Đa nghĩa và cấu trúc tham tố cấu trúc cú pháp của vị từ trong tiếng Việt

136<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G f & Bin<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> N G Q N NGty HQC - VIET NGO* HQC- NGOAI NGOI<br /> <br /> DA NGHIA VA c A u TRUC THAM T 6<br /> cAu TRUC CU P H A P C U A VI Ttr TRONG TIENG VIET<br /> POLYSEMY AND ARGUMENT STRUCTURE,<br /> SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF POLYSEMOUS VERBS IN VIETNAMESE<br /> Di^U T H A N H VINH<br /> (ThS-NCS; Dgi hpc Sv phgm T P Ho Chf Minh)<br /> LildNHTHANG<br /> (TS; Dgi hpc Ddng Nai)<br /> Abstract: Polysony is a widespread phenomenon charact^izing the majority of words; any<br /> theory of tiie representation of word meaning must be able to account for it In Vietnamese,<br /> polysranous verte are closely related to verb's changing valency, and veib's changing of syntactic<br /> behavior. Each sense of polysemous verb can be a head of the different argument structures and<br /> syntactic structures. In Vietnamese, monovalency veibs, wfaicfa are intransitive veihs, can be head of<br /> the stiucture of bivalency verbs and vice serva. The phenomenon reflects the interface between verb<br /> senses and argument structures and syntactic structures that they play roles as the head. It is verb<br /> sense that plays the decisive role how argument structure and syntactic structure, «4iich it is the head,<br /> will be.<br /> K ^ words: Polysemy; argument structure; changing valency; syntactic behavior; Vietnamese.<br /> • 1.9$t vin d l<br /> p h ^ ldn cfic tft diu da ngh& d mftc dp nhilu ft<br /> Cac n ^ f i n cftu gin dfiy thudng xem nghia khfic nhau. Qay lugt tiet kifm trong ngdn ngft vfi<br /> ciia vi tft (WT) quyet dinh ciu true cu phfip, ciu kfad nfing gfai nhd cd hgn ciia con ngu£n nhftng Id<br /> true tiiam td ciia chung. Tuy .nhien, khdng nhilu nguyfin nhdn ca bfin dan din faifn tupng da<br /> tfie gjfi chii y den moi quan hf giiia cfic ngjua ciia n^iia trong tit cd cdc ngdn ngft trfin thl gidi.<br /> VT vdi ciu tiiic cd i * ^ , cau tnic tham td ciia Tuy nfaifin, cdc tft diln ngdn ngft tfaudng kfadng<br /> chung. Trong tilng Vift, m0t ngdn ngft don l|q) cd sy tiidng nfait tiding vifc xde d^Ai mpt tft nfio<br /> diln hlnh,faifn tupng cfic nghia ciia VT da nglua dd cd da T i ^ a kfadng vd sd lupng ngfala cung<br /> cd tfai tucmg ftng vdi nhieu ciu true tham td, ciu nfau cdc ndua cua nd Id gl [9, 3]. Sy khfic bift<br /> tnic cu phfip khfic nhau rit phd bien. Chung tdi, ndy din den nhihig hudng xft If Ididc nhau trong<br /> trong mft sd bfii vilt ([11], [12]) cho rfing hifn mieu td n^ua cfta m$t tft cGng nhu troi^ vifc de<br /> tupng chuyen doi dien di O^ao gdm rdt gpn vd c^ tdi cfic vin d l cd lifin quan (chdng hgn, vdi<br /> md rpng dien trj) Id ca sd cua hifn tupng chuyin VT, dd Id tu cdch cii p h ^ hay khd nfing Ifim hgt<br /> ddi tu cdch cii {^idp cfta VT (tft ngogi ddng sang<br /> npi dpngfao$cngupc Igi). Cd till I§ptiiftcmpt so<br /> quy tdc trong vifc nfagn difn I i i ^ tupng ndy.<br /> Trong bdi viet ndy chung ^ i mudn Idm rd mdi<br /> quan hf gii^ hifn tupng da nglua vd sy chuyin<br /> ddi cau tiuc eft phfip, ciu true tham td ciia VT<br /> trong tilng VifL<br /> 2. Quan hf giiia nghiia cda VT da nghiia vdi<br /> d u true tfaam to, cau trftc cu phdp cua VT<br /> Da ngfaia (polysemy), mdt (ton vj ngdn ngft<br /> cd nfailu n^ita (senses) lien quan vdi nhau. Id<br /> mdtfaifntupng ngdn ngft phd qudt 6 cip dd tiir.<br /> <br /> nhfin ciia nd trong c ^ cdu tnic tfaam ^ ) . Li&i<br /> quan van<br /> " - de<br /> *~ (h<br /> * n^ila,<br /> *-'- cd<br /> - ' hai<br /> *-= nfadm<br /> -*-' quan diem:<br /> -*"—<br /> (i) nfaihig ngudi tfaeo trudng pfadi da n^m<br /> (polysemist), Qi) nhibig nguM theo tiudng ^^<br /> don n^ua (monosemist).^ Nhttng ngudi theo<br /> trudng ph^ da n g ^ cfao rdng cdc nghia cfta mdt<br /> tft da n^i& cd ranfa gidi tuong ddi r5 rfii^ vfi<br /> dupc luu gift trong tii vyng Oexicon) (ching hgn<br /> Melcuketal.. 1995; MiUer, 1995); cd till vfta cd<br /> sfin trong tft vyng (n^iia kfadng thl dofin dupc)<br /> vfta cd till hlnh tiidnh tft thih hudng (nghTa cd<br /> thl (tofin dupc thdng qua cfic quy tic chung hay<br /> <br /> So 10 (24Q)-2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> nhd ngtt cfinh) (chfing hgn, Kleiber, 1999,2008).<br /> Cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc tri nh|n (chfing hgn,<br /> Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 1987, 1991; Fillmore<br /> & Aticins, 2000, Evans, 2005) cho rfing, cdc<br /> n^Ta cua tft da nghia hlnh tiifinh mpt mgng ludi<br /> phftc hpp Uong dd cd mpt sd nghta ngogi bien<br /> (non-central senses) gfin lien vdi cdc ngfaTa tnmg<br /> tfim (central senses) tiidng qua con dudng cdc<br /> lifin faf nfau so sfinfa, in dy, faofin dy. Tfaeo dd,<br /> cfic n^iHa cfta tft da ngfaTa khdng pfadi cd quan hf<br /> vd dofin ma dupc hinfa thanfa qua nfaihig ca cfal<br /> cfaung bit ngudn tft sy tri nfa§n. Trfii lgi, nfaihig<br /> ngudi theo trudng phfii don ngfaTa (cfafing fagn,<br /> Allerton, 1979; Rufal, 1989; Pustejovsk^, 1995;<br /> Bouchard, 1995; Levinson, 2000) cho ring nlu<br /> cfic thdng tin vl ngft cdnh vd kiln tfaftc nln dupc<br /> v$n dyng, ngfaTa ciia tftfaiuinfau cd tfae dodn bilt<br /> dupc. Pfain Idn cfic tft chl cd mdt ngfaTa, trfin ca<br /> sd nghia ndy, cdc nghia khfic hlnh tfafinfa do dupc<br /> d$t titmg ngft cfinfa cy till (xem: [14,11-19]).<br /> Sy klific bift cuafaaiquan dilm trfin t^p trung<br /> d cfich thl hifn cdc myc tft trong til diln. Quan<br /> dilm don ngfaTa kfadng midu td cfic ngfaTa xfic<br /> djnfa do ngft cfinfa vfi cdch dimg. Rd rfing, vifc<br /> logi bd cfic nghTa do cfich dimg, do ngft cdnh,<br /> h o ^ gifim tfaieu cac ngfaTa nay trong mieu td<br /> myc til ij til diln sd hap dan vl m$t If tiiuylt<br /> nhung vl pfauong difn tri nfa$n, cfaung ta khdng<br /> till bd qua tfayc te Id ngudi ndi cd tilm nfing<br /> pfafin cfaia cdc myc tft tft vyng tfafinfa nfaOng tfae<br /> faifn tinh tfain tdch bift (cfic nghia khfic nhau).<br /> v l mdi quan faf gjOa VT da ngfaTa vfi ciu tiuc<br /> cii pfa^, ciu tiftc tiiam td md cfaiing tham gia.<br /> Boas [1, 64-71] cd dl cgp tdi vai ti^ ciia hf<br /> tiidng cdc nghTa cua ddng tft ti^ng vifc tgo ra<br /> nhftng khdc bift timng ciu tiftc tiiam td vfi tu<br /> cficfafaogtdpn^ cu pfato ciia cfaftng. Goldberg [7,<br /> 391 cung cfao rfing "Doi vdi dpng tft, cfaung ta cd<br /> till ndi ling mdt nghTa cua dpng tii tiiang ftng<br /> vdi mdt khung ngfaTa [...]".<br /> 3. Quan hf gifta nshta cfta VT da nghta vdi<br /> cau true tham td, ciu true cd phdp cila VT<br /> trtmg tieng Vift<br /> 3.1. VT da nghid vd hi^ tupng md rpng<br /> diin tri, '*'9' dii tuedch cdphdp cda VT<br /> Nhu trong cdc ngdn ngft khfic, sy md rfng<br /> n^Ta ddi vdi tft ndi cfaung vd vdi VT ndi rifing<br /> <br /> 137<br /> <br /> cfaft ylu theo phuang thftc in dy (meti^faor) vd<br /> faofin dp (metonyme). Ddy Idfaaiphuong tfaftc co<br /> bfin dl tgo ra n^Ta phdi sinh cfta tft. Trfin ca sd<br /> nfaihig tuong dong lio$c cd lien quan vl nghTa,<br /> mdt tft cd thl dupc phdt triln, md rdng n ^ a<br /> thdnh cdc ngfaTa mdi. Nfaihig nghia mdi ndy<br /> tuang ftng vdi cdc ciu tiftc tfiam td vfi ciu tnic<br /> eft phdp khdc nhau. Vi dy la, lb cho thiy sy<br /> thay doi theo hirdng md rdng diln tii vfi chuyin<br /> mft VT ndi d^ng sang ngogi dpng: (1) a. 6nggy<br /> khdc; b. Ong dy khdc vg.<br /> Trong vf dy la, "khdc" Id mdt VTfafinfacd<br /> mdt ciu tiiic tham ^ don trj (cd mdt diln td dfim<br /> nhifm vai Hdnh thl - Actor), dupc dimg theo<br /> cdch npi dpng. Trong khi dd, "khdc" trong tiif dy<br /> lb du vin Id VTfafinfad$ng nfaung Id hgt nhfin<br /> cfta ciu ti^c VT song trj vd dupc diing theo cfich<br /> dimg ngogi ddng. Hifn tupng ndy kfad phd bien<br /> trong tieng Vift Trong [11] cfaftng tdi dd bfin<br /> din 2 nfadm VT ndi ddng cfauyln sang VT ngogi<br /> ddng lifin quan din sy md rpng ngfaia ciia VT: (i)<br /> VT npi dpng cfauyln sang cficfa dimg ngogi dpng<br /> chi cd sy chuyin ngfaTa cfaft kfadng cd sy cfauyln<br /> ddi kilu logi ;^ ngfaia sy tinfa; (ii) VT npi d$ng<br /> chuyin sang cdcfa dimg ngogi ddng cd cd sy<br /> chuyin ddi kilu logi y ngfaTa sy tinfa.<br /> D I Ifim rd d$c dilm cfta kilu nfadm VT<br /> chuyin ddi tu cdch cu p h ^ nhung kfadng chuyin<br /> ddi kilu logi ^ nghTa sy tinfa, cd tfai xem x ^ vf<br /> <br /> *:<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> (2) a. Thang bi dang tdm; b. Thdng bi dang<br /> tdm ndng.<br /> "Tfim" trong vf dy 2a vfi 2b diu mang n ^ a<br /> cfaung Ifi "ca tfai ddn nfa$n mdt tfie d^ng tit ngogi<br /> cfinfa", nfaung trong 2a, "tfim" dupc dflng tfaeo<br /> ngfaia ca bfin: "gJdi nude len ngudi ho$c ngfim<br /> mhifa trong nude cfao sgcfa sg"; trong khi d cfiu<br /> 2b, "tfim" dupc dflng tfaeo nghia md rpng: "ptiai<br /> mlnfa dudi nfing". 6 vl dy 2a, VT trong cfiu chl<br /> cd mdt diln td, dd Id vai Hfinh till, titme kfai dd<br /> VT tiong cfiu 2b cd hai dien td. Diln to thft faai<br /> xde djnh phgm vifafinfad^ng md VT hudng tdi,<br /> dd Id vai Phgm vi (Domam). NhQng VT nhdm<br /> ndy Id nhflng VT chuyen nghTa khdng ddng logt<br /> Nhftng cdch dflng ndy, xdt vl ngfaTa cy till, cd sy<br /> chuyin nghia (md rdng ngfaTa), dd cin dupc xem<br /> Ifi hai n ^ i a cfta cflng mdt VT (VT da n ^ a ) , tuy<br /> <br /> 138<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G t r & Bin<br /> <br /> nhien xdt d kilu logi ngfaia sy tinfa, dd vin Id mdt<br /> logi, tix)ng till dy 2, dd Id VTfafinfaddng. Tilng<br /> Vift da till hifn dupc khd ndng diln td vd hgn<br /> irong nhftng cdch dung kilu ndy. C A g hgn,<br /> "Chgy chdc", "chgy Tdy", "fdtoc Duong Khue".<br /> "tdm cdc cugc khdi nghta ciia ta trong be mdu",<br /> ... Id nfaftng minfa cfaung cfao cdch dflng kieu nfiy.<br /> VT trgng tfadi (kilu "gidu". "gidu long nhdn<br /> dgo", ...), VT qud tiinfa (^'n/w spp", "Nhd dang<br /> sdp mdi (Ida)",... cung cd thl thudc kilu nhdm<br /> ndy.<br /> Hifn tupng chuyen VT ndi dpng chuyin sang<br /> cfich dfmg ngogi ddng kdo tiieo sy chuyen ddi<br /> kilu logi sytinfacung xdy ra ddi vdi mpt sd VT<br /> tu till vd VTtign^ tiidi. Vf dy:<br /> (3) fl. Cdm hdn hgnh ra; b. Hdn bgnh chm<br /> ra;<br /> c. Hdn ngd<br /> d Hdn (dang) ngd gid ngoi<br /> nhd.<br /> Trong vf dy 3a, "bgnfa" Id VT trgng thdi vd Id<br /> VT npi ddng. Nd cin dien td gift vai D I cd d$c<br /> tfnfa [- ddng vgt]; trong vi dy 3b VT "bgnfa" can<br /> mpt diln td gift vai D I cd d ^ tfnh [+ ddng v$t].<br /> VT tit)ng 3b dupc dflng nhu VT hdnfa ddng. Tuy<br /> nfaifin y ngfaTa ca bfin cfta "bgnfa" khdng khfic<br /> nhau trong hai c^fa dflng v) tfae cfaiing tdi xem<br /> dfiy Id mft VT cdfaaicficfa dflng. Trong vf dy 3c,<br /> "ngfi" Ifi VT tigng tiifii vd Id VT ndi ddng; trong<br /> vf dy 3d "ngS" dupc dflng nfau Id VT hdnfa ddng.<br /> Dien td vai De kfadng ttiay ddi nlu xfit d d$c tinfa<br /> [± ddng v^] tuy nfaifin xfit d tieu chf [± chfl ^] thl<br /> 1^ cd sy thay ddi. Dien to trong cau 3b cd d$c<br /> tinfa [- chu y] trong khi dd VT trong cau 3d lgi<br /> cdd$c tfnh [+chu y].<br /> Nhu v|ly neu Ididng tinfa den nhung VT qud<br /> tiinh bdi khd xde djnh ehilu cfauyln logi, cfaung<br /> ta cd tfai xde l§ip sy md rdng diln trj vd sy<br /> chuyen logi VT ti»ng tilng Vift nhu sau: NhQng<br /> VTfafinfaddng cd cdcfa dung ndi dpng khi md<br /> rdng dien trj vd chuyin sang cdch dimg ngogi<br /> ddng sd vin Id VT hdnfa ddng. Nhttng VT tir till<br /> khi md rpng diln trj vd chuyin sang cdch dCmg<br /> ngogi ddng tfai cfaflng trd tfadnh VT hfinh ddng.<br /> Rifing nhQng VT trgng thfii cd sy phan tdch<br /> tiifinh hai nfadm: CO phan Idn VT ti^mg tiidi khi<br /> dflng tfaeo cdch ngogi ddng khdng thay ddi tilu<br /> logi; (ii) mpt sd VT trgng tiidi thudc nfadm cfal<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> S6lO(240>-2015<br /> <br /> tigng tiidi cfta mdt bO phgn ca till kfai cd sy md<br /> rdng diln tii vd chio'fin sang cich dftng ngogi<br /> dOng se UdtfifinhVT hdnh ddng.<br /> Ndi chung, VT tix)ng cdc nfadm ti^n vdn Ifi<br /> VT npi ddng (till faifn tixing cfic tit diln ngfaTa<br /> ndy dirpc coi Id nghTa ca bdn, n^Ta gde), khi<br /> dupc diing tiieo cdcfa ngogi dOng, ^ ngfaia cd sy<br /> tiiay ddi ft nhilu vd bong cdch dftng mdi nfiy<br /> chflng cin cd mdt ddi tupng dl chl ra phgm vi<br /> md ^ r^Ma VT chi phdi din (tiic cin tiiem mft<br /> diln td - Phgm vi). Chflng ta cd thl xde I§p sy<br /> Wnh tiifinh VT tgo mdi ndy Ifi khi mdt VT npi<br /> ddng dupc dftng Ifaeo m$t nghTa pfadi sinh vfi<br /> ngudi ndi mudn de c ^ tdi phgm vi md y nghia<br /> dd till faifn till VT ndy dupc dflng nhu mft VT<br /> ngogi dpng.<br /> Ngodi ra, trong [12] chflng tdi cung dl c$p tdi<br /> hifn tupng VT npi ddng tid tfafinfa VT ngogi<br /> d$ng khi tham gia vfio cau triic gdy khiln. C ^<br /> ti:ftc gay khien dupc md hlnh hda Id "ldm + X"<br /> trong dd "lfim" Id VT tiimg tfim trong chuSi hw<br /> VT. X Id VT cfaft ylu tiiudc vfio nhdm VT tigng<br /> tiidi h o ^ qud tiinh. Do tfnh chit khdng biln<br /> hhih, ciu tnic gay khiln trong tilng Vift khdng<br /> thl faifn bfing sy thay ddi hlnh thdi cfta VT mfi<br /> till hifn bdng ylu tdti^vyng. Oh till hifn m^t sy<br /> tinh ^ y khien, tilng Vift tiiudng dflng cau tiftc<br /> cd chfta mdt VT kit hpp vdi mdt tiong cic VT<br /> mai^ ngfaTa gdy kfailn nfau "Ifim", "gfiy", "sai",<br /> "bfio", "kfailn", ... Tuy nfaifin cfai cd mdt sd VT<br /> trong mdfalnfatren gfin vdi vin dl md r^ng diln<br /> tii vd cfauyln logl. VT trong cficfalnfatfaftc gfiy<br /> kfailn khdc m$c dfl cd lifin quan vdi hifn tupng<br /> md rfng diln trj nfaung faiu nfau kfadng kdo tfaeo<br /> sy cfauyln logi.<br /> 3.Z VTda nghid vd hi$n tugng rdt gpn diin<br /> trf, tht^ dii tu cdch cdphdp cOa VT<br /> Cdc ngh& cfta mdt VT da ngfaia cd sy quan<br /> hf m|t tiiilt den hifn tupng rftt gpn diln tii vfi<br /> tiiay ddi tu cdch cfl phfip cfla VT (tft ngogi dfng<br /> tid tiifinh n0i ddng). Trong (2006), chflng tdi dfi<br /> dl c|ip din faifn tupng rut gpn dien tii vd sy<br /> cfauyln logi VT tilng Vift vd nh§n tiifiy faifn<br /> tupng ndy rit jdid biln tiong tilng Viet Cd<br /> khofing 800 VT Uong tieng Vift cd till hogt<br /> ddng tiieo chllu hudng ndy. Hai nhdm chfnh bao<br /> <br /> sd 10 (240)2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> gdm: (i) VTfafinfadpng cfauylntiifinfaVT tigng<br /> tilii; (ii) VT tir till chuyintiifinhVTtigngtiifii.<br /> Nhdm VT hdnfa dpng cfauyln sang VT tigng<br /> tiidi gfin liln vdi sy tiiay ddi, md rQng ngfaia cfla<br /> VT. Hifn tupng ndy, Ifiu nay trong cfic nghifin<br /> cftu cfla gidi Vift ngtt fapc ciing nfau sy tfai faifn<br /> trong tft diln tfaudng bj bd qua. Hifn tupng ndy<br /> thirdng dupc xem Id vin dl lifin quan d ^ phgm<br /> tifl bj d$ng tixing tilng Vift Tuy nfaifin, cfaung<br /> tdi dl xuit cficfa failu khdc ve hifn tupng ndy. Vf<br /> dy:<br /> (4) a. Anh dy bdn xe; b. Xe dd (dugc) bdn<br /> "Bfin" ttong till dy 4a Id mdt VT hdnfa dpng<br /> dilnfatafa,"Bdn" ldmfagtnfafin tiong ciu tiftc VT<br /> song tii, gdm mft tham td gift vai Hfinh thl (Anh<br /> iy), mdt tfaam td gift vai " D I " (Tfaeme) (xe).<br /> Trong cdcfa dflng ngogi ddng (thf dy 4b), "bfin"<br /> cin xft If Ifi m$t VT ti^g tiidi vfi cfal cd mdt diln<br /> td (vai De) ddng v ^ cfaft ngft trong cfiu. Vai<br /> nghia d vj ti^ cfaft ngft ndy Id m$t tiiam td [-dpng<br /> v§t] vd Id bd ngtt tryc tilp bong ciu tiiic VT<br /> ngogi ddng tuong flng. Tft gde df •