NGHE - MOI TRl/dNG<br />
^ mf<br />
DE BIET THEM VE CA PHE CHON HAY CACH LAM<br />
GIAM MUI HOI TRONG TACH CA PHE CHON<br />
Nguyen Van Thuffttg<br />
Vien KHKT Nong Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen<br />
Chon cac hd dang nudi de lay ca phe chon chii voi nira.<br />
yeu thugc hai loai: Chon Bac ma va Chdn Huong. Chdn chi an mot lugng nhd qua ca phe. Mot<br />
Trong he thdng phan loai ddng vat, chiing thugc Hg ngay cho 100 con chon an 100 kg qua ca phe chin,<br />
Chon (Mustelidae), Bd An thit (Camivora), Nhom chiing chi an khoang 5-7 kg, va nhat djnh khong an<br />
Thu. Trong tu nhien chung thudng sdng d cac bui them; so qua cdn lai phai dua ra khdi chudng va dem<br />
ram liim cay, kiem an tren mat dat va ca tren cay, che bien theo each thong thudng.<br />
ngii trong hang dao dudi dat hoac trong hdc cay, hoc 2. Ca phe dugc "che bien" qua bo may tieu<br />
da. Bai viet nay de cap cac khia canh lien quan den hoa con chon nhuthe nao?<br />
loai "san pham" gan day dugc ndi nhieu, do la ca<br />
Nguyen lieu la cac qua ca phe chin. Chdn chi<br />
phe chon.<br />
nhan Idp v6 qua mgng nude, nha ba v6 qua va nudt<br />
hat ca phe con nhdt, vi vay khong lam vd hat ca phe.<br />
Ciing c6 con nudt ludn v6 qua. Khi di qua da day va<br />
^ ^ . ^ rugt cua con chdn, Idp nhdt dugc tieu hoa, cdn lai<br />
cac hat ca phe vdi Idp v6 thoc cimg ben ngoai klidng<br />
<br />
<br />
r<br />
^ 1<br />
-J*"'W..'j^:f*f J<br />
bi phan huy va dugc thai ra theo phan.<br />
Lap v6 thoc cua hat ca phe thanh phan chii<br />
yeu la cellulose va c6 cau tnic nhu mot mang Igc hai<br />
X'^l^fy! chieu. Chimg cho mot sd hgp chat hda tan trong hat<br />
chui ra ngoai, nhung cung cho mot sd chat tii' ngoai<br />
td- ^ / f^C-' tham nhap vao hat. Gidng nhu cac loai thu khac, bd<br />
may tieu hda ciia con chon c6 ca cac vi khuan phan<br />
Hinh 1: Chon bac ma (anh Internet)<br />
giai dudng va cac vi khuan phan giai protein. Khi<br />
1. Thuc an chinh cua chon la gi? phan giai protein chung tao ra cac miii hoi va co the<br />
ca cac ddc to vi khuan. Cac ddc td vi khuan xam<br />
Thiic an chinh cua chdn la giun dat, de, cdn<br />
nhap vao hat ca phe nhieu hay it va tdn du cua chiing<br />
tning, cua, de, nhai, ran, chudt, tning chim, ky<br />
con lai bao nliieu trong ca phe nhan va ca phe rang<br />
nhong, mot so loai qua va cu. Khi nudi nhdt, ngudi<br />
xay la dieu chua rd.<br />
ta CO the cho an ca, thit, ndi tang ddng vat, chudt, ga<br />
con va mot sd loai qua. 3. Dac diem cua ca phe chon<br />
Qua ca phe chi la mot trong nhieu loai thirc an a) San pham thd<br />
ciia chdn. Trong hai loai ca phe, ch6n thich an qua San pham thd chinh la phan chdn chiia cac hat<br />
ca phe che (Arabica) hon qua ca phe vdi (Robusta), ca phe thdc. Phan c6 the rao nhung ciing cd the udt.<br />
c6 le do vd qua ca phe che mgng nude va nhieu Cac cue phan c6 miii hoi tanh, dii thiic an cua chiing<br />
duong hon. Cach day khoang 30 nam, tai viing Phii CO nguon gdc ddng vat hay thuc vat, va hap dan rudi<br />
Quy, tinh Nghe An, ngudi ta thudng gap phan chdn nhang. Cac hat ca phe thdc cd the dugc ket dinh vdi<br />
trong vudn ca phe che nhilu hon trong vudn ca phe nhau thanh khuon hinh try c6 kich thirdc phd bien dai<br />
voi. Trong nuoi nhdt, khi da cho chdn an qua ca phe 6-10 cm, dudng kinli 2-2,5 cm va hoi chdp o dau.<br />
che roi, sau nay chiing khdng mudn an qua ca phe Phan chdn ciing cd the chi la mot doan hinh tru diit<br />
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BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010 (It<br />
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE - MOI TRLfdNG<br />
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gay dai 3-4 cm, hoac rdi rac chi vai hat dinh ket vdi tiep tuc lay nhiem ban vao nhan. Ca phe nhan dugc<br />
nhau. Trong tu nhien, d cac bui ram gan vudn ea phe dem rang rdi xay bgt de cd ca phe bgt. Diing nude<br />
ngudi ta ciing cd the bat gap cac khiic phan chiia ca ndng de pha che vdi bgt nay ta dugc cac tach ca phe<br />
phe dai 20-25 cm va dugc cho la phan chdn, nhung chdn.<br />
rat hiem. Ca phe thdc trong phan chdn cd the cd mau Khi thir nem tach ca phe chdn, dii da pha that<br />
tir nau nhat den nau den. Mau nau den la do con chdn loang, cac chuyen gia thir nem ludn ludn phat hien<br />
chua tieu hda het Idp nhdt trong vd qua ca phe va khi ra cac Idi miii vi, dac trung la miii vi thiim thiim ciia<br />
thai ra ben ngoai cac hgp chat chua phe-nol trong Idp nude cdng ranh va miii ciia vd qua ca phe tuoi dang<br />
nhdt bi d xi hda tao mau nau den. Mau nau den ciing muc rudng, vdi cudng do kha manh. Theo thuat ngii<br />
cd the la cac chat can ba ngudn gdc tir ddng vat ma chuyen mdn, khi tach ca phe cd cac bieu hien nay se<br />
con chdn chua tieu hda het va dinh vao vd thdc. bi xep Idi "liet-vi" ("off-flavour"). Bat cir tach nao<br />
mac loi "liet-vi" deu bi trir diem, tdng sd diem chat<br />
lugng miii-vi khdng cao va chiing khdng dugc xip<br />
vao loai "tach sach" (Clean Cup).<br />
4. Ca phe chon khac ca phe che bien uot ra<br />
sao?<br />
Ca phe chdn vdi dac diem va each "che bien"<br />
nhu da gidi thieu d tren. Vdi ca phe chi biln udt,<br />
nguyen lieu che bien cung la qua chin va san pham<br />
ciing la ca phe thdc khd, nhung cac hat ea phe th6c<br />
khd rdi nhau khdng dinh ket; be mat hat cd mau<br />
trang nga hoac vang sang rat sach se, khdng con d^u<br />
vet ciia Idp nhdt mau nau. Tach ea phe che bien udt<br />
cd mill thorn sach, vj diu nggt rat hap dan.<br />
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Hinh 2: Ca phe phan ch6n (Anh: ST)<br />
Ca phe phan chdn dugc phoi say cho tdi khd.<br />
Do cac hat dinh ket vdi nhau thanh cue nen viec<br />
phoi say rat lau khd va xay ra tinh trang ca phe khd<br />
khdng deu (cac hat nam d mat ngoai cue phan<br />
thudng khd trudc va cac hat nam d phk loi cue<br />
phan thudng khd sau). N I U gap mua keo dai, khdng<br />
phoi dugc, cac cue phan chdn nhanh bi moc. Khi da<br />
khd, cac cue ca phe phan chdn it hdi tanh hon.<br />
b) Nuac pha che tired phe chon<br />
Trudc het, ngudi ta phai xay cac cue phan dl<br />
lam rdi cac hat ca phe thdc, sau dd xay bdc vd thdc<br />
de lay nhan. Trong qua trinh xay, cac chat can ba<br />
Hinh 3: Ca phe thoc che bien uot (Anh: ST)<br />
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BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010<br />
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE - MOI TRUdNG<br />
<br />
De cd ca phe che bien udt, trudc het ngudi ta Xet ve khia canh chat lugng miii vi va nguy<br />
loai bo Idp vd qua cd mau dd va chita nhieu nude CO mat an toan ve sinh thuc pham, ca phe chdn chi la<br />
bang may xat tuoi hay may lay rugt. Tiep theo thir dang virt bd. Mac dii chua c6 bao cao nao ve<br />
ngudi ta loai bd Idp nhdt bang each ii len men trong hien tugng bi dau bung va tieu chay sau khi udng ca<br />
cac be ii hoac dimg may danh nhdt co hgc, hoac phe chdn, song neu ca phe chdn dugc phep sir dung<br />
dung enzyme de xir ly. Ca phe da sach nhdt dugc lam thuc pham thi nhat thiet phai cd cac cdng trinh<br />
dem phoi hay say den khi khd hoan toan (do am hat nghien cim day du va nghiem hie ve van de nay.<br />
12,5%).<br />
Cd nhieu loai ca phe che bien udt vira thom<br />
Hien nay phuong phap sir dung cac che pham<br />
ngon vira sach, dang thudng thiic hon ca phe chdn<br />
sinh hgc chiia enzyme pectinase de loai bd nhanh<br />
va gia lai re niia. Khdng nen tin theo cac Idi ddn thdi<br />
Idp nhdt dang dugc coi la mot tien bd mdi trong<br />
huyen hoac de sir dung can ba ciia ddng vat lam thue<br />
cong nghe che bien ca phe do nd khac phuc dugc<br />
pham roi vira phai mat tien (gia chao ban ca phe<br />
cac nhugc diem cua phuong phap len men thdng<br />
thudng va phuong phap danh nhdt co hgc; ddng chon hien nay 2,5 - 3 trieu ddng/kg bgt) ma lai cd<br />
thdi n6 giiip lam giam vi dang va miii vi xanh non the mang benh vao ngudi.<br />
trong ca phe. 7. Neu muon tan dung ca phe chon lam<br />
5. Tai sao ca phe chon dat? nude uong, co each nao de han che mui hoi thoi<br />
Neu nudi chdn chi de lay ca phe chdn thi du ca trong nude pha?<br />
phe ban vdi gia cao van rat khd cd lai. Nhu da neu a) Cach 1: phoi trgn ca phe chdn vdi cac loai<br />
tren, chon chi an mot lugng ca phe rat han che va phu gia tao miii vi de at miii ban ciia ca phe. Khi dd<br />
miia ca phe chin chi keo dai vai thang. Sd ngudi ngudi udng dugc thudng thirc miii vi ca phe it hon<br />
nuoi chon khdng nhieu. Nudi chdn phai dau tu xay mui vi cua cac phu gia thuc pham, va nguy co mat<br />
dung chuong trai, mua con gidng, cham sdc thu y va an toan ve sinh thuc pham cua loai ca phe nay van<br />
mua cac loai thiic an la thit ca, nhat la cho cac thang cao.<br />
khong cd qua ca phe chin. Gia thanh ca phe phan b) Cach 2: tai che, thuc hien nhu sau:<br />
chon vi vay kha cao; cdng vdi nhiing Idi ddn thdi ve - Ngam cac cue phan chdn trong nude sach 5-<br />
sir quy hiem ciia ca phe chdn nen ngudi ta cd the ban 7 gid, sau dd rira nhieu lan de lam sach can ba dinh<br />
mot kg ca phe phan chdn nguyen cue vdi gia 1-1,5<br />
ket cac hat ca phe thdc,<br />
trieu dong.<br />
- Ngam ca phe th6c da rira het ban trong chau<br />
Ca phe chdn rat khd ban, khdng biet do gia nude sach 48 gid. Trong thdi gian nay, cii 6 gid lai<br />
qua cao hay do nguy co khdng an toan cho sire khde rira ca phe va thay nude mot lan.<br />
ngudi udng hay do ca hai ma nhieu ngudi khdng<br />
- Phoi ca phe tren cac met tre nita vdi Idp phoi<br />
muon thudng thiic. Mot trai nudi khoang 100 con<br />
2 cm cho den khi khd. De biet ca phe da khd chua,<br />
chon, trong mot vu cd the thu 200 kg ca phe phan<br />
tach vd thdc vai hat va can manh vao nhan, neu nhan<br />
chon va neu ban dugc mot nira sd nay da la mot dieu<br />
may man va coi nhu hda vdn. Neu chi ban dugc 50 cimg, khong cd dau rang tren nhan thi ca phe coi<br />
kgthilo. nhu da khd.<br />
Song thuc te cac trai nudi chdn lai khdng bao gid - Dem xay ca phe thdc khd de tach Idp vd<br />
16 do ban dugc chon gidng va chdn thit deu vdi gia rat thoc, lay nhan; ngam lai ca phe nhan trong nude<br />
cao, va ca phe chdn chi la san pham phu ciia nghe nuoi sach 24 gid.<br />
dong vat hoang da nay, ban dugc nhieu thi lai nhieu - Dem phoi ca phe cho den khd.<br />
hon. Khi ca phe da kho, dem ca phe rang xay va<br />
6. Co nen coi ca phe chon la ca phe "dac san"? pha chi. Tach ca phe liic nay co the da het miii hdi./.<br />
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BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010 23)<br />
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