very little. This chapter provides knowledge of connective tissue, indicate common characteristics of connective tissue, and list and describe its structural elements.

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Chapter 7 - The skeleton (part b) provides knowledge of vertebral column and thoracic cage. This chapter describe the structure of the vertebral column, list its components, and describe its curvatures; indicate a common function of the spinal curvatures and the intervertebral discs; name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage (bony thorax); differentiate true from false ribs.

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Chapter 8 part a provides knowledge of classification of joints, fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Define joint or articulation, classify joints by structure and by function, describe the general structure of fibrous joints, name and give an example of each of the three common types of fibrous joints, describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints, name and give an example of each of the two common types of cartilaginous joints.

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Chapter 8 - Joints (part b) provides knowledge of synovial joints, homeostatic imbalances of joints and developmental aspects of joints. After completing this unit, you should be able to: Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints, compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths, list three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints, name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each,...and other contents.

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The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Force of muscle contraction, avelocity and duration of contraction, muscle fiber type, effects of exercise, effects of resistance exercise, the overload principle, smooth muscle, peristalsis, microscopic structure, innervation of smooth muscle,...and other contents.

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After completing this unit, you should be able to: Describe the embryonic development of the spinal cord; describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord; list the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract; distinguish between flaccid and spastic paralysis, and between paralysis and paresthesia;...

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Chapter 15 (part a) provides knowledge of the eye and vision. In this chapter, you will learn to: Describe the structure and function of accessory eye structures, eye layers, the lens, and humors of the eye; outline the causes and consequences of cataracts and glaucoma; trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina, and explain how light is focused for distant and close vision; outline the causes and consequences of astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia.

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After completing this unit, you should be able to: Describe the structure and general function of the outer, middle, and internal ears; describe the sound conduction pathway to the fluids of the internal ear, and follow the auditory pathway from the spiral organ (of Corti) to the temporal cortex; explain how one is able to differentiate pitch and loudness, and localize the source of sounds;...

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One of the greatest challenges to confront an artist is drawing the human figure. Our bodies are infinitely complex yet intimately familiar, giving rise to a subject that is difficult to depict accurately yet judged incessantly. The human figure is almost overwhelmingly complex for the artist to draw. The human figure is an organic structure that defies geometric simplification. It is composed of bones, muscles, and organs, all of which are covered by a flexible layer of skin. The body has many moving parts that make it almost impossible to define as a shape. Within its skeleton are more...

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