Chính sách dinh điền của chính quyền Ngô Đình Diệm ở miền Nam Việt Nam (1957-1963)

CHINH SACH DINH DIEN CUA CHINH QUYEN<br /> NGO DINH DIEM 6 MIEN NAM VIET NAM (1997 1967)<br /> <br /> TRAN i m HA*<br /> <br /> <br /> cdnh v6 sdn, ngheo ndn vd cdi thien sinh<br /> N i m quyen thdng tri d mien Nam<br /> Viet Nam, My va Ngd Dinh Diem<br /> nhfin thQc dQdc rfing, cdng san thing lfi<br /> hoat thdn que" (2). NhQng lufin dipu nfiy<br /> cua Ngd Dinh Diem dQdc tay chan tuyen<br /> nhd cd ndng dan ung hd; dl gianh dUdc truyen phd bien rpng rai dl tranh thu cam<br /> thing ldi trong cong cupc thing Cong d tinh ciia nong dan.<br /> mien Nam Viet Nam, vfi'n de dfit ra lfi phai Thvtc hien y dd tren, chinh quyen Ngd<br /> ldi k6o cho ky dUdc ndng dfin, phai "tranh Dinh Diem da cho ra ddi nhieu chinh sach<br /> thu., chinh phuc trdi tim, khdi dc ngUdi mi dan ddi vdi ndng dan d mien Nam Vipt<br /> ndng ddn". Ngay nhQng ngfiy diu len cim Nam, trong dd cd chinh sach dinh dien.<br /> quyen mien Nam, Ngd Dinh Diem dfic biet Nfim 1956, trUde khi tien hfinh dinh dien,<br /> chu trpng cac chinh sach dd'i vdi nong dan, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Ifip "Uy ban<br /> nhieu lan "ho khdu hiiu": "anh em lao Nghien cOu vdn di khai thdc viing Cao<br /> dgng", "gidi phdng nong ddn", "hihi sdn hda Nguyen vd cdc vung Dong lay d mien Nam<br /> ndng ddn",... Chung da nhfin dinh: "de Viet Nam" (3), do Trinh Vfin Hi, Ddng ly<br /> thdng dich, dieu kien tien quyi't Id phdi Vfin phdng Bd Dien thd vfi Cai each dien dia<br /> tranh thu lai nhdn ddn trong tay Viet dQng dfiu. Uy ban nfiy cd nhipm vu tim<br /> Cong, ldm the ndo tdch rdi Cong phi ra kiem, khao sat cac dia dilm de thvfc hien<br /> khoi qudng dai qudn chung, khep chat dinh dien, dvta theo nhQng tieu chuin do<br /> nhdn ddn ldm mgt lUc lUdng hd trd cho ta... chinh Ngd Dinh Diem de ra: "Theo Tong<br /> Chi cd sU hd trO tUOng dUcfng dy mdi mong thdng nin chgn nhihig ncfi cd chut it dieu<br /> tiiu diet dUOc dich mgt cdch tan gd'c vd ldu kien phdt triin... chgn ncfi thdp cd sdn nUdc<br /> ddi" (1). Tra ldi bao chi tai Ll khanh thfinh dn, tdm, giat, tUdi cdy vd cd du diiu kiin ve<br /> trudng Qude gia Ndng lam d Blao (3-1- ddt dai (ddt td't, cd khodng rdng dedinh cU td<br /> 1956), Ngd Dinh Diem dfi ndi: "Tu do ngdy 1000 ngUdi trd len)... NgUdi My tdn thdnh<br /> nay se mat het y nghla ne'u khong di ddi dinh dien d ncfi di, chdc dn khdng scf Id..." (4).<br /> ciing mgt cugc gidi phdng kinh te, nhdt Id Ket qua khao sat ban diu eua uy ban:<br /> gidi phdng nong ddn, thdnh phdn cd hdn Tay Nguyen cd 4 dia diem (5) vfi cd nhieu<br /> cua ddn tgc. Chinh sdch nong nghiip cua triln vpng bdi "cd tdi 1.425.000 mdu ddt de<br /> Chdnh Phu nhdm muc dich ndng cao mdc trdng trgt... ddt rdng phi nhieu, cd sudi ddi,<br /> sd'ng ndng ddn, gidi thodt ndng ddn khdi cd the quy tu 2 hoac 3 ngdn ngUdi trd len...<br /> <br /> <br /> ' Trudng THPT chuyen Nguyen Du, Tp. Buon Ma Thupt, Dfik Lfik<br /> Chinh s6ch dinh dien. 25<br /> <br /> <br /> Viing Cao Nguyin xet co du khd ndng don Theo Nghi dinh sd 691-TTPArP, ngfiy<br /> nhgn ddng bdo di ddn vd phdt trien, rdt 23-4-1957, cua Td'ng thd'ng Ngo Dinh Diem,<br /> thich hgp cho viec dinh dien..." (6), cdn Phu Td'ng uy dinh dien cd trach nhiem dieu<br /> vung ddng liy "ke't qud khong ddng ddi ddo hanh mpi hoat dpng dinh dien tren tofin<br /> ldm" (7). My va chinh quyen Ngo Dinh mien Nam thdng qua cac cd quan: Vfin<br /> Diem tien hfinh dinh dien khfip mien Nam phdng; Nha, Sd npi thupc nhU: Nha Hfinh<br /> nhUng xac dinh, trpng tam qude sach dinh chinh, Nha Tai chinh, Nha Di dan vfi Dinh<br /> dien lfi Tay Nguyen. Bdi, Tay Nguyen cU, Nha Ky thuat, Nha Ndng cd; va Vung<br /> ngofii nhQng tiem nfing kinh te cdn cd y dinh dien (13). NhQng boat dpng cua Phii<br /> nghla mang tinh chie'n lUdc het sQc quan Tdng iiy dinh dien dUdc "Nha Thanh tra<br /> trpng ve chinh tri va quan svf; khong chi dd'i Hdnh chinh, Tdi chinh vd Ky thudt" theo<br /> vdi Viet Nam mfi ca Dong DUdng vfi Ddng doi vfi bao cao len phd Td'ng thdrig (14).<br /> Nam A. Chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da nhan Tiep theo, Nghi dinh sd 1502 va 1503-<br /> dinh: "Mud'n chii'n thdng d Nam Viet Nam TTPA/'P ngfiy 25-9-1957, Chinh quyen Sfii<br /> thi phdi kiim sodt bdng dUcfc vung Cao Gdn thiet lap va trien khai hoat ddng d<br /> nguyin Trung phdn cd tinh chdt chii'n lUdc mien Nam Viet Nam tren thvtc te 4 vung<br /> ndy" (8). Vi vfiy, Td'ng tham mUu trUdng My dinh dien:<br /> Raffor da tuyen bd^, Tfiy Nguyen cd t h l trd<br /> - Vung dinh dien Cao nguyen Trung<br /> thfinh dia bfin cd ddng quan trpng, mpt khu<br /> P h i n (15) gdm cac tinh Kon Tum, Pleiku va<br /> vvtc tfip trung quan dpi, Ifi'y Pleiku lam<br /> Dfik Lfik.<br /> trung tam, cdn "Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh<br /> Diim cd ke' hoach dUa tdi mgt phdn mUdi - Vung dinh dien Ddng Thap Mudi gdm<br /> todn bg so'ddn mien Nam len Tdy Nguyin, cac tinh Kien Tudng vfi Kien Phong.<br /> nghla Id do hcfn mdt triiu, de tg.o mgt - Vung dinh dien An Xuyen - Ba Xuyen<br /> ngudn lUc tai chd rdt cdn thiet cho chii'n gdm cac tinh An Xuyen va Ba Xuyen.<br /> tranh vd chudn bi chien tranh" (9). - Vung dinh dien Cai S i n gdm cac tinh<br /> Tren cd sd ket qua khao sat dd, ngfiy 23- Kien Giang va An Giang.<br /> 4-1857, Ngd Dinh Dipm ra Sic lenh sd 103- Theo Nghi dinh sd 967-PTArp/ND, ngfiy<br /> TTP, thfinh Ifip "Phu Tong uy dinh dien", 4-10-1957, vung dinh dien &\i6c td chQc<br /> td chQc nhu mpt bd, triic thupc Phu Tdng nhQ sau: dQng d i u moi vung dinh dien la<br /> thd'ng, dudi quyen kiem soat vfi dieu hfinh mdt Quan ddc, giup viec ed mpt phd Quan<br /> cua Phd Tdng thd'ng (10). Bui Vfin LUdng Ddc. Quan doc, phd Quan ddc vung dinh<br /> Ifim Tdng uy trudng (11), dieu hfinh Phu dien chi dao trvfc tiep cac TrUdng khu dinh<br /> Tdng uy dinh dien, phu ta tUdng Le Vfin dien va dieu hfinh hoat dpng cac dinh dien<br /> Kim, cd' vfi'n My chi dao triic tiep la Leland trong vung qua Phdng Hfinh chinh, Phdng<br /> Barrows (ngay 9-5-1957, Barrows tuyen Ke toan, Phdng Chuyen vfin cung cac cd<br /> bd. My danh 10 trieu Dola cho dinh dien) quan chuyen mon thupc cac Bp khac...<br /> (12). Trudng khu dinh dien chi dao triic tiep cac<br /> Ve td chQc dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngo dia dilm trUdng, ngUdi dQng d i u cac dia<br /> Dinh Diem trien khai mpt he tho'ng chfit diem dinh dien.<br /> che tQ trung Udng xudiig cac dia diem dinh Ve td chQc hfinh chi'nh dia diem dinh<br /> dien d dia phUdng: dien, ngoai dia dilm trudng dQng dau phu<br /> 26 Rghien curu Lich sii. s6' 11.2010<br /> <br /> trach chung, cdn cd cac cd quan hfinh 7-7-1959, tofin mien Nam Ifip dUdc 84 dia<br /> chinh, an ninh, quan svt vfi he tho'ng quan diem dinh dien, khai pha dUpc 48.336 ha<br /> ly san xufi't kinh doanh, cac dofin the chinh vdi dan sdlfi 125.082 ngUdi (18). Cdn trong<br /> tri phan dpng nhU: Thanh nien cdng hda, bao cao cua Phu Tdng uy dinh dien vd<br /> Phu nQ lien ddi, Phong trfio each mang Nong vu, ngay 27-2-1963, chinh quyen Sfii<br /> qud'c gia. Dang cin lao nhan vi,... Dfic biet, Gdn da lap dUdc d mien Nam Viet Nam: 18<br /> dinh dien nao cung cd nhfi thd Thien Chua khu dinh dien, tren 22 tinh vdi 208 dia<br /> giao, Ifim "phuong tiin" tuyen truyen cho dilm dinh dien (dia phUdng hda dUdc 62<br /> chung (16). Trong dia dilm dinh dien chia dia dilm dinh dien) (19).<br /> thanh cac fi'p, cac lien gia khoang 5 den 7<br /> Thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien. My vfi<br /> gia dinh. Lien gia trUdng, ngUdi dQng diu<br /> chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem nhfim muc<br /> cac lien gia, phai chiu trach nhiem dieu dich:<br /> ddng vfi kiem soat nhQng gia dinh trong<br /> Ve chinh tri, dinh dien lfi dl "gff' bdt dan<br /> lien gia cua minh. NhQng phin tvt chd'ng<br /> sd' d nong thon, cac tinh, thi trfi'n dong due,<br /> dd'i hay bi tinh nghi cd lien quan den cdng<br /> nhQng gia dinh mfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh<br /> san deu bi theo doi, bi b i t giam, tra tfi'n va<br /> Diem cho la dd'i lap vdi chung, phan tan hp<br /> thfim chi true xufi't ra khdi lien gia. Sau khi<br /> nhieu dia diem dinh dien khac nhau, xen<br /> on dinh dUpc td chQc, mfi theo each ndi ciia<br /> hp vao cac gia dinh Thien Chua giao, tien<br /> chung, la "an ninh dd vdn hdi", cac dinh<br /> viec kilm soat. Ddng thdi, dinh dien cdn lfi<br /> dien dupe "dia phUOng hda", tQc trd thfinh<br /> bien phap xao trpn cac cd sd each mang d<br /> mpt ddn vi hfinh chinh cd sd cua dia<br /> dia phUdng, Ifim cho phong trao dfi'u tranh<br /> phUdng.<br /> cua nhan dan tan ra. Ngofii ra. My vfi<br /> Trong thdi gian lam Tdng tho'ng Viet chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cdn dung liic<br /> Nam Cong hda (1954-1963), Ngd Dinh lupng dan di cU mien Bfie de kim kep, kiem<br /> Diem da rfi't "tdm huyet" trong viec thvfc soat bd phfin chung tinh nghi lfi cpng san hi<br /> hien chinh sach dinh dien. Tai budi dien b i t dUa tQ ddng bfing len (nhfi't lfi vung tvf<br /> thuyet "Ve cong cudc dinh dien tg.i Viet do cu cua Lien khu V vfi cfin cQ each mang<br /> Nam", ngay 26-9-1958, d rap Thdng Nhfi't cu d Nam Bd). Cho nen, viec lap cd sd dinh<br /> Sfii Gdn, Td'ng uy dinh dien Bui Vfin dien d Tay Nguyen, U Minh, Ddng Thap<br /> Ludng da ndi: "Cong cugc dinh dien chinh MQdi, vung DUdng Minh Chau, d vung<br /> Tdng tho'ng chu trUOng nin NgUdi dich chien khu D, deu nhfim triic tiep danh vfio<br /> thdn chi dg,o... chinh Ngo Tdng thd'ng Id cac cd sd cu cua khang chien, dl "cdy" vfio<br /> cha de ra dinh dien, chinh NgUdi da cd ndi a'y nhQng ngUdi mfi Ngd Dinh Diem tin<br /> chu trUOng do vd dich thdn hoach dinh ke tudng trung thanh vdi che dp. Vi vfiy, td<br /> hoach chinh sdch dinh dien..." (17). Chinh Cdch mang qud'c gia (25-4-1958) viet: "...<br /> sach dinh dien sau dd dUdc nang len thanh ddng bdo di ddn tinh nguyin tham gia ki'<br /> "Quo'c sdch" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh hog,ch dinh dien, rdt xdng ddnh Id chii'n si<br /> Diem. tiin phong trong mat trdn chd'ng cong" (20).<br /> Cung svf hd trd cua My, chinh quyen Ve qudn sU, quoc sach dinh dien cua My<br /> Ngo Dinh Diem da day manh chinh sach vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Dipm nhfim bien<br /> dinh dien tren toan mien Nam. Theo bao mien Nam thanh cfin cQ quan svf ciia My.<br /> cao ciia Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, den ngfiy Tay chan Ngd Dinh Diem ra sQc dao tao<br />  27<br /> Chfnh sach dinh dien.<br /> <br /> hua'n luyen, trang bi vu khi cho cac dinh .d ChQc an ninh dia dilm dinh dien theo<br /> to<br /> dien. Trung tam Doan Vo (PhUdc Long) la hudng, tuyIn chpn, dfio tao, vd trang cho<br /> ndi chung dfio tao can bd dinh dien, hua'n thanh nien d cac dinh dien: "di nghi Tong<br /> luyen cac liic lUdng quan svf, an ninh cho thdng kien todn to' chdc lUc lUOng Thanh<br /> dinh dien. Bao cao cua trung ta Nguyin niin bdo vi huong thon cdc dia diem dmh<br /> Cao, ngay 11-12-1961 cho biet, Trung tam diin... Thiim phu se cii 1 dy ban den cac<br /> hufi'n luyen Dofin Vo da dao tao dUpc: "284 dia diim di cdu xet tgi chd vi khd ndng<br /> Tieu dgi trUdng; 1.158 cdn bg dinh dien; Idp qudn sU cdng nhU nhgn dinh tinh than<br /> Trung dgi trudng 40 hgc viin dang xuc thanh niin bdo vi hUOng thdn vd cho bdtuc<br /> tii'n" (21). Sau dd, dl tfing cUdng dao tao ne'u cdn trUdc khi cdp vu khi... se xuc tien<br /> tay sai, chung cdn md them Trung tam thdnh lap dgi dgi thanh niin bdo v$ hUOng<br /> Doan Vd II (PhUde Long), Trung tam EA- thon cho dia diem hogc liin dia diem... Khi<br /> NAO (Dfik Lfik)... Liic lUdng nfiy chung sQ dgi dgi Thanh niin bdo ve hUOng thdn cd<br /> dung vfio cac muc dich quan sii, chinh tri. du khd ndng, Dgi dgi bdo an dinh diin se<br /> He thd'ng an ninh dUpc td chQc chat che tQ ndi rong vong dai hogt dgng thim nda vd<br /> cfi'p trung Udng den vung, khu vfi dia diem xin di nghi lap Khu chie'n ddu dinh diin.<br /> dinh dien. Theo ket lufin trong Bien ban Chi huy trUdng cdc Khu chien ddu dinh<br /> phien hpp ngfiy 3-11-1958 tai Bp Npi vu, diin Id Dgi dgi trudng Bdo an dinh diin...<br /> chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem td chQc he thdiig Cd sU yem trO cua qudn dgi vd lUc lUOng<br /> an ninh d cac dia diem dinh dien nhQ sau: chinh quy" (23).<br /> - "Thdnh lap Ban an ninh gdm cd: dia Liic iQdng trong cac dinh dien gdm: dai<br /> diim trUdng, ldm Chd tich hay TrUdng ban; dpi "bdo an", "ddn vi", "thanh niin bdo vi<br /> dg,i diin Bdo an; dgi dien Cong an, dgi diin huong thdn", "thanh niin cdng hod. Chiing<br /> ddn ve vd dg,i diin Hgi dong qudn tri dia bien cac dinh dien thanh nhQng cfin cQ bao<br /> diem. Ban an ninh cd nhiem vu duy tri an vay "Viet Cong", ddng thdi lfi ngudn bd sung<br /> ninh tai dia diim, dp dung ngdn ngda mgi binh linh cho quan Cdng hda vfi quan dia<br /> biin cd. Ngodi ra, nhdn viin Ban ndy cdn phUdng, Ifim chd diia cho cac cudc hanh<br /> ludn ludn trao ddi tin tUc thu lUOm dUOc di quan cfin qu6t. Tfii lieu cua Phu Tdng uy<br /> so sdnh khai thdc gap vd ne'u cdn thong bdo dinh dien ghi: "Lap khu dinh diin Id biin<br /> cho cd cdc dia diim ldn can ciing Khu, phdp xe dudng dUa ddn vdo chii'n khu cua<br /> Vung, Tinh, Phu Tong uy. Viet Cong, diing ddn ddy Viet cdng ra khoi<br /> - Cdng an vien biit phdi phuc vu tgi dia cdc vung dd Dinh diin Id noi cung cdp tin<br /> diem se Id TrUdng ban Trgt tU cua dia diem tinh bdo xudt phdt hdnh qudn, rdo chgn<br /> vd ddt trong he thd'ng chi huy cua dia diem xdm nhgp cua dich" (24). Theo bao chi<br /> trUdng. chinh quyen Sai Gdn, lap cac dia dilm dinh<br /> - Di' cho viec bdo vi trgt tU an ninh cdc diln lfi "Nhdng ca diim bao vdy Viet Cong,<br /> dia diem dUOc chu ddo tgi moi dia diem, khong cho cdng sdn mot mdnh ddt hoang<br /> diu cd td chdc Ddn vi dUdi 2 hinh thdc: vu ndo dehogt dgng".<br /> Ddn ve chim vd Ddn vi ndi..." (22). Dudi danh nghia "phdt trie'n cong dSng"<br /> D I tfing cUdng an ninh vfi vdi cac am<br /> My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem bfii<br /> mUu quan sii khac, cuo'i nfim 1961 Phii<br /> ngUdi di dinh dien Ifim dudng sa, xay ciu<br /> Tong iiy dinh dien de ra ke hoach kien toan<br /> cong, xay cdng trinh quan svt d i kilu "Bdo<br /> 2S Rghien curu Lich sii. s611.2010<br /> <br /> Thdi cudc (1-1958) tinh rdng dung nhdn vQa tring trdn dilng bao liic cUdng bQc, ddn<br /> cong dinh diin xdy dUng ddn bdo an vd 34 ep quan chung vao cac khu dinh dien. Mdt<br /> ki-l6-met dUdng, chi td'n 1 triiu ddng, trong mfit, chung md Idp dao tao hfing trfim can<br /> khi do cong chinh ldm 30 ki-ld-met dUdng bp phu trach cac dia diem dinh dien, xay<br /> phdi chi phi den 700 triiu" (25). dvtng thi diem cac dinh dien nit kinh<br /> Vi kinh te, khi mdi tien hfinh chinh sach nghiem. Mfit khac, "Chinh quyin Diem<br /> dinh dien (4-1957), muc dich kinh te khong dung du cdch de mg phu. Cdch mg phu cua<br /> dupe My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Diim phong phu, tdn nhdn gdp mdy chuc<br /> dfit ra cap thiet nhu chinh tri, quan svf, ldn cdch mg phu cua bgn Ba-zanh ngdy<br /> nhUng vdi ban chfi't ciia chu nghia thvfc dan trudc" (28).<br /> mdi My, vfi'n de kinh te ngfiy cfing dUpc Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td chQc<br /> quan tam. My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh hpc tap tfii lieu dinh dien, vdi nhQng lufin<br /> Diem tuyen truyen, dinh dien lfi de "Giup dieu tuyen truyen IQa gat rfing, dinh dien<br /> dong bdo dia phUOng, cdi tii'n sinh hogt cua la bien phap nhfim "tdng vdn vd lOi ich<br /> dong bdo ThUOng, sau la ddng bdo di cU, qude gia ddng thdi tU hdu hda nong ddn v6<br /> phdt trien cdng ddng, cdi tien ddn sinh, cho sdn", "cdi tii'n kl thugt canh tdc", "diiu hba<br /> ddn cdy cd rugng ddt, tdng gia sdn sudt..." ddn cU", "chinh trang Idnh thd", "cdi thiin<br /> (26). Thiic ra, tien hanh dinh dien chiing ddn sinh",..." Chung to chQc chieu phim ve<br /> nhfim hoc lot sQc lao ddng ciia ndng dan va cdng cudc dinh dien, dung Ivtc lUdng tay sai,<br /> khai thac tfii nguyen phong phu ciia mien vdh lfi ngUdi di dinh dien da bi mua chupc...<br /> Nam, dfic biet la vung da't dd bazan d Tay de tuyen truyen ve cupc sd^ng no du d cac<br /> Nguyen. Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem trdng dinh dien, IQa gat nong dan. Chinh quyen<br /> mpt sd'cay cong nghiep, dap Qng nhu ciu thi Ngo Dinh Diem cdn dUa ra tieu chuan, bit<br /> trQdng My va cac nUdc ddng minh cua My ddng bfio phai binh nghi coi ai rdi vfio tieu<br /> nhu cao su, keenaf, day gai, thud'c la,... cay chuan dd. Cd trUdng hdp bd tri "binh nghi"<br /> lUdng thvfc vfi mpt so' cay khac cd gia tri cao khong dupe, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem<br /> nhu cfi phe, hoa qua dfic san. Cudi nfim chi dinh cac gia dinh bupc phai di dinh<br /> 1958, Cdng ty Nong Nghiep My da "Ndm 8 dien. Chi dinh mfi khdng chiu di thi bi xem<br /> dia diim dinh diin d viing Buon Ma Thugf lfi "Vief Cong", "thdn Cong" hofic tdi tinh<br /> (27), tnic tiep nfim quyen quan ly vfi dieu nghi chinh tri. Luc dd nan nhan "ddnh<br /> hfinh trdng cay cao su vung dat dd nay. nghiin rdng, ngdm nUdc mdt md dap nhd<br /> Nhu vay, dinh dien la mpt hinh thQc tap bdn rugng, bdng con trdng chd ra di vd trd<br /> trung dan; khu dinh dien la he thd'ng quan svf thdnh tu nhdn sudt dUdng di cung nhU<br /> tra hinh; cac dia diem dinh dien lfi cd sd bdc vinh viin tgi ncfi hg bi dUa din" (29), dUdi<br /> lot kinh te, bdc lot nhan cong cua chii nghia svf kim kep tnic tiep eua nhQng ten tay sai<br /> thvfc dan mdi My. Dinh dien la bien phap tnic ac dn. Cdn nhQng ngUdi nfio bi tinh nghi<br /> tiep phuc vu cho chUdng trinh "binh dinh" that svf thi te xa cQ b i t di, b i t ca gia dinh<br /> nong thon ciia My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh chiing ghet, nhQng gia dinh khong chiu dut<br /> Diem d mien Nam Viet Nam. lot. Cd ndi, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td<br /> chQc "td'Cgng" de "lgc" ngQdi di dinh dien.<br /> Trien khai chinh sach dinh dien, chinh<br /> quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da thi hanh nhQng Ddi vdi ddng bfio Thien Chua giao, chinh<br /> bien phap \-Qa mua chudc mi dan bip bdm. quyen Ngo Dinh Diem dQa nhQng Hnh muc<br /> Chinh sach dinh dien... 29<br /> <br /> "dn cdnh" vdi chung den du do, cdn linh Bao Marches tropicaux gpi la "Nhdng cdm<br /> muc nao chd'ng viec lua con chien di cU di gidc sd hihi de cd tdc dung kich thich, chd<br /> dinh dien thi chinh quyen cho dUa ra tda, thUc te nd chi Id cdi cgc ddng dUdi ddt cO sd<br /> vu du thQ tpi. 6 thfinh phd', dfic biet la Sai dinh diin, cot chdn ngUdi bi bdt di phu vdo<br /> Gdn, tay chan Ngo Dinh Diem di ddt cac ddn diin cua be lu My-Diim" (32).<br /> xdm nhfi la, nhfi gd cua dan ngheo. Khi Nhu vay, eac loai tfii lieu van dpng dan<br /> ngudi dan hi diy vfio bUde dudng cung, di dinh dien deu dUpc chinh quyen Ngo<br /> chung se du do hay bude di dinh dien: "Mdy Dinh Diem tuyen truyen la "Tap hop<br /> ldn dd't nhd d Phu Thg liu, Xdm Mdi (}d nhdng ngUdi tU nguyen xin di ldm dinh<br /> Vdp,... phdn ldn do tay chdn cua Phu Tong dien" (33), dieu nfiy cd ve nhU tU do dan<br /> dy Di cU; mdy ldn con chien bdt dUOc ke dd't chu, cong khai, nhUng trong thiic te hoan<br /> nhd, nhUng roi ke dot nhd dUOc nhd cdm toan trai ngUde, chung "Binh nghi, bdt di<br /> quyin td chdc ddnh thdo, cdn ngUdi bdt dUOc di ddn, mgt sU binh nghi... de khung bd'<br /> ke dd't nhd bi trdng tri vi bdt ngUdi khong cd ngn nhdn vd ddn chung" (34).<br /> ly do vd khong cd quyen hgn.f" (30).<br /> Tdm lai, dinh dien lfi mdt sU kien ndi bat<br /> Vfiy lfi, de ed du sd dan di dinh dien mfi trong lich svt mien Nam Viet Nam tQ nfim<br /> chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da giao vfi lap 1957 de'n 1963. Lfip nhieu dia dilm dinh<br /> cdng vdi Tdng thd'ng, bpn quan chQc cac dien khong phai de "cdi thiin ddn sinh",<br /> tinh dfi khong tQ mpt thu doan nfio dl b i t "chinh trang lanh thd*', hay "tU sdn hda<br /> 6p dan di dinh dien. Tfi't ca nhQng vu quay nong ddn vo sdn" nhU chung reu rao, ma la<br /> rap, b i t bd, dp bupc dd dUdc bao bpc bfing de lfip ra nhQng trai tap trung kim kep<br /> tuyen truyen r i m rp cua bao chi rfing, nong dan, bdc lot nhan cong, chuan bi cho<br /> chinh phu se cho trau, Hoa Ky giup may chien tranh, cho'ng lai each mang. Dinh<br /> cfiy, se dupe cfi'p dfi't, cfi'p nhfi, se dUdc ca'p dien la mpt bien phap de chinh quyen Sfii<br /> gao fin, ndng cu de san xufi't... "Lin din nOi Gdn thvfc hien cac am mUu cua minh.<br /> dinh diin thi mdi bie't ro cdng viec chdng Chinh vi vfiy, "Ngo Dinh Diim vd cdc quan<br /> khdc gi mdy so vdi viec cua ddn dien cua thdy ldn cua qudn ddi, ngogi giao My, cdc<br /> thUc ddn Phdp ngdy trUdc. Dong bdo cong tudng lanh thd Dong Nam A xdm lUOc, hay<br /> lUng ldm viec cho din khi dd't dai thdnh lui tdi cdc dia diim dinh diin" (35); "Tinh<br /> thugc, cd hoa lOi thi chinh quyin tgm cdp di'n ngdy Song Thdt (7.7.1959) da cd tdi<br /> mgt phdn rugng ddt vd buoc phdi trd ddn 139 cugc viing thdm" (36).<br /> tiin tdn phi khai hoang trong vong td 3 din Qud'c sach ddn dan vao cac dinh dien<br /> 5 ndm, hogc phdi ky khe Udc td diin logi C" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, dfi dfin<br /> (31). P h i n ldn da't da thfinh thude thi gpi lfi chung vfio mdt cudc khung hoang chinh tri<br /> cd sd dl "phdt trien cdng ddng", khai thac mdi sau quoc sach "to' Cong". Cupc di dan<br /> bfing each "liin canh tren dd't dai cong dd da tfin pha xdm lang, ngang nhien chfi<br /> cdng". Ky thfit, ngUdi dan phai Ifim ta dien dap len quyen Ipi dfi't dai, phong tuc tfip<br /> vfi Ifim phu cho My vfi chinh quyen Ngd quan ciia ddng bao dan tdc, Ifim ly tan biet<br /> Dinh Diem, ban san pham cho cac "hOp tdc bao gia dinh, gay long cfim phfin trong<br /> xd", tQc lfi cac cdng ty tU ban, nop lUdng nhan dan. Dd la nguyen nhan lam bung nd<br /> thilc cho quan dpi ddng tren hay di qua nhQng cupc dfi'u tranh chdng di dan, chdng<br /> vung fi'y. Nhu the, mieng da't "tgm cdp" nhU chiem d i t lap dinh dien d mien Nam.<br /> 30 Rghien cuu Lich sii. sd' 11.2010<br /> <br /> Ddi phd lai a m mUu ddn dan, chiem da't "chdt vd'n" (nhu d Q u a n g Tri) "chung tdi<br /> lap dinh dien cua dich, d i u nfim 1957 XQ nop du sUu thue, sao lgi phdi di di ddn ?"<br /> iiy N a m Bp da chi dao cac dia phUdng (38) lam cho c h u n g l u n g tung; cd khi t r e<br /> quyet t a m "day mgnh phong trdo ddu em, p h u nQ xong r a dUdng nfim can xe chd<br /> tranh chinh tri cua qudn chung, cUOng p h u len d i n h dien... P h a n dong q u a n chung<br /> quyet bdm ddt, bdm ldng, khong chiu vdo hi ddn ep, cUdng bQc vfio cfic k h u dinh dien,<br /> cdc khu tap trung cua dich" (37). k h d n g chiu nd'i cupc sd'ng d v u n g xa xdi heo<br /> O mien nui, Tay Nguyen, ddng bao cac lanh, bi bpn cai q u a n o ep, bdc lot k i n h te,<br /> dan tdc svt d u n g bien p h a p "chgy ldng" de ky thi tdn giao, t r u y bQc t i n h t h a n cfing<br /> chd'ng lai chinh sach dinh dien cua chinh t h i n g , din d a u b e n h tfit h o a n h h a n h . . . tinh<br /> quyen Ngo D i n h Diem. Ca Ifing khong chiu t r a n g r a t bi t h a m : "Mung min rdch hit, dm<br /> di den dia diem chinh quyen chi dinh ma di dau luon, thiiu phUOng tiin mihi sinh..."<br /> vfio s a u trong rQng nui, tim cho dinh cQ (39). C h i n h vi vay, p h o n g trao trd'n khdi cac<br /> mdi. Cac ndi da td chQc h a n g trfim dofin dinh dien l a n rpng. Cuo'i nfim 1958, P h u<br /> ngUdi, keo len qufin, t i n h keu kien, ddi t r a Tdng u y d i n h dien p h a n a n h , "sd ngUdi bo<br /> dfi't. Cd ndi, h a n g n g a n ngUdi m a n g cpc, trdn cdc dinh diin ngdy mgt tdng" (40).<br /> cfing day giQ p h a m vi dat dai cua minh. Chinh quyen Ngd D i n h Diem cung cong<br /> Dich dUa xe cay ui den, hfing trfim ngUdi k h a i thQa n h a n nhQng nfim 1957, 1958 viec<br /> ket t h a n h mpt khdi can d i u xe dich. Am lap dinh dien "6 gt qud", "thiiu chudn bi"...<br /> mUu, t h u doan ddn dan, lap dinh dien cua D I "cihi nguy" cho chinh sach dinh dien.<br /> dich da thfi't bai tQng bUdc. C h u n g p h a i h a n My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ban<br /> che ddn dan, lap dinh dien d nhQng ndi h a n h chinh sach khac: "Khu tru mat"<br /> hoang hda. (1959), "dp chii'n lUOc" (1961). Dieu nay cd<br /> Ddng bao d ddng bfing bi "xuc" di dinh nghia, chinh sach dinh dien tQng bUdc di<br /> dien dfi'u t r a n h bfing nhieu each nhU, bieu vao t h a t bai. S a u k h i chinh quyen Ngd<br /> tinh p h a n dd'i di dinh dien, dUa k h a u h i e u D i n h Diem dd (11-1963), P h u Tdng uy dinh<br /> "thd chit d ldng, khong di phu dinh diin"; dien cung bi bai bd (12-11-1963), t h a y vfio<br /> trong budi "binh nghi" n h a n d a n cung n h a u dd la P h u Td'ng u y t a n sinh ndng thdn (41).<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Ban Tuyen giao tinh uy Dfik Lfik, Phong (5). Viet Nam Cong hofi (1956), Nhdng dia<br /> Nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang (1954), DU dn ke hoach diem dd dUdc lUa chgn di' khai thdc tgi vimg Cao<br /> tdc chie'n tgi mien thUcfng du, ki hieu tfii lieu, Nguyin Trung Phdn 1956. TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky<br /> 15/DIso 15. hieu tai lieu, De I CH-10853.<br /> (2). Tran Vfin Giau, Tong tfip, Phan II, Tap I, (6), (7), (17), (26). Dili Vfin LUdng, sdd, tr. 7,<br /> "Miin Nam gid vdng thdnh dong", Nxb Quan doi 14, 6, 8,<br /> Nhan dan, Hfi Noi, 2006, tr. 846. (8). Bo Tu lenh Quan khu 5 (1989), Khu 5,<br /> (3). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1956), Cdng vdn sd 30 ndm chien tranh gidi phdng. Tap H, Cudc<br /> 3455-DTCCITVP, ngdy 16-10-1956. TTLT Quoc khdng chien chdng My cdu nUdc (1954-1968), tr.<br /> gia II. Ky hieu tfii lieu, De I CH-9978. 35.<br /> (4), Bili Vfin Luong, Cudn sdch "Cdng cugc dinh (9), (20), (25), (28), (30), (31), (32), (35). Trin<br /> diin tgi Viet Nam". TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hieu tfii Vfin Gifiu: sdd, tr. 852, 852, 852, 850, 850, 851,<br /> li?u, De I CH-11589, tr. 8. 851, 853.<br /> Chinh sich dinh dien... 31<br /> <br /> <br /> (10). Tong thong Vigt Nam Cong hoa (1957), (22). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Biin bdn<br /> Sdc linh sd 103-TTP, ngdy 23-4-1957. TTLT Quoc Phiin hgp tgi phdng Khdnh tiet Bg Ngi vu, ngdy 3-<br /> gia II, Ki hifu tfii ligu De I CH-21328. 11-1958. Trung tam lUu trQ Quoc gia II. Ky hifu<br /> (11). Tong thong Vi?t Nam Cong hoa (1957), tfii lifu, Df I CH-5410.<br /> Sac linh sd 104 TTP, ngdy 23-4-1957. TTLT Quoc (23). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd<br /> gia II, Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-19871. 2021-DBIVP(AN)M, ngdy 11-12-1961, v/v di nghi<br /> (12). TrSn Ba Df (Chu bien), Le Cung, Gido td chdc liic luang bdo vi an ninh dinh diin. Trung<br /> trinh Lich sd Viet Nam, Tap VII (td 1954 den tam luu trii Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-<br /> 197S). Nxb. Dai hoc Su Pham, Hfi Noi, 2007, tr. 14365.<br /> 68. (24). Vifn Lich sii Dang, Hoi dong bien soan<br /> (13). Theo Nghi dinh 691-TTPArP, ngfiy 23-4- Lich sii Nam Trung Bo, Nam Trung Bg khdng<br /> 1957, goi lfi ' T r u n g tam". Sau do, theo Nghi dinh chie'n (1945-1975. Nxb. Su thfit, Hfi Noi, 1992, tr.<br /> 1502-TTPAT, ngfiy 25-9-1957 huy bo danh tii 255.<br /> ' T r u n g tam", thay the b i n g danh til "Ving dinh (27). Cao Vfin Lu^ng, P h a m Quang Tofin,<br /> dien" Quynh Cu, Tim hieu phong trdo dong khdi miin<br /> (14). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1957), Nghi dinh sd Nam Viet Nam. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi. Ha Noi,<br /> 691-TTP/VP, ngdy 23-4-1957. TTLT Quoc gia H, 1981, tr.21.<br /> Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-21328. (29), (34). Le Cung,' Phong trdo Phdt gido miin<br /> (15). Ngfiy 24-10-1956, chinh quyen Sfii Gon ra Nam Viet Nam ndm 1963. Nxb. Thufin Hoa Hud',<br /> Sfic If nh so 147-a/NV, chia Trung p h i n thfinh hai 2003, tr. 70, 69-70.<br /> mien: Cao nguyen vfi Trung nguyen. Lanh tho Cao (33). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1959), Thdnh tich<br /> nguyen Trung p h i n lfi lanh tho ciia Cao nguyen cua Phu Tdng-uy dinh diin din ngdy Song Thdt<br /> mig~n Nam cii. Lanh tho Trung nguyen Trung 7.7.59. TTLT Quoc gia II. K^ hifu tfii lifu, Df I<br /> p h i n lfi lanh tho cua Trung Vift cii (Dieu thil CH-12592, tr. 2.<br /> nhfi't). TTLT Quoc gia II. K^ hifu tfii lifu, De I CH- (36). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1959), Bdn thdnh<br /> 860. tich cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin din ngdy song thdt<br /> (16). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Phii'u trinh sd 7.7.1959. TTLT Quoc gia. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I<br /> 4191-IDDIVPIBT, vjv tinh hinh cdng gido vd cdc CH-12592.<br /> linh muc Idnh dgo tinh thdn cdc dia diem dinh (37). Vien Lich sii Dang, Lich sd biin niin xd<br /> diin. Trung tam lUu triJ Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii uy Nam Bg - Trung Ucfng cue miin Nam. Nxb.<br /> lifu, D f l CH- 11714. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr. 138.<br /> (18). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1959), Thdnh tich (38). Vift Nam Cpng hofi (1959), Thuyi't trinh<br /> cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin de'n ngdy Song Thdt 7- cud ky sU Dodn Vdn Sdo, Gidm ddc Nha di ddn vd<br /> 7-1959. TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lieu, Df I dinh cU. TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I<br /> CH-12592. CH-12596.<br /> (19). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1963), Phii'u gdi sd (39). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1958), Cdng vdn sd<br /> 368-DD/VP/2, ngdy 27-2-1963 cua Phu Tong uy 39-YT . TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I<br /> dinh diin vd ndng vu, Bia diim dinh diin todn CH-11714.<br /> qud'c, TTLT Quo'c gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH- (40). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (2958), Cdng vdn sd<br /> 15874. 307/DD/DI/M, ngdy 7- 6-1958. TTLT Quoc gia II,<br /> (21). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd Ki hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-11714.<br /> 2021-DDIVP(AN)M, Phu tdng uy dinh diin. Trung (41). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1963), Sac linh sd9-<br /> tfim lUu trfl Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I CH- TTP, ngdy 12-11-1963. TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hieu<br /> 14365. tfii lifu CBVNCH-J.427.<br />